UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
BRIGITTE R. HAWKINS,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 07–10 (CKK)
v.
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,
Department of Justice
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(February 8, 2009)
Plaintiff, Brigitte R. Hawkins (“Hawkins” or “Plaintiff”), an African-American female
who was previously employed in the Human Resources Division1 of the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (“ATF”), an agency within the Department of Justice, filed
the instant suit against Defendant Eric H. Holder, Jr., in his official capacity as Attorney General
(collectively with ATF, “Defendant”), alleging various claims of employment discrimination and
retaliation in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. Hawkins’
claims stem from a desk audit conducted in 2005, as a result of which her position in the Human
Resources Division of ATF was reclassified from a GS-343-11 management analyst to a GS-301-
11 management support specialist.
Currently pending before the Court are Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment and
Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Briefing on both Defendant’s and Plaintiff’s
1
The Human Resources Division was known as the Personnel Division prior to the
Division’s reorganization in December of 2005, which is discussed below. See infra 16-17. For
convenience, the Court shall refer to the Division, both before and after the reorganization, as the
“Human Resources Division.”
motions is complete, and the case is now ripe. After a searching review of the parties’ briefing,
the exhibits attached thereto, the relevant case law, and the entire record herein, the Court shall
DENY Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment and DENY Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for
Summary Judgment, for the reasons that follow.
I. BACKGROUND
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that it strictly adheres to the text of Local Civil
Rule 7(h)(1) when resolving motions for summary judgment. See Burke v. Gould, 286 F.3d 513,
519 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (district courts need to invoke Local Civil Rule 7(h)(1), formerly 56.1,
before applying it to the case). The Court has repeatedly advised the parties that it strictly
adheres to Rule 7(h)(1) and has stated that it “assumes that facts identified by the moving party in
its statement of material facts are admitted, unless such a fact is controverted in the statement of
genuine issues filed in opposition to the motion.” See, e.g., Scheduling and Procedures Order,
Docket No. [15]; 03/07/08 Order, Docket No. [36]. Although both parties filed statements of
material facts and responses, the Court notes that the quality of such statements and responses is,
to say the least, wanting. Upon the Court’s own review of the supporting material, it is apparent
that the parties’ briefing, particularly Plaintiff’s, variously includes inaccurate citations to the
record as well as mischaracterizations of the supporting evidence. In addition, Plaintiff’s
Response Statement is riddled with legal citations and argument, neither of which are
appropriate. The Court was therefore largely left to its own devices in determining the material
facts relevant to the issues at hand. Accordingly, in setting forth the factual background below,
the Court has, for the most part, cited directly to the record. However, where appropriate, the
Court has also cited to Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts as included in her Cross-Motion
2
(“Pl.’s Stmt.”) or Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts (“Def.’s Stmt.”), unless a statement is
contradicted by the opposing party. Where a party objects to relevant aspects of an opposing
party’s proffered material fact, the Court shall cite to Plaintiff’s Response to Def.’s Stmt. as
included in her Opposition (“Pl.’s Resp.”) or Defendant’s Response to Pl.’s Stmt. (“Def.’s
Resp.”), as necessary.
A. November 2002 - January 2004
In November of 2002, Hawkins, an African-American female, was hired by the Human
Resources Division of ATF into the position of a GS-343-11 management analyst. Pl.’s Stmt. ¶
1. Hawkins was initially assigned to work with the Human Resource Division’s budget under the
direct supervision of Yvette Ross, GS-201-14 Supervisory Human Resources Specialist and
Chief of the Policy Planning and Special Projects Branch of the Human Resources Division in
ATF. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶ 5; see also id., Ex. D (Ross Aff.) ¶¶ 2, 8-9. She
remained under Ross’ supervision until Ross retired from ATF in January of 2004. Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., Ex. D (Ross Aff.) ¶¶ 2, 8. During the relevant time period (i.e., November 2002 to January
2004), Ross had primary responsibility for the Human Resource Division’s budget. Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., Ex. D (Ross Aff.) ¶¶ 5-6; see also id., Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶ 4.
The exact extent of Hawkins’ budgetary duties during this time period is, to some degree,
unclear. According to Hawkins, while under Ross’ supervision, she assumed performance of
both Ross’ budgetary duties as well as her own, with Ross’ approval. Pl.’s Stmt. ¶¶ 1-2; see also
Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶ 5. Consequently, Hawkins asserts that, during this
time, she performed all analyses, including studies, related to the budget. Id. ¶ 5. Ross’s
testimony confirms that Hawkins performed some budgetary analyses and studies while under
3
her supervision, but suggests that Ross herself retained some budgetary responsibilities as well:
“Up to the date of my departure from the agency, Hawkins served as my assistant with respect to
the Division’s budget, and her duties [sic] provided technical and analytical advice to assist me
with the day to day management of the budget.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. D (Ross Aff.) ¶ 8. Ross
further confirmed that Hawkins “entered information into [ATF’s] automated financial
management and control system, known as FRED, and served as the Division’s expert on
FRED;” “was also responsible for the preparation of some financial projections, reports and
analyses of financial data with respect to the division’s budget;” and “[was] the person with
responsibility for the day-to-day oversight of the Division’s budget.” Id. ¶¶ 9-11.
In addition, reference to the position description (“PD”) for the GS-343-11 management
analyst position, as it existed when Hawkins was first hired into the position, provides further
support for Hawkins’ assertion that she was assigned to perform at least some analyses, including
studies, related to the budget. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Docket No. [44], (hereinafter “Def.’s
Notice of Filing”), Att. 6 (1/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 36 (describing Ex. 4 to the deposition as “a
copy of [Filler]’s initial position description”); id., Ex. 4 (position description for GS-343-11
management analyst). For example, the PD provides that the GS-343-11 management analyst
“[p]erforms analyses of the financial status of the various programs managed by the Division;”
“[a]nalyzes requests for reallocation of funds, taking into consideration the needs and program
requirements/changes of the various Branches;” “[a]nalyzes and evaluates the Division’s
procedures and controls;” “[p]lans and conducts studies to evaluate and recommend ways to
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of work operations;” “[p]repares reports of findings that
include identification of problems and proposed recommendations for problem resolution and/or
4
improvement;” “[c]oordinates and analyzes operations and long range plans;” “researches,
compiles and summarizes fiscal resource data;” “projects budget requirements;” “prepares
justifications as needed;” and “[p]repares reports, position papers and other documents as
necessary on a periodic or as-needed basis.” See id., Ex. 4 (position description for GS-343-11
management analyst).
