UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
CHRISTINE MADISON )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Misc. Action No. 07-289 (RMC)
)
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, )
)
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Christine Madison served as a juror on a capital case in federal district court in
Washington, D.C. from February 7 through June 6, 2007. When she returned to her job at the
District of Columbia State Education Office, she was informed that her 13-month employment
contract would not be extended or renewed. Despite the shifting defenses put forth by D.C., the facts
show that Ms. Madison was separated from employment because she served as a federal juror, in
apparent violation of the Jury System Improvements Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1875 (the “Juror Act”).
Notwithstanding this factual conclusion, a legal question remains as to whether, under these
particular circumstances, Ms. Madison qualified as a “permanent” employee and thus enjoyed the
protections of the Juror Act. The Court holds that she did so qualify.
I. FACTS
Ms. Madison was employed full-time as a Staff Assistant in the Operations
Department of the District of Columbia State Education Office (“SEO”)1 from May 15, 2006 through
1
This Office became the District of Columbia Office of State Superintendent of
Education (“OSSE”), as of October 1, 2007. See Tr. I, 10:8-18. It is organizationally part of the
Executive Office of the Mayor. The Court uses the title and initials in effect at the time of the
relevant events.
June 14, 2007. Tr. I, 12:11-12; 15:11-12; 18:16-20; 43:13-15; Pl.’s Exs. 8, 10 & 11.2 She had
previously served for approximately seventeen (17) years as an employee of the District at D.C.
General Hospital. Tr. I, 10:23 - 11:7; Pl.’s Ex. 10. At the time of separation from SEO, she was
approximately 60 years old. See Tr. I, 66:16-17.
Dr. JoAnn Smoak, then-Director of Operations at SEO, hired Ms. Madison at a Grade
9 salary level, pursuant to a 13-month term appointment. Tr. I, 14:17 - 15:12; 88:1-2; Pl.’s Ex. 10.3
Former Mayor Anthony Williams instituted these “NTE”4 appointments for employees in the
Executive Office of the Mayor (“EOM”) in order to create “at will” status for EOM employees
without civil service protections. See Tr. I, 198:9-24. At Ms. Madison’s job interview, Dr. Smoak
explained to Ms. Madison that most SEO employees held term appointments and that it was very
rare for an employee not to have their term extended, although there was no guarantee. Tr. I, 14:17 -
15:2; 71:11-13; 95:6-23. Ms. Madison was hired to replace Staff Assistant Marsha Proctor, who had
transferred in April 2006 to Support Services for the EOM. Stip. ¶ 8.c. Like Ms. Madison, Ms.
Proctor had been working at SEO at Grade 9 under a 13-month term appointment. Tr. I, 94:7-10;
Tr. II, 5:16-17, 24-25; 6:1-13; Stip. ¶ 8.b.
During Ms. Madison’s employment with SEO, five other employees (aside from Dr.
Smoak) worked in SEO Operations. Tr. I, 19:18 - 21:9; Stip. ¶¶ 3-7. Four of the five were hired
generally around the same time as Ms. Madison and pursuant to 13-month term appointments. Stip.
2
Trial was conducted on July 15 and 16, 2008. References are to Tr. I and Tr. II for each
day’s trial proceedings, followed by a page number and line number(s).
3
As of the trial, Dr. Smoak had become the Chief Operating Officer of the D.C.
Department of Health.
4
NTE stands for “Not-to-Exceed.”
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¶¶ 3.a., 4.a., 6.a., 7.a. The fifth person was hired in 2003 pursuant to a four-year term appointment.
Tr. I, 97:1-11; Pl.’s Ex. 14A.5 Specifically:
• Bachir Kabbara was a Database Manager who had been appointed to a four-year term
appointment, effective May 18, 2003, with an NTE date of May 13, 2007. Tr. I,
97:1-11; Pl.’s Ex. 14A.
• Diane Scroggins was a Program Analyst who had been hired into SEO Operations
by Dr. Smoak with a 13-month appointment, effective February 18, 2006 and an NTE
date of March 18, 2007. Tr. I, 97:12-19; Stip. ¶ 4.a.; Pl.’s Ex. 13A.
• Anthonisha Felton was a Staff Assistant, hired by Dr. Smoak sometime around May
2006 pursuant to a 13-month term. Tr. I, 97:23-25; 98:1-7; 99:13-19; 101:8-24; Stip.