Defendant, for his part, offers no evidence to contradict or otherwise rebut Hawkins’
assertion that she was responsible for at least some budgetary analysis while under Ross’
supervision, which is corroborated by Ross and the PD. See Def.’s Resp. ¶¶ 1-2 (stating only that
“Defendant lacks sufficient knowledge or information of the budget duties assumed by Ms.
Hawkins between 2002 and 2004”).
B. January 2004 - May 2004
As stated above, Ross retired from ATF in January of 2004. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. D
(Ross Aff.) ¶ 2. According to Hawkins, after Ross left ATF in January of 2004, Hawkins
continued to perform all of the budget-related duties that she had assumed while under the direct
supervision of Ross, as well as other tasks which had previously been assigned to Ross, but she
now reported directly to the Chief of the Human Resources Division. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. A
(Hawkins Aff.) ¶¶ 7, 11. Again, Defendant, for his part, offers no evidence to contradict or
otherwise rebut Hawkins’ assertion that she was responsible for at least some budgetary analysis
and reports in the immediate months after Ross’ retirement. See Def.’s Resp. ¶¶ 1-2.
C. May 2004 - April 2006
1. Desk Audit
In May of 2004, Diane Filler, a Caucasian female, was hired by ATF to fill the position of
5
Chief of the Human Resources Division. Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at
4, 11. At that point, Filler became Hawkins’ direct supervisor. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. H (Filler
Aff.) at 1. Shortly after Filler was hired, Hawkins approached Filler and expressed concerns
about the grade level of her position, stating her belief that she was entitled to a promotion to the
GS-12 grade level. Id. at 21, 31. Filler responded that she “was new, [] was trying to learn the
job, the organization, who does what, that [she] needed some time to get in and settle in before
[she] really looked into anything more particular.” Id. at 21. Accordingly, Filler told Hawkins
that it would be premature to consider Hawkins’ request at that time, as Filler did not have the
information necessary to make that decision. Id. at 31.
At some point thereafter, Hawkins again asked Filler for a promotion to the GS-12 grade
level, and also requested a desk audit in the alternative. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6
(1/17/09 Filler Dep.) at 60-61. Filler told Hawkins that she would consider Hawkins’ request for
a desk audit and approached Vivian White, Assistant Human Recourse Officer of the Human
Resources Division, to discuss Hawkins’ request. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/ 27/06
Filler Dep.) at 32; Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. G (White Aff.) ¶ 1. Although Filler did not recall the
substance of her conversation with White, see Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler
Dep.) at 32, White testified that Filler agreed to conduct the desk audit because no one knew all
the duties that Hawkins had been performing, including Filler who was relatively new to ATF at
that point. Id. ¶¶ 2, 3. Ultimately, Filler agreed to Hawkins’ request to have a desk audit
conducted with respect to the GS-343-11 management analyst position.2 Id.
2
The Court notes that the parties dispute the proper purpose of a desk audit. Hawkins
maintains that a desk audit should be focused solely on the job duties currently performed by an
employee. See, e.g., Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 12; see also Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. G (White Aff.) ¶ 7 (“A desk
audit focuses upon current duties and not proposed duties.”). By contrast, Defendant maintains
6
a. Blackwood’s Initial Draft of the PD
In October 2004, White asked Barbara Blackwood, a contract position classification
specialist in ATF’s Human Resources Division, to conduct the desk audit. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 1; see
also Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 1-2. In requesting that Blackwood conduct the
desk audit, White indicated that the desk audit was requested, at least in part, because neither she
nor Filler were certain what duties and responsibilities Hawkins was performing. Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 2; id., Ex. G (White Aff.) ¶¶ 3, 6. According to Blackwood,
White also told her that she would not need to contact Filler, even though Filler was Hawkins’
direct supervisor, because Filler was new to the Human Resources Division and therefore did not
know what duties Hawkins was performing. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3 (1/17/08
Blackwood Dep.) at 23. White, however, did not recall specifically telling Blackwood to exclude
Filler from the desk audit, but guessed that Blackwood may have simply inferred from White’s
statement that Filler was not familiar with Hawkins’ duties as an instruction not to confer with
Filler. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. G (White Aff.) ¶ 6. Regardless, it is undisputed that Blackwood did
not initially contact Filler before talking with Hawkins nor did she contact Filler before drafting a
that a desk audit properly considers not only what job duties an employee is currently performing
but also what job duties the manager/employer expects or needs the employee to perform in the
future. See, e.g., Def.’s Resp. ¶ 24 (acknowledging that Filler’s future expectations were part of
her criteria for modifying Hawkins’ PD); see also Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler
Dep.) at 40-42. 53, 57. Defendant, in support of his argument, submitted the affidavit and
deposition transcripts of Kathryn Greene, Chief of the Classification and Performance
Management Branch in the ATF. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. C (Green Aff.); Def.’s Notice of Filing,
Att. 7 (1/17/08 Greene Dep.). Hawkins argues that Greene’s testimony is improper expert
testimony. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 33-34. The Court finds however that the determination of the
proper purpose of a desk audit is not material to the instant Memorandum Opinion and therefore
need not resolve the issue. As the Court has not relied in any way on Greene’s testimony in
reaching its conclusions herein, the Court shall defer resolution of expert issues until motions in
limine.
7
revised PD. See Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 3; Pl.’s Resp. ¶ 3. It is equally undisputed that her failure to do so
was a deviation from her usual procedures, in which she, as the classifier, would obtain
supervisory input prior to drafting the PD. See Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 16; Def.’s Resp. ¶ 16. Blackwood,
however, ultimately submitted the draft PD to Filler for her review and signature, and the parties
both agree that a PD is not final or official until it is agreed to and signed off by the supervisor.
Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 4.
Upon being given the assignment to conduct the desk audit, Blackwood states that she
requested Hawkins provide her with a description of the duties that she was performing that were
not in the current GS-343-11 management analyst PD. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3
(1/17/08 Blackwood Dep.) at 23. Hawkins did not provide Blackwood with the requested
information until December 29, 2004. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 3.
Blackwood then set up a time to meet with Hawkins on January 26, 2005, to discuss her duties
and to review samples of Hawkins’ work product. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at
3. Based upon Blackwood’s notes from that meeting, the then-current PD for the GS-343-11
management analyst position, and the list of duties that Hawkins had provided, Blackwood
developed a draft PD. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 4. Blackwood submitted the
draft PD to Filler for review on February 10, 2005. Id. The draft PD indicated that the position
was a GS-343-12. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 4; Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 4.
In late May of 2005, approximately four months after Blackwood had submitted the draft
PD to Filler for her review, Hawkins had still not received the audit results and therefore asked
Filler about the desk audit. See Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶¶ 17-18. In response,
Filler met with Hawkins to discuss in more detail Hawkins’ job duties. See Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 49.
8
It is undisputed that at that meeting, Filler told Hawkins that she did not believe the
position should be classified as a GS-12. Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 20; Def.’s Resp. ¶ 20. Later at deposition,
however, Filler testified that in reviewing the draft PD, “[she] was paying no attention and no
focus on the grade level that was proposed.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler
Dep.) at 49-50. In particular, when asked “did you have questions regarding the grade that was
proposed by Ms. Blackwood,” Filler responded: “Oh, no. Grade had nothing to do with it.” Id.
at 49. In addition, it was Blackwood’s opinion that “from the beginning Ms. Filler did not feel
that a promotion was warranted.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 10.
Thereafter, on June 21, 2005, still having received no response from Filler, Blackwood
emailed Filler to tell her she was going on vacation and to inquire whether Filler wanted to meet
with her to discuss the desk audit.3 Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff. at 4). Filler and
Blackwood met later that same day to discuss the desk audit and draft PD. Id. Noticeably,
Defendant, in his briefing, does not attempt to explain the approximately five month gap of time
between the date Filler received the draft PD in February 2005 and the date when she met with
Blackwood in June of 2005. See generally Def.’s Mot.; Def.’s Reply/Opp’n. This absence of an
explanation is particularly noteworthy given that Filler stated at deposition that “she knew right
away when I saw the duties that were described on the paper that those were not accurate for
what she was doing or what I needed her to do and the kind of assignments I would direct for her
to do.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 35.
According to Blackwood, at the June 21, 2005 meeting, she and Filler went over the draft
3
In contrast, the Court notes that, at deposition, Filler stated that after receiving the draft
PD, Filler herself “sought [Blackwood] out” to talk to her about the desk audit and the fact that
Filler had not been consulted. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 38.
9
PD line by line. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 5. Although Filler testified that she
asked Blackwood to explain how she arrived at the conclusions stated in the draft PD, see Def.’s
Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 43, Blackwood’s testimony disputes this
contention, asserting that Filler did not ask her any questions about how she arrived at her
conclusions, see Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3 (Blackwood Dep.) at 9. Based on Filler’s
comments and changes, which are addressed in detail below, Blackwood emailed a new revised
draft of the PD to Filler on June 23, 2005. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 6. In that
revised draft, Blackwood noted that the position was still classified as a 343 series, but did not
re-calculate the grade level because she wanted to make sure Filler was satisfied first. Pl.’s
Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 6.
On July 18, 2005, Filler responded to Blackwood with additional changes. Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 6-7. Blackwood made those changes and prepared a final PD,
which was emailed to Filler on August 2, 2005. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 7.
As a result of these changes, the position as described in the final PD was classified as a GS-301-
11. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 7. That is, the grade level remained at an
11—rather than the grade level 12 that Blackwood had initially recommended in the draft
PD—and the series changed from a 343 to a 301. Although Blackwood testified that she had
advised Filler that her changes to the PD—in particular, her removal of the language indicating
that Hawkins performed analytical studies—would impact the series, see Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 26; see
also Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3 (Blackwood Dep.) at 54, Filler denied at her deposition that
Blackwood ever told her that the changes would affect the series, see Def.’s Resp. ¶ 26 (Filler
was surprised when the position was changed to the a 301 series); see also Pl.’s Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 68; see also id., Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 46 (“We
10
had no such conversation.”).
b. Filler’s Changes to the Initial Draft of the PD
Filler objected to several job duties included in the draft PD. See generally Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 7). For example, Filler removed language indicating that
Hawkins “[p]rojects budget requirements and prepares justifications as needed.” See Def.’s
Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 53; see also id., Ex. 4 (draft of PD with Filler’s
cross-outs). According to Filler, the “program owners of initiatives completed that requirement,”
not Hawkins. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 53, 58 (reiterating that
Hawkins did not prepare any budget justifications); see also id., Ex. 4 (draft of PD with Filler’s
cross-outs). In addition, Filler removed language indicating that Hawkins “plans and conducts
studies to evaluate and recommend ways to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of work
operations,” as well as “[p]repares reports of findings that include identification of problems and
proposed recommendations for problem resolution and/or improvements.” See Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 55; see also id., Ex. 4 (draft of PD with Filler’s cross-
outs). Still yet, Filler deleted language indicating that Hawkins “analyzes operations and long
range plans.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 37. Finally, Filler
added language to the draft PD that required Hawkins to “seek interpretations and guidance from
the FMD for budget analysis.” Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 30; Def.’s Resp. ¶ 30; see also Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att. 3 (01/17/08 Blackwood Dep.) at 19.
Hawkins, for her part, disputes Filler’s various conclusions that Hawkins did not perform
certain duties. For example, Hawkins disputes Filler’s conclusion that Hawkins did not perform
budget justifications. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶ 5 (“I did the budget
justifications”). Blackwood’s testimony also confirms that, “at the time of [the] desk audit,
11
[Hawkins] was responsible for ‘projecting budget requirements and preparing justifications as
needed,’” but further provides that this “was not considered a primary responsibility because it
was on an as needed basis.” Def.’s Reply, Att. 1 (Blackwood Aff.) ¶ 3. There is also evidence to
dispute Filler’s conclusion that Hawkins did not prepare studies related to the budget. See, e.g.,
Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. U (Affidavit of Sophia Smith-Weaver) ¶ 6 (“I am aware that [Hawkins]
prepared a large volume of reports and studies associated with the budget” while under Ross’
supervision).
More significantly, however, it appears that Filler’s primary concern was Hawkins’ job
duties as they related to the financial computer system, FRED. According to Filler, Hawkins’
only duties as they related to working with the financial system were the work Hawkins did with
FRED inputting information into the financial system. Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 5 (12/18/07
Filler Dep.) at 32. In Filler’s opinion, the FRED system did not require any analytical experience
or skill and was “more of a data entry system.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 5 (12/18/07
Filler Dep.) at 41. Overall, Filler stated that she envisioned Hawkins’ role as simply involving
data collection and entry, and not one involving budget analysis. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att.
4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 55.
Hawkins disputes Filler’s general conclusion that Hawkins’ duties primarily involved
data entry rather than analysis. For example, as Hawkins points out, in the closeout performance
feedback memorandum that Hawkins’ supervisor4 completed in June 12, 2006, in which the
supervisor provided feedback on her assessment of Hawkins’ performance from December of
2005 until May of 2006, the supervisor provided: “Based on your budget analysis, we turned
4
Hawkins’ supervisor at this time was Debra Gunther, who is discussed infra 15-16.