¶ 6a; Pl.’s Ex. 15A.
• Mutinda Parris was hired by Dr. Smoak into the position of Management Analyst,
effective June 12, 2006, with an NTE date of July 11, 2007. Stip. ¶ 3.a.; Pl.’s Ex.
12A.
• Ronald Pitts was hired by Dr. Smoak as an Information Technology Specialist/Data
Management, effective October 2, 2006, with an NTE date of November 1, 2007. Tr.
I, 103:15-18; Stip. ¶ 7.a.; Pl.’s Ex. 16A.
Dr. Smoak directly supervised this group. Tr. I, 22:1-4; 86:3-4.
Ms. Madison’s salary at hire with SEO was at a Grade 9/Step 1 level, or $34,832/year.
Tr. I, 19:14-15; Pl.’s Ex. 10. She thereafter received one step increase and one parity-pay increase.
Tr. I, 63:25 - 65:4. When separated from employment by Dr. Smoak, her annual salary was $41,901.
Tr. I, 65:13-14; Pl.’s Ex. 11. While employed, she received full employment benefits, including life
insurance, annual and sick leave, and credit towards D.C. retirement benefits to add to her previous
5
In court filings in this case, Dr. Smoak initially stated that all of these five employees
“had been there at least one year” prior to Ms. Madison’s hire in May 2006, “i.e., there were no
other employees hired at or about the same time as Ms. Madison.” See Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s
Mot. for Order to Show Cause at 2, Smoak Decl. ¶ 6 [Dkt. # 6]; see also Answer ¶ 7 [Dkt. # 8].
As stipulated later by Defendant District of Columbia, and established at trial, these statements
were completely wrong, as were other alleged facts declared by Dr. Smoak.
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17 years of D.C. service. Tr. I, 65:15 - 66:23; Pl.’s Exs. 10 & 11.
Ms. Madison’s job responsibilities covered general administrative duties, such as
ordering supplies, distributing mail, filing, facilities management, petty cash, coordinating approval
and payment of employee cell phone bills, and payroll. Tr. I, 15:13 - 18:2. Her payroll
responsibilities, characterized by Dr. Smoak as her “biggest” and “most critical” responsibility, Tr.
I, 142:10-14, included collecting time and attendance records and related information for all SEO
employees and processing them so that employees could be timely paid. Tr. I, 17:19 - 18:4.
Dr. Smoak informally evaluated Ms. Madison’s performance in late 2006. Tr. I, 23:7-
13. During their discussion, Dr. Smoak noted strengths and areas for improvement. Tr. I, 25:16-17;
26:2-3, 7-10. Ms. Madison recalled that Dr. Smoak told her that she was doing very well with her
time and attendance responsibilities; that she was getting along well with co-workers; that her
handling of the mail was efficient and timely; and that she did well in taking care of filing. Tr. I,
25:20-24. Dr. Smoak testified that Ms. Madison was “really pretty efficient” with her payroll
responsibilities. Tr. I, 194:5; see also Tr. I, 108:17-24. During the evaluation, Dr. Smoak told Ms.
Madison that she needed to become more prompt in processing cell phone bills and she suggested
that Ms. Madison take some in-service employee training courses offered through the D.C. Center
for Workforce Development. Tr. I, 25:25 - 26:10; 74:14-15. Ms. Madison took one course
recommended by Dr. Smoak — Managing Multiple Projects, Objectives, and Deadlines — before
she was summoned for jury duty. Tr. I, 32:3-11; Pl.’s Ex. 4.6
During her jury service, Ms. Madison sometimes worked late or came in on a
6
Ms. Madison had previously taken other courses at the Center for Workforce
Development, both at Dr. Smoak’s suggestion and on her own initiative. Tr. I, 27:22 - 29:18;
Pl.’s Ex. 5.
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Saturday to work. Tr. I, 153:12-19; 154:15-16. Dr. Smoak characterized her willingness to do so,
without extra pay, as “above and beyond” and something that Dr. Smoak “really appreciated.” Tr.
I, 153:17-18.