12
back $300,000 to OM to address the salary shortfall.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. T (Closeout
Performance Feedback Mem.) at 2. Hawkins also offers other evidence that she was considered
an expert in the budgetary area, which would tend to refute Filler’s claim that Hawkins’ duties
were strictly limited to data entry. For example, the closeout performance feedback
memorandum discussed above also stated that the supervisor “depended on [Hawkins’] expertise
in providing the Chief, Human Resources Divsion an accurate account of the HR budget.” Pl.’s
Cross-Mot., Ex. T (Closeout Performance Feedback Mem.) at 2; see also Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. U
(Affidavit of Sophia Smith-Weaver) ¶ 7 (“I am also aware that Brigitte Hawkins was considered
an expert on budget matters by the budget personnel from other divisions, because I observed
budget persons from other division visiting with Mrs. Hawkins to seek her counsel and advice on
budget issues.”)
c. Effect of Filler’s Changes to the PD
The changes Filler made to the PD impacted the grade level as well as the title and series
of the position. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 7. In particular, the deletion of
language indicating that Hawkins engaged in “analysis,” which is one of the key requirements of
the 343 series, impacted the series and grade level assigned to the position. See Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att. 3 (01/17/08 Blackwood Dep.) at 15, 53. The addition of the language requiring
Hawkins to seek guidance from the FMD for budget analysis also impacted to some degree the
series as well. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3 (01/17/08 Blackwood Dep.) at 54.
According to Filler, she deleted from the draft PD only those “duties described in the
position description that had never been nor did I ever expect to or anticipate [Hawkins]
performing.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 5 (12/18/07 Filler Dep.) at 20-21. “Because there
were things that were described in there [that] she never did,” Filler testified that she did not, as a
13
practical matter, actually take or reassign any of Filler’s job duties. See Def.’s Notice of Filing,
Att. 5 (12/18/07 Filler Dep.) at 20-21; see also id., Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 30. The Court
notes, however, that, although Filler repeatedly testified that she removed only those job duties
from the draft PD that Hawkins did not perform, Filler also variously explained that she removed
job duties from the draft PD that were “not work that I needed for her to do.” See, e.g., Def.’s
Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 37; see also id., Att. 5 (12/18/07 Filler Dep.) at
21 (testifying that it was more accurate to say that she “re-described [Hawkins’] position to more
accurately reflect what I needed her to do”); see also id., Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 46 (“it
did not accurately reflect what I needed [Hawkins] to do”); Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. H (Filler Aff.)
at 4 (“I told [Blackwood] about duties in the draft that I did not expect of that position and duties
that [Hawkins] was not actually performing.”).
Filler admitted at deposition that she did not discuss any of these changes with Hawkins
before she made the changes outlined above. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler
Dep.) at 61. Indeed, Filler admitted that she initially made some of those changes before she
even spoke to Hawkins about her job duties, although she did not finalize the changes until after
speaking with her. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 62. Moreover,
although Filler testified that “[she] found no evidence of [Hawkins] ever being asked to perform
[certain] tasks,” Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. H (Filler Aff.) at 7, Filler conceded that she had no
recollection of ever asking Hawkins whether she had, at any time, performed any of the duties
that Filler deleted from the PD description, Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 7 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.)
at 49, and that she had “no knowledge of what [Hawkins] did” before Filler began at ATF. See
Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 39.
According to Hawkins, the change in series as well as the decision not to promote her to
14
the GS-12 adversely affected her. As is specific to the change in series, Hawkins contends that it
“would place [her] in a different series with no promotion potential to GS-12.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot.,
Ex. B (Hawkins Aff.) at 7; see also Pl.’s Resp. ¶ 55 (“Blackwood assessed that the change in
classification would thrust Hawkins into a ‘dead-ended [sic] position.’”). Blackwood’s
testimony, to some extent, supports Hawkins’ claim that the change in series had negative
repercussions on Hawkins: “[W]ithin the [Human Resources] Division, it is likely that
[Hawkins] would be in a dead-ended [sic] position” because of the change in series. Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 9. However, Blackwood also testified in her deposition that the
343 series is not better or worse than the 301 series because “they are both professional series.”
Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3 (Blackwood Dep.) at 52. Defendant does not offer any evidence to
rebut Blackwood’s initial statement that the position is a “dead-ended” [sic] one. 5
2. Debra Gunther
In May of 2005, while the desk audit was still pending, Debra Gunther, a Caucasian
female, was hired by the Human Resources Division of ATF as a GS-343-14 management and
policy analyst.6 Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 37; see also Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att.8 (12/18/07 Gunther Dep.)
at 16. According to Gunther, she was informed in her interview that “they wanted [her] to
oversee the budget,” as well as perform other duties. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 8
(12/18/07 Gunther Dep.) at 15. However, as Hawkins emphasizes, Blackwood testified that
Filler, in deleting the language in Hawkins’ PD that indicated the position was responsible for
5
The Court notes that Defendant provided no response to Hawkins’ Response Statement
of Facts, as provided in her Opposition.
6
Filler was on vacation or away on business on the date Gunther was hired, and the actual
decision to hire Gunther was made by Filler’s co-worker, Helen Oates. See Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att.8 (12/18/07 Gunther Dep.) at 16.
15
“analysis,” explained that such analysis would be performed by Gunther, not Filler. See Pl.’s
Cross-Mot., Ex. R (12/18/07 Blackwood Dep.) at 54-55. Nonetheless, when Gunther was first
hired and until the reorganization, as described below, she had “nothing to do with anything
financial.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 25-26 (“She was not
responsible for anything financial. That didn’t occur until after she took responsibility for the
human resources’ support staff during the reorganization.”). Rather, she was effectively “like an
assistant to [Filler].” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att.8 (12/18/07 Gunther Dep.) at 16. Indeed,
Gunther confirmed that until Hawkins left the Human Resources Division, Hawkins remained
responsible for the budget. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att.8 (12/18/07 Gunther Dep.) at 43.
3. Reorganization of the Human Resources Division
When the Human Resources division was reorganized in December of 2005, Gunther
took on supervisory responsibilities over three support staff, including Hawkins. See Def.’s
Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 69; see also Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att.8
(12/18/07 Gunther Dep.) at 26. According to Defendant, this change in Gunther’s duties,
however, was not a promotion and Gunther remained in the same grade and series. See Def.’s
Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 69; see also Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att.8
(12/18/07 Gunther Dep.) at 16. Thereafter, Hawkins was assigned to report directly to Gunther,
rather than Filler, and Gunther became responsible for budgetary oversight. See Def.’s Notice of
Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 69; see also id., Att. 5 (12/18/07 Filler Dep.) at 12-13.
Hawkins voluntarily left ATF in April of 2006. Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶
28. As stated above, until that time, the parties agree that Hawkins—and not
Gunther—continued to have primary responsibility for all budget work. See Def.’s Notice of
16
Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 69. Gunther’s oversight was limited only to ensuring
Hawkins’ work was completed in a timely manner. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06
Filler Dep.) at 69. As Gunther confirmed, she did not do much if any work on the budget until
after Hawkins departed. see Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 9 (1/17/09 Gunther Dep.) at 15. The
position vacated by Hawkins was ultimately filled by Lesa Wood, who was competitively
selected to fill the GS-301-9/11 human resources support staff position. Def.’s Reply/Opp’n,
Att. 4 (Filler Aff.) at 2.
D. Procedural Background
Hawkins filed the instant lawsuit on January 4, 2007, alleging various claims of
employment discrimination for disparate treatment and retaliation in violation of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. See generally Compl., Docket No. [1]. Specifically,
Hawkins alleges that Defendant improperly removed duties from the PD for her position, as a
result of which she was improperly denied a promotion to the GS-12 grade level and reclassified
into a 301 position that had no opportunity for future promotion. See id. ¶¶ 30-45. She also
alleges that certain unfair and false statements were made in her closeout appraisal in retaliation
for her EEO activity. See id. ¶¶ 36-51.
Currently pending before the Court are Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
(“Def.’s Mot.”), Docket No. [37]; Hawkins’ Opposition to Defendant’s Motion (“Def.’s Opp’n”),
Docket No. [40]; Hawkins’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”), Docket
No. [41]; Defendant’s combined Opposition to Hawkins’ Cross-Motion and Reply in Support of
Defendant’s Motion (“Def.’s Opp’n/Reply”), Docket No. [42]; and Hawkins’ Reply in support of
her Cross-Motion (“Pl.’s Reply”), Docket No. [46]. Before turning to the substance of the
17
parties’ arguments, the Court emphasizes that neither party’s briefing addresses or otherwise
acknowledges Hawkins’ claim for retaliation, as set forth in her Complaint. Accordingly, the
Court’s Memorandum Opinion is limited only to a discussion of Hawkins’ claims for
discrimination based on disparate treatment.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 56, a party is entitled to summary
judgment if the pleadings, depositions, and affidavits demonstrate that there is no genuine issue
of material fact in dispute and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
See FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c); Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 638 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Under the summary
judgment standard, the moving party, “bears the initial responsibility of informing the district
court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any’ which it
believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In response, the nonmoving party must “go beyond the pleadings and
by [its] own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,’
designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 324.
Although a court should draw all inferences from the supporting records submitted by the
nonmoving party, the mere existence of a factual dispute, by itself, is not sufficient to bar
summary judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). To be
material, the factual assertion must be capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the
litigation; to be genuine, the issue must be supported by sufficient admissible evidence that a
reasonable trier-of-fact could find for the nonmoving party. Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d
18
1236, 1242-43 (D.C. Cir. 1987); Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 251-52 (the court must determine
“whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or
whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law”). “If the evidence is
merely colorable, or is not sufficiently probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Liberty
Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50 (internal citations omitted). “Mere allegations or denials of the
adverse party’s pleading are not enough to prevent the issuance of summary judgment.”
Williams v. Callaghan, 938 F. Supp. 46, 49 (D.D.C. 1996). The adverse party “must do more
than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Instead, while the movant
bears the initial responsibility of identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact, the burden shifts to the non-movant to “come forward
with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 587 (citing FED . R. CIV .
P. 56(e)) (emphasis in original).
Importantly, “[w]hile summary judgment must be approached with specific caution in
discrimination cases, a plaintiff is not relieved of his obligation to support his allegations by
affidavits or other competent evidence showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Morgan v.
Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp., 172 F. Supp. 2d 98, 104 (D.D.C. 2001) (quoting Calhoun v.
Johnson, No. 95-2397, 1998 WL 164780, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 1998) (internal citation
omitted), aff’d, No. 99-5126, 1999 WL 825425, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 27, 2000)); see also
Marshall v. James, 276 F. Supp. 2d 41, 47 (D.D.C. 2003) (special caution “does not eliminate
the use of summary judgment in discrimination cases”) (citing cases). “Summary judgment is
not a ‘disfavored procedural shortcut,’ but is an integral procedural tool which promotes the
19
speedy and inexpensive resolution of every case.” Marshall, 276 F. Supp. 2d at 47 (quoting
Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 327). Accordingly, the Court reviews both Defendant’s Motion and
Hawkins’ Cross-Motion under a “heightened standard” that reflects “special caution.” Aka v.
Washington Hosp. Ctr., 116 F.3d 876, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (internal quotations omitted),
overturned on other grounds, 156 F.3d 1284 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (en banc). Nonetheless, while this
special standard is more exacting, it is not inherently preclusive. Although more circumspect, the
Court shall continue to grant a motion for summary judgment in which the nonmoving party has
failed to submit evidence that creates a genuine factual dispute and the moving party is entitled to
a judgment as a matter of law.
III. DISCUSSION
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits the federal government from discriminating in
employment on the grounds of race, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16. To prove a violation of Title VII, a
plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the actions taken by an
employer were “more likely than not based on the consideration of impermissible factors.” Tex.
Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). Furthermore, a plaintiff may prove his claim with direct evidence,7 and absent
direct evidence, he may prove his claim using indirect evidence pursuant to the burden-shifting
7
Hawkins asserts in her Opposition that “[i]n this case, [she] has direct evidence of
discrimination.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 29. Hawkins, however, is wrong as a legal matter. Direct
evidence “is evidence that, if believed by the fact finder, proves the particular fact in question
without any need for inference.” Brown v. Small, 437 F. Supp. 2d 125, 130 n. 7 (D.D.C. 2006)
(emphasis in original) (citing Randle v. LaSalle Telecomms., Inc., 876 F.2d 563, 569 (7th Cir.
1989)). As Hawkins’ citations to allegedly “direct” evidence in support of this claim
demonstrate, she is, in fact, citing only to indirect and circumstantial evidence of discriminatory
animus. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 29. The Court’s own independent review of the record in this case
reveals confirms that Hawkins has not provided any direct evidence of discrimination.
20
analysis created by McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Carpenter v.
Fed’l Nat’l Mort. Assoc., 165 F.3d 69, 72 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
Where, as here, the record contains no direct evidence of discrimination, it is necessary to
employ the familiar McDonnell Douglas tripartite burden-shifting framework. Cones v. Shalala,
199 F.3d 512, 516 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at 802). Under
this paradigm, a plaintiff has the initial burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence a
prima facie case. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If he succeeds, the burden shifts to the
defendant to articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory or non-retaliatory reason justifying its
conduct. Id. If the defendant is successful, then “the McDonnell Douglas framework—with its
presumptions and burdens—disappear[s], and the sole remaining issue [is] discrimination vel
non.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142-43 (2000) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted).