Nonetheless, Dr. Smoak testified at trial that Ms. Madison’s “overall performance
other than in the area of time and attendance was not generally good,” Tr. I, 110:11-12, and that she
would not characterize Ms. Madison as a satisfactory employee. Tr. I, 119:14-16. Dr. Smoak
testified that there were “intermittent problems” with Ms. Madison’s work performance, Tr. I, 110:8,
and that she had difficulty “keeping up with things and getting things in on time,” Tr. I, 118:1-2; she
asserted that Ms. Madison exhibited a lack of team work, Tr. I, 191:19 - 192:2; and that she had once
erred by ordering the wrong kind of paper for SEO. Tr. I, 194:14 - 195:10. Finally, Dr. Smoak noted
that the Chief Financial Officer had discovered a positive credit in the petty cash account that might
have been attributed to Ms. Madison when she was handling petty cash. Tr. I, 192:23 - 193:9.7
There are no written records of the informal evaluation or any other contemporaneous records
concerning Ms. Madison’s performance.
During the time of Ms. Madison’s jury service, the SEO was preparing for a huge
transition in education oversight in the District of Columbia. The new Mayor, Adrian Fenty, was
7
When queried by counsel for D.C., Dr. Smoak remembered other flaws with Ms.
Madision’s performance:
[S]he was not responsive. My biggest problem with Christine was that I
couldn’t get anything out of her, and if I did it was always late. Not just
a little bit late. Not incidentally late, but good and late. . . .
I got that report [on employee cell phone usage] one time in six months,
and that was symptomatic of just I couldn’t get things out of her.
Tr. I, 189:1-15, 21-22.
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readying to assume responsibility for all public schools on October 1, 2007, with his authority
delegated to the SEO and Schools Chancellor Michelle Rhee. Tr. I, 34:23 - 35:6; 79:16 - 84:5; Tr.
II, 43:2 - 44:7.
Ms. Madison received this Court’s summons in December 2006 or January 2007,
advising that the trial might last as long as six months. She promptly provided a copy to Dr. Smoak.
Tr. I, 33:14-18; 123:9-13. While both women agree that they had various conversations about Ms.
Madison’s jury service, Tr. I, 33:17-19; 35:20 - 36:4; 124:6-9, they remember those conversations
differently. Ms. Madison testified that when she first handed the summons to Dr. Smoak, Dr. Smoak
mentioned the pending transition and said, “Four to six months? Well, Deborah [Gist, State
Superintendent of Education] won’t be able to use you.” Tr. I, 33:18-19. Ms. Madison testified that
she responded by stating that she did not have any control over whether she would be selected. Tr.
I, 35:16-19. Although Dr. Smoak remembers that Ms. Madison promptly showed her the jury
summons, “nothing sticks out in [her] mind” about their first conversation concerning it. Tr. I,
121:10-18; 123:9-17.
However, Dr. Smoak does remember that at some point she told Ms. Madison how
much Dr. Smoak had enjoyed a period serving on a grand jury. Tr. I, 127:5-10. Dr. Smoak
“absolutely” does not recall any conversation with Ms. Madison about Ms. Madison’s selection as
a trial juror. Tr. I, 132:15-16; Tr. I, 23-25. Admitting that losing one of her five staff members at
a busy transition time “wouldn’t be good news,” Tr. I, 125:25, Dr. Smoak testified nonetheless that
she had had “no reaction to the fact that [Ms. Madison] was selected” for jury duty. Tr. I, 131:25 -
132:1.
Ms. Madison testified that in subsequent conversations Dr. Smoak gave her advice
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on how to avoid jury service. Tr. I, 36:20-23. She recounted how Dr. Smoak told her to tell the
court that Ms. Madison believed the defendant was guilty because he would not be on trial if he were
innocent. Tr. I, 36:24 - 37:3. Ms. Madison testified that she responded that being on trial does not
mean a person is guilty and that, from her past experiences, it is not easy to be excused from jury
service. Tr. I, 37:5 - 38:2.
Despite “absolutely” not recalling any conversation or anything particular about
discussions of Ms. Madison’s jury service, Dr. Smoak testified that she is “absolutely” certain she
did not counsel Ms. Madison on how to avoid jury service. Tr. I, 126:8-10; 128:6-19. Dr. Smoak
acknowledged that she had heard of someone successfully telling a court that the person going to
trial was guilty in order to avoid jury duty. Tr. I, 128:20-25.
Ms. Madison was selected for the jury after four weeks of jury selection (though Ms.