For a claim alleging disparate-treatment discrimination, a plaintiff makes out a prima
facie case by showing (1) that she is a member of a protected group; (2) that she suffered an
adverse employment action; and (3) the unfavorable action gives rise to an inference of
discrimination. Wiley v. Glassman, 531 F.3d 151, 155 (D.C. Cir. 2007); Mastro v. Potomac
Elec. Power. Co., 447 F.3d 843, 850 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The D.C. Circuit has clarified, however,
that the McDonnell Douglas prima facie factors are “almost always irrelevant” and are “largely
[an] unnecessary sideshow” Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 492-93 (D.C.
Cir. 2008). Where an employer asserts a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its challenged
conduct, thereby doing “everything that would be required of [it] if the plaintiff had properly
made out a prima facie case, whether the plaintiff really did so is no longer relevant.” Id., 520
21
F.3d at 494 (quoting U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 715 (1983));
see also Adeyemi v. D.C., 525 F.3d 1222, 1226 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (holding that the prima facie
inquiry “is irrelevant when an employer has asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
an adverse employment action”). “And by the time the district court considers an employer’s
motion for summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law, the employer ordinarily will have
asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the challenged decision—for example,
through a declaration, deposition, or other testimony from the employer’s decisionmaker.”
Brady, 520 F.3d at 493. In such circumstances, a district court’s inquiry collapses into a single
question: “[h]as the employee produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the
employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer
intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or
national origin?” Id. at 494.
Based on this guidance, the D.C. Circuit has stated in no uncertain terms that a lower
court should not evaluate whether a plaintiff has established a prima facie case where a defendant
sets forth a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its conduct: “the district court need not
—and should not—decide whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under
McDonnell Douglas.” Id. at 495 (emphasis in original); see also Adeyemi, 525 F.3d at 1226 n.1
(“the prima facie case is ultimately irrelevant here”) (emphasis added); Wiley, 511 F.3d at 156
(D.C. Cir. 2007) (“[g]iven this record [which includes articulated, non-discriminatory reasons]
we ‘need not address the Government’s contentions that [appellant] failed to make out a prima
facie case’”) (quoting George v. Leavitt, 407 F.3d 405, 411 (D.C. Cir. 2005)).
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court also advised lower courts in Reeves v. Sanderson
22
Plumbing Products, Inc. that “a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to
find that the employer’s justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the
employer unlawfully discriminated.” 530 U.S. 133, 148 (2000). That is, the Supreme Court
suggested that the evidence used to establish a prima face case could be used to aid a jury’s
determination on “the issue of whether the defendant’s explanation is pretextual.” Id. at 143
(quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255 n.10). See also Brady, 520 F.3d at 495 (explaining Reeves
requires lower courts to “determin[e] whether summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law
is warranted . . . [by] consider[ing] all relevant evidence presented by the plaintiff and
defendant”). Accordingly, because Defendant in this case has asserted a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for his challenged conduct, all of the evidence in the record shall be
considered, including that which would be used to establish Hawkins’ prima facie case (but not
for the purpose of evaluating whether a prima facie case has been established), to address the
ultimate question of discrimination or retaliation vel non.
As explained above, Hawkins claims that she was discriminated against on the basis of
her race. Hawkins’ allegations focus on Defendant’s decision to reclassify her position as a GS-
11 in the 301 series. Although Hawkins’ briefing is less than a model of clarity and fails to
clearly set forth the exact claims she seeks in the instant lawsuit, it appears from the Court’s own
review of Hawkins’ complaint and briefing that Hawkins has attempted to set forth two different
theories of discrimination based on disparate treatment. Specifically, Hawkins alleges that
Defendant impermissibly modified her PD, based upon discriminatory animus, in order to: (1)
deny Hawkins a promotion to the GS-12 grade level; and (2) constructively demote Hawkins by
23
placing her into the 301 series at the GS-11 grade level.8 In response, Defendant explains that it
denied the promotion to the GS-12 grade level based on the results of a desk audit. Because
Defendant has proffered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its conduct, whether Hawkins
has established a prima facie case of discrimination is “irrelevant.” Adeyemi, 525 F.3d at 1226.
Accordingly, the Court’s inquiry collapses into the single question of whether Hawkins has
produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that Defendant’s asserted non-
discriminatory reason was not the actual reason for Defendant’s conduct, and that the real reason
was based on discrimination. See Brady, 520 F.3d at 493.
A. Hawkins’ Non-Promotion Claim
As explained above, Hawkins claims that her position should have been classified as a
GS-12 and that ATF’s decision to classify the position as a GS-11 impermissibly denied
Hawkins a promotion to the GS-12 grade level. Defendant asserts that it properly placed
Hawkins in the GS-11 grade level based upon the results of a desk audit.
8
The Court notes that at times, Hawkins appears to also allege that Defendant
impermissibly discriminated against Hawkins when it removed certain job duties from Hawkins.
See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 40-45; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 28 (“removal of job duties is an adverse action”).
Although the removal of job duties may, in some instances, be an adverse action, Hawkins does
not, as a factual matter, claim that Defendant actually removed any job duties from her. Rather,
Hawkins alleges that Defendant removed job duties from her PD—not from Hawkins herself.
Indeed, Hawkins argues that she continued to perform the same job duties even after her position
was reclassified. See, e.g., Pl.’s Opp’n at 36- 37 (“Hawkins Continued to Perform Same
Duties”); Pl.’s Reply at 10 (“It is undisputed that duties were ultimately removed from Hawkins’
PD, just as it is undisputed that Hawkins continued to perform the same budget duties as
before.”); id. at 20 (“Thus, Hawkins was forced to continue to provide the same budget duties as
before, but without the benefit of a raise to which she was entitled.”). Accordingly, the Court
reads Hawkins’ argument as asserting that Defendant deleted language indicating that Hawkins
performed certain job duties from her PD, not that Defendant removed the actual job duties from
Hawkins herself. As such, these allegations are not a separate claim, but rather support Hawkins’
assertion that Defendant improperly modified Hawkins’ PD in a manner that impermissibly
denied Hawkins a promotion to the GS-12 grade level and reclassified the position into the 301
series.