Madison attended only two of those days). Trial began on February 7, 2007. During the trial phase,
jurors were required to report for trial four days a week, Mondays through Thursdays. Tr. I, 41:4-9;
Pl.’s Exs. 6 & 7. Once the death-penalty and deliberation phases began in May 2007, jurors were
required to report for duty five days a week, Mondays through Fridays. Tr. I, 41:10-15; Pl.’s Exs.
6 & 7. With a few exceptions for annual or sick leave, Ms. Madison reported to work at SEO on all
of the days that she did not have jury duty. Tr. I, 41:18-25; Pl.’s Ex. 6.
In theory, Dr. Smoak divided Ms. Madison’s workload among her co-workers, but
during the first weeks of trial when Ms. Madison returned to work on Fridays, she discovered that
they had not completely done her work. Tr. I, 44:12-18. For example, Ms. Felton was holding all
of the petty-cash requests until Fridays when Ms. Madison returned to the office. Tr. I, 44:19 - 45:2.
When Ms. Madison asked Mr. Pitts why he was not handling cell phone bills, he responded via
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email, asking “Please tell me when you think I was assigned this task and by whom?” Tr. I, 45:21-
24; Pl.’s Ex. 31. The bulk of time and attendance work was often left for Ms. Madison, although
Mr. Parris had been assigned to take over those tasks. Tr. I, 45:3-9. These gaps caused Ms. Madison
to work through her lunch break, past 5:00 p.m., and occasionally on Saturday in an effort to catch
up. Tr. I, 47:15 - 48:22.
Ms. Madison’s testimony in this regard was corroborated by other employees. Ms.
Proctor, who held Ms. Madison’s position before and after Ms. Madison’s SEO employment,
testified that she took over payroll from Mr. Parris when she was detailed back to SEO in May 2007,
because “he had so much on his hands, he couldn’t really keep up with it.” Tr. II, 9:17-21. Ms.
Proctor was clear that payroll took three days to process. Tr. II, 20:14-16. She also testified that
SEO employees were paid every two weeks and, on the weeks in which employees did not receive
paychecks, time and attendance, i.e. payroll, processing had to be completed by Friday. Tr. II, 21:11
- 22:1. Likewise, Mr. Parris testified that payroll had to be completed by close-of-business on
Fridays. Tr. II, 48:12-19. He further testified that, while he helped Ms. Madison with her duties
during her jury service, whatever was “left over on Fridays,” he left for her to do “because she was
there and that was her responsibility.” Tr. II, 34:2-25.8 Contrary to this testimony, Dr. Smoak
testified that she “couldn’t see how” there was any neglect of Ms. Madison’s time and attendance
duties while she was on jury duty primarily because payroll had to be completed by close-of-business
on Thursdays. Tr. I, 188:12-20.
Ms. Madison reported that her co-workers appeared to resent her absence during the
8
This testimony belies Dr. Smoak’s insistence that Ms. Madison was not a “team player”
because Ms. Madison distinguished between her assigned work and that of her co-workers.
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trial because of their increased work loads. Tr. I, 54:25 - 55:2. Before the trial, she had had a
friendly relationship with all of them. Tr. I, 54:17-20. She attributed her sense that they resented
her to the fact that they were not doing her work during her absence, but saving it for her on the one
day she could work. Tr. I, 55:3-6. They also constantly asked her when she would be returning to
work and if the trial were over yet. Tr. I, 55:6-8.
On one Friday when Ms. Madison was at work, Mr. Parris and Mses. Scroggins and
Felton were around her desk engaged in conversation. They were discussing how they had been told
by Dr. Smoak that their positions were going to be advertised and they would need to re-apply for
their jobs. Tr. I, 55:16-19. Dr. Smoak never gave any such instruction to Ms. Madison. Tr. I, 55:20-
22.
During Ms. Madison’s jury service in April 2007, Dr. Smoak arranged to have Ms.
Proctor detailed from Support Services back to SEO Operations to resume performing the job she
had held before Ms. Madison was hired. Tr. I, 137:10-20, 148:19-23; Tr. II, 14:14-19. On Tuesday,
May 1, 2007, Dr. Smoak announced to the staff that Ms. Proctor would be returning to Operations
on the following Monday, May 7, 2007. Tr. I, 141:4-10; Pl.’s Ex. 29. No notice was provided to
Ms. Madison. Then, on Friday, May 4, 2007, after Ms. Proctor had returned on detail to SEO, Dr.
Smoak informed Mr. Parris and others at SEO that she did not intend to renew Ms. Madison’s term
appointment. See Pl.’s Ex. 19. Again, Ms. Madison was not informed. Tr. I, 56:6-19.
Meanwhile, Ms. Proctor was assigned to work at Ms. Madison’s desk and to take over
Ms. Madison’s duties. Tr. I, 51:2-6; Tr. II, 16:2-7; 17:12-14. Ms. Madison learned of this
development when she came to work on Friday and discovered Ms. Proctor working at her desk.
Tr. I, 50:11-20. Dr. Smoak provided no guidance to Ms. Madison as to how to divvy up the work
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between her and Ms. Proctor so Ms. Madison could only volunteer to help with various tasks during
the time she was at work. Tr. I, 50:21-23; 51:5-24.
On Friday, May 25, 2007, Dr. Smoak called Ms. Madison into her office, handed her
a letter of separation, Pl.’s Ex. 8, and informed her that her employment would not be extended
beyond her NTE date of June 14, 2007. Tr. I, 56:17-19. According to Ms. Madison’s testimony, Dr.
Smoak told her that the merger of SEO with the D.C. Public Schools made things hectic at SEO and
that Ms. Madison would not be able to keep up with her co-workers or contribute at that time. Tr.
I, 57:8-14. Ms. Madison told Dr. Smoak that the jury was in deliberations and would be finished
fairly soon so that she would soon return to work full-time. Tr. I, 57:22 - 58:6. Dr. Smoak denies
telling Ms. Madison that it was a hectic time at SEO or that she was concerned that Ms. Madison
could not keep pace, Tr. I, 165:8-11, and further denies that Ms. Madison’s jury service was
discussed at all during the May 25, 2007, meeting. Tr. I, 167:9-18. Both parties agree, however, that
at the end of the conversation, Dr. Smoak agreed to re-think her decision over the weekend and to
consider extending Ms. Madison’s appointment for three months to allow Ms. Madison to qualify
for retirement benefits. Tr. I, 57:7-17, 91:23 - 92:7; 168:3-9. Dr. Smoak also agrees with Ms.
Madison that she assured Ms. Madison that she would provide a positive recommendation. Tr. I,
166:23-25.
Later in the day on May 25, Dr. Smoak sent an email to Patricia McCreary at SEO
Human Resources, asking, “Would it be possible for me to extend Christine for another 3 months,
rather than terminate her outright?” Tr. I, 87:11-15; Pl.’s Exs. 21 & 22. Following the Memorial
Day weekend, Ms. McCreary responded on May 29, 2007, stating, “yes. [W]ould you like to do
that?” Tr. I, 170:14-23; Pl.’s Exs. 21 & 22. On May 30, 2007, Zelalem Hill from Ms. McCreary’s
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office emailed Dr. Smoak and advised her that Ms. Madison’s term appointment had been extended
through September 15, 2007. Tr. I, 170:21-23; Pl.’s Exs. 21 & 22. While Dr. Smoak does not have
“any recollection of it, . . . in all honesty, that doesn’t mean I didn’t say okay, I am going to do this
because I did vacillate back and forth about it. . . .” Tr. I, 171:23-25. However, on Thursday, May
31, 2007, Dr. Smoak sent an email to Ms. Hill, Mr. Parris and Ms. McCreary stating that “I just want
to be absolutely clear that it has been communicated that I WILL NOT extend Christine.” Tr. I,
173:19-21; Pl.’s Ex. 22. Despite recognizing from the email traffic that Dr. Smoak had met with Ms.
Madison on Wednesday, May 30, 2007, Dr. Smoak had no recollection of such a meeting or what
was said. Tr. I, 174:24 - 175:4.
Dr. Smoak personally decided to terminate Ms. Madison’s employment. There was
no question of a reduction in staffing levels or the loss of a position. Tr. I, 175:8 - 176:24. Dr.
Smoak testified that she is “not really totally sure why” she made the termination decision. Tr. I,
196:24. Without going into “psychoanalysis,” Tr. I, 196:25, Dr. Smoak “determined over that
weekend that it wasn’t about her not being there [because of the trial]. It was attitudinal, it was
cultural,” because Ms. Madison would “still [be] compromising the morale of my team, and . . . still
[be] talking about this is my piece and that’s your piece . . . [a]nd she still would not be able to use
basic electronic tools. . . .” Tr. I, 197:17-23.