24
“A plaintiff such as [Hawkins] may try in multiple ways to show that the employer’s
stated reason for the employment action was not the actual reason (in other words, was a
pretext).” Id. at 495. In particular, a plaintiff may do so by “attempt[ing] to demonstrate that the
employer is making up or lying about the underlying facts that formed the predicate for the
employment decisions.” Id. For example, a plaintiff may point to inconsistencies in the record
and the corresponding doubts raised as to the credibility of a defendant’s asserted legitimate non-
discriminatory explanations, which could be regarded by a reasonable jury as pretext for a
discriminatory motive. See id. at 495 n.3. Although the question of whether Hawkins has
presented sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer that Defendant’s conduct
was motivated by a discriminatory animus is a close one, the Court ultimately concludes that
Hawkins has proffered sufficient evidence to demonstrate that there are genuine, material facts in
dispute and to cast doubts on Defendant’s proffered explanation (i.e., whether it is pretextual),
and whether Defendant’s true reason for Hawkins’ non-promotion was discriminatory.9
First, Hawkins has introduced evidence sufficient to demonstrate that there are genuine
issues of material fact in dispute. For example, Filler alleges that she deleted from the draft PD
only those duties that “[Hawkins] never did.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 5 (12/18/07 Filler
Dep.) at 20-21. But Hawkins has presented evidence that, contrary to Defendant’s assertions, she
9
Defendant argues in part that Hawkins’ claims of disparate treatment should be
dismissed because Hawkins and Gunther were not “similarly situated.” See Def.’s Reply/Opp’n
at 7- 9. Hawkins, however, has not argued that she and Gunther are similarly situated
individuals. See Pl.’s Reply at 26. Although a plaintiff may, of course, proffer evidence that her
employer has treated similarly situated individuals outside her protected class more favorably, a
plaintiff is not required to do so. Mastro v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 447 F.3d 843, 850-51
(D.C. Cir. 2006). Rather, as the D.C. Circuit has recognized, “[a] plaintiff such as [Hawkins]
may try in multiple ways to show that the employer’s stated reason from the employment action
was not the actual reason (in other words, was pretext).” Brady, 520 F.3d at 495.
25
in fact performed budget justifications and prepared budget studies. See, e.g., Pl.’s Cross-Mot.,
Ex. A (Hawkins Aff.) ¶ 5 (“I did the budget justifications”); Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. U (Affidavit of
Sophia Smith-Weaver) ¶ 6 (“I am aware that [Hawkins] prepared a large volume of reports and
studies associated with the budget” while under Ross’ supervision). Hawkins has also proffered
evidence to support her claim that she assumed at least some of the budgetary and analytical
duties previously performed by her supervisor, Ross, a GS-14, and that she continued to perform
those duties after Ross left ATF and through the date of the desk audit. See supra discussion 3-5.
Significantly, Defendant has not presented any evidence rebutting Hawkins’ claims that, while
under Ross’ supervision, she performed budget analysis that had previously been performed by a
GS-14 grade level position. See Def.’s Resp. ¶¶ 1-2. Given that Defendant has also failed to
present any evidence that Hawkins’ job duties changed over time, the Court concludes that there
is sufficient evidence in the record from which a jury could find that Hawkins continued to
perform analytical budget work even after Filler joined ATF.
Similarly, Defendant has also asserted that Hawkins’ job duties strictly involved data
collection and entry, rather than budget analysis. See, e.g., Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4
(11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 53, 58 (reiterating that Hawkins did not prepare any budget
justifications). Hawkins, however, has provided evidence that she did perform analytical work
and was not limited to data entry only. See, e.g., Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. T (Closeout Performance
Feedback Mem.) at 2 (Gunther commenting that the Division returned money to OM “[b]ased on
[Hawkins’] budget analysis” and that Gunther “depended on [Hawkins’] expertise in providing
the Chief, Human Resources Divsion an accurate account of the HR budget.”); Pl.’s Cross-Mot.,
Ex. U (Affidavit of Sophia Smith-Weaver) ¶ 7 (“I am also aware that Brigitte Hawkins was
26
considered an expert on budget matters by the budget personnel from other divisions, because I
observed budget persons from other division visiting with Mrs. Hawkins to seek her counsel and
advise on budget issues.”). Accordingly, there is a genuine dispute as to whether Hawkins’ job
duties—at the time of the desk audit—involved only “data entry” or whether she was in fact
performing budget analysis typical of a GS-12 position or higher.
Defendant responds that even if Hawkins did in fact perform such work, it is immaterial
so long as Filler “honestly believes in the reasons offered.” Def.’s Reply/Opp’n at 4 (citing
Fischbach v. D.C. Dep’t of Corrections, 86 F.3d 1180, 1183 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). The Court finds,
however, that Hawkins has also proffered sufficient evidence to cast doubts on whether Filler in
fact “honestly believe[d] in the reasons [she] offers.” See id. For example, although Filler
testified that “[she] was paying no attention and no focus on the grade level that was proposed,”
see Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 49-50, it is undisputed that she told
Hawkins during their meeting to discuss Hawkins’ job duties that she did not believe the position
should be classified as a GS-12. Pl.’s Stmt. ¶ 20; Def.’s Resp. ¶ 20. Moreover, it was
Blackwood’s opinion that “from the beginning Ms. Filler did not feel that a promotion was
warranted.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C (Blackwood Aff.) at 10. Similarly, although Blackwood
testified that she advised Filler that her changes to the PD would impact the series, see Pl.’s Stmt.
¶ 26; see also Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 3 (Blackwood Dep.) at 54, Filler denied that such a
conversation ever took place, see Def.’s Resp. ¶ 26; see also Pl.’s Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4
(11/27/06 Filler Dep.) at 68; see also id., Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.). Accordingly, Hawkins
has proffered sufficient evidence to cast doubt on Filler’s testimony that she was not concerned
with the grade level of the position and was not aware that her changes would affect either the
27
grade level or series.
Moreover, although Filler testified that “[she] found no evidence of [Hawkins] ever being
asked to perform [certain] tasks” that she removed from the draft PD, Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. H
(Filler Aff.) at 7, Filler conceded that she had no recollection of ever asking Hawkins whether
she had, at any time, performed any of the duties that Filler deleted from the PD description,
Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 7 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 49, and that she had “no knowledge of
what [Hawkins] did” before Filler began at ATF. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08
Filler Dep.) at 39. In addition, Defendant does not explain in its briefing why Filler waited more
than five months to contact Blackwood about the results of the desk audit, although Filler
claimed that “she knew right away when I saw the duties that were described on the paper that
those were not accurate for what she was doing or what I needed her to do and the kind of
assignments I would direct for her to do.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler
Dep.) at 35. Accordingly, the Court concludes that there is sufficient evidence from which a
reasonable jury could conclude that Filler’s testimony is not credible. See Anderson v. Zubieta,
180 F.3d 329, 345 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“[t]he question is whether the plaintiffs have cast such doubt
on [the defendant’s] credibility that a reasonable juror could regard it as pretext and infer a
discriminatory motive”).