On Ms. Madison’s last day of employment, she hand-delivered a letter to Director
Gist, Dr. Smoak and Ms. McCreary describing in detail her various meetings with Dr. Smoak and
asserting that she was not treated properly because she was fired because of her jury duty. See Ex.
9. Dr. Smoak recalls seeing the letter but she only gave it to the SEO general counsel and neither
she, nor anyone else, ever responded. Tr. I, 175:13; 176:12 - 178:3.
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Ms. Madison was the only person on Dr. Smoak’s staff who was on jury duty and is
the only one of the six whose employment was not continued. Tr. I, 178:4 - 180:1.
Ms. Proctor returned to SEO on a detail but in July 2007 was hired as a permanent
employee into the position previously held by Ms. Madison. Tr. I, 181:25 - 182:21; 207:1-3; Stip.
¶ 8.f.; Pl.’s Ex. 17G. Her appointment was effective July 16, 2007. Tr. I, 182:6-10. As admitted
by Dr. Smoak:
Q. So is it not accurate to say that Ms. Proctor came in while Ms.
Madison was on her jury duty and came in and took up Ms.
Madison’s job duties and then stayed on the job after Ms. Madison
was separated and basically replaced Ms. Madison in the position?
A. That would not be inaccurate.
Tr. I, 182:22 - 183:2. This contrasts sharply with Dr. Smoak’s earlier declaration, executed on
November 13, 2007, in which she stated that when Ms. Madison’s contract expired, SEO did not hire
anyone to replace her and the work she performed was divided among current employees. Pl.’s Ex.
26, ¶ 8; Tr. I, 206:21 - 207:3. Dr. Smoak tried, unsuccessfully, to weave and dance in her testimony
to avoid this disparity, among others. See Tr. I, 207:1 - 209:13. For example, Dr. Smoak testified
that her prior declaration — that she requested Ms. Proctor to be brought into SEO and made
arrangements for her to be detailed to cover Ms. Madison’s work — was “not an accurate statement”
because there were many variables that led to Ms. Proctor being detailed. Tr. I, 207:19 - 208:12.
However, Ms. Proctor’s testimony corroborated Dr. Smoak’s initial statement, not her dancing and
weaving. See Tr. II, 17:10-14 (“Q. But [Ms. Madison] wound up taking over your position? A.
[Proctor]. My position, correct. Q. Then when she was on jury duty you came back and were filling
in for her? A. Correct.”).
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When Dr. Smoak left OSSE in July 2008, she took Ms. Proctor with her to the D.C.
Department of Health. Tr. II, 14:20-22.
II. JUROR ACT
Jury service is both a duty and a right of citizens of the United States. It is an
essential component of our system of justice, and is integral to the protection and preservation of our
constitutional freedoms. “It is true that at times such service is highly inconvenient to employees
and employers,” In re Grand Juror Ronnie Webb, 586 F. Supp. 1480, 1483 (N.D. Ohio 1984), and
employers may find it in their commercial interests to convince employees to try to evade jury
service or to punish those employees who are summoned to serve. But the independence of the
federal judiciary depends on the participation of jurors, and that independence can be preserved only
if the rights of those who are called to serve as jurors are protected. To that end, Congress passed
the Jury System Improvements Act as a means to protect the employment of those summoned to
serve on juries in the federal court system. The legislative history of the Juror Act evinces
Congress’s purpose:
This bill would also accord statutory protection to the employment
status of federal jurors during the period of jury service. At the
present time, an employer who is hostile to the idea of jury duty, or
who believes that the interests of his business outweigh the obligation
for jury service imposed by law, may threaten or harass his employees
to encourage their avoidance of such service or may even dismiss
them from employment if they are required to assume leave status for
this purpose. It is now difficult for the courts to respond effectively
to such employer tactics, since instances of coercion or threatened
dismissal are frequently not brought to the attention of the Court or
are posed in such a manner as to evade effective response by the
judge. . . .