Filler herself has also provided contradictory testimony about why she removed duties
from Hawkins’ PD. For example, at times Filler testified that she removed only job duties that
“[Hawkins] never did.” See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 5 (12/18/07 Filler Dep.) at 20-21; see
also id., Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 30. However, at other times, Filler explained that she
removed job duties from the draft PD that were “not work that I needed for her to do.” See, e.g.,
28
Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler Dep.) at 37; see also id., Att. 6 (01/17/08 Filler
Dep.) at 46 (“it did not accurately reflect what I needed [Hawkins] to do.”). For example, as to
the question of whether Hawkins was performing budget analysis, Filler told Blackwood that the
language indicating that Hawkins was responsible for “analysis” should be removed because
Filler wanted Gunther, not Hawkins, to perform all “analysis”—not because Hawkins was not
then-performing those duties.10 See Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. R (12/18/07 Blackwood Dep.) at 54-
55. Accordingly, Filler’s own testimony introduces conflicting evidence as to the reasons given
for the removal of certain duties, such that a reasonable jury could conclude the stated reasons
were pretextual. See Sw. Merchandising Corp. v. NLRB, 53 F.3d 1334, 1344 (D.C. Cir. 1995)
(“vague and shifting testimony” could allow a reasonable jury to “infer that the company’s
explanations were pretextual and shielded an illicit motive”). Accordingly, the Court denies
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to Hawkins’ claim for non-promotion.
B. Hawkins’ Constructive Demotion Claim
Hawkins also claims that she was constructively demoted. At the outset, the Court notes
that, although unclear to some extent, the Court reads Hawkins’ briefing as asserting two theories
to support her claim that she was constructively demoted. First, it appears that Hawkins has
alleged that the position into which she was reclassified in the 301 series was a “dead-ended [sic]
position” without opportunity for future promotion. See Pl.’s Resp. ¶ 55.; Compl. ¶¶ 38-39. As
evidence of this claim, Hawkins points to testimony by Blackwood that, “within the [Human
Resources] Division, it is likely that [Hawkins] would be in a dead-ended [sic] position” because
10
Indeed, the evidence is clear that Hawkins—and not Gunther—continued to have
primary responsibility for all budget work. See Def.’s Notice of Filing, Att. 4 (11/27/06 Filler
Dep.) at 69.
29
of the reclassification into the 301 series. Pl.’s Resp. ¶ 55 (citing Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. C
(Blackwood Aff.) at 9); see also Pl.’s Cross-Mot., Ex. B (Hawkins Aff.) at 7 (the reclassification
“would place [Hawkins] in a different series with no promotion potential to GS-12.”). Although
Defendant asserts that the series change is not adverse because both the 301 and 343 series are
professional series that can both involve the performance of budgetary analysis, see Def.’s Resp.
¶ 36, Defendant does not specifically provide evidence rebutting Blackwood’s testimony that the
series change resulted in reassigning Hawkins to a “dead-ended [sic] position.” See Pl.’s Resp. ¶
55; see generally Def.’s Mot.; Def.’s Reply/Opp’n. Accordingly, the Court finds that, although
Hawkins has presented very little evidence to support her claim that the change to the 301 series
was an adverse action, the minimal evidence that is in the record conflicts as to whether
Hawkins’ placement into the 301 series was an adverse action. Cf. Alexander v. Tomlinson, 507
F. Supp. 2d 2 (D.D.C. 2007) (“a lateral transfer must have materially adverse job-related
consequences to qualify as an adverse action, for ‘purely subjective injuries . .. are not adverse
actions’”) (quoting Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1130-31 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). The Court
therefore finds that there is a genuine issue of material fact in dispute that precludes summary
judgment on Hawkins’ claim that she was constructively demoted by being placed into the GS-
301-11.
In addition, although the question is an extremely close one, the Court ultimately
concludes, for the same reasons discussed above, that Hawkins has proffered sufficient evidence
to cast doubt on the Defendant’s explanation that it placed Hawkins into the reclassified position
as a result of the desk audit, and whether Defendant’s true reason for Hawkins’ non-promotion
was discriminatory. See supra discussion 26-29.
30
Second, Hawkins alleges that she was constructively demoted because her position as a
management analyst should have been classified as a GS-12 grade level. See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at
14-16; Pl.’s Opp’n at 39. In support of this theory, Hawkins relies on a series of cases from the
Merit Systems Protection Board (the “Board”) and the Federal Circuit. See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at
14-16; Pl.’s Opp’n at 39. In reviewing these decisions, however, it is clear that these cases are
inapposite to the matter at hand. As Defendant points out, these cases involve an agency’s
decision to “reassign[] an employee out of a position that is subsequently upgraded [although]
the employee met the requirements for promotion at the time of reassignment.” Hogan v. Dep’t
of Navy, 218 F.3d 1361, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2000). That is, they involve situations in which an
employee was reassigned from a position that was reclassified at a higher grade level and
awarded to a different employee. See id. at 1364-65; see also Manlogon v. EPA, 87 M.S.P.R.
653, 658-59 (M.S.R.P. 2001) (“an employee’s argument that his position ‘should have been
reclassified’ does not give rise to a constructive demotion claim.”). These cases are therefore
inapposite to the facts in this matter, as it is undisputed that the position previously occupied by
Hawkins remains today a GS-301-11. Def.’s Reply/Opp’n, Att. 4 (Filler Aff.) at 2.
However, as discussed above, Hawkins has offered sufficient evidence to raise issues of
material facts in dispute and to cast doubt on the Defendant’s proffered nondiscriminatory
reasons as to her placement into the 301 series. Accordingly, the Court denies Defendant’s
Motion for Summary Judgment as to Hawkins’ claim of constructive demotion to the extent
Hawkins alleges that Defendant’s decision to reclassify her position into the 301 series was
discriminatory.
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C. Hawkins’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment
Finally, the Court notes that Hawkins has filed a Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment as
well as an Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. Interestingly, Hawkins’
Opposition and Cross-Motion rely primarily on the same set of facts. That is, on the one hand,
Hawkins asserts in her Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment that certain facts are not material
facts in dispute, while on the other hand, Hawkins argues in her Opposition that many of those
very same factual statements are, to the contrary, material facts in dispute precluding summary
judgment. Accordingly, the Court easily dispenses with Hawkins’ Cross-Motion for Summary
Judgment, finding that the presence of genuine issues of disputed material facts—as conceded by
Hawkins herself—precludes an award of summary judgment in her favor. Hawkins’ Cross-
Motion for Summary Judgment is therefore denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court shall DENY Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment and shall DENY Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. An appropriate
Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: February 8, 2009
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
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