The proposed legislation would provide statutory employment
protection to federal jurors by adding a new Section 1875 to Title 28
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and by giving the District Courts jurisdiction over legal actions by
aggrieved employee-jurors to redress their rights. The enactment of
this provision would be desirable in redressing the present disparity
of bargaining position between a harassing employer and his
employee who is summoned for jury duty in federal court. It would
also place employers on notice as to their legal duty not to interfere
with jury service by employees and would offer employees the
assurance that their rights in this regard will be protected by law.
H.R. Rep. No. 95-1652, at 7 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5477, 5480.
The Juror Act provides, in relevant part, that:
(a) No employer shall discharge, threaten to discharge, intimidate, or
coerce any permanent employee by reason of such employee’s jury
service, or the attendance or scheduled attendance in connection with
such service, in any court of the United States.
(b) Any employer who violates the provisions of this section –
(1) shall be liable for damages for any loss of wages or other
benefits suffered by an employee by reason of such violation;
(2) may be enjoined from further violations of this section and
ordered to provide other appropriate relief, including but not
limited to the reinstatement of any employee discharged by
reason of his jury service; and
(3) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than
$5,000 for each violation as to each employee. . . .
(d)(1) An individual claiming that his employer has violated the
provisions of [the Juror Act] may make application to the district
court for the district in which such employer maintains a place of
business and the court shall, upon finding probable merit in such
claim, appoint counsel to represent such individual in any action in
the district court necessary to the resolution of such claim. . . .
(2) . . . [t]he court may award a prevailing employee who brings such
action by retained counsel a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the
costs. The court may tax a defendant employer, as costs payable to
the court, the attorneys fees and expenses incurred on behalf of a
prevailing employee, where such costs were expended by the court
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pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection. . . .
28 U.S.C. § 1875.
III. ANALYSIS
This case presents two questions, one factual and one legal: (1) did SEO fail and
refuse to extend continued employment to Ms. Madison because of her five-month jury service, and
(2) did Ms. Madison’s employment status render her ineligible for protection by the Juror Act?
A. Ms. Madison’s Separation from Employment
Ms. Madison was hired by Dr. Smoak in May 2006, provided a generally positive
informal review by Dr. Smoak in late 2006, called for jury duty in January 2007, put into jury service
from February 7, 2007 through June 6, 2007, and discharged on May 25, 2007, after someone else
was detailed into SEO to take over her job. The Court does not credit the shifting and exceptionally
vague testimony provided by Dr. Smoak for the reasons behind this sequence of events. Ms.
Madison’s contemporaneous recordation of events is much more credible and ties her loss of
employment directly to her lengthy jury service.
Without doubt, during the time of Ms. Madison’s employment with SEO, the SEO
Operations Department was very busy and its employees frequently felt overwhelmed. Yet Dr.
Smoak would have the Court believe, and find, that she had no particular reaction to notice that Ms.
Madison was selected to serve on a jury that could last for six months. Such testimony is incredible.
Even those managers who understand the gravity of jury service and its critical place in our legal
system have a right to be annoyed at the loss of an employee for a lengthy period; they just do not
have the right to retaliate against the employee as a result. A cheerful conversation on the joys of
serving on a grand jury is much less likely than the one reported by Ms. Madison. The Court finds,
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based on the demeanor and credibility of the witnesses, Dr. Smoak’s convenient inability to
remember conversations, and the inherent probabilities of the situation, that Dr. Smoak urged Ms.
Madison to attempt to avoid jury service by telling the Court that she was convinced the defendant
must be guilty because he was charged. Ms. Madison’s civic duty was not welcomed by her boss.
Dr. Smoak attempted to explain her termination decision by conjuring up a parade
of performance horribles attributable to Ms. Madison. The most questionable is Ms. Madison’s
alleged lack of team spirit because she allegedly failed to help other employees complete their job
duties. A demonstrable lack of “team spirit” was demonstrated by Ms. Madison’s co-workers when
they assisted the absent Ms. Madison as little as possible in getting her tasks completed during jury
service, yet not one complaint can be heard from Dr. Smoak, and Mr. Parris — who candidly
admitted dumping work back on Ms. Madison on Fridays “because she was there and that was her
responsibility,” Tr. II, 34:23-25 — was offered career employment and a promotion.9
Equally implausible is Dr. Smoak’s testimony that a positive balance in the petty cash
account contributed to her decision to terminate Ms. Madison. Interestingly, the District of
Columbia failed to provide any evidence of the timing of this event and the circumstances strongly
suggest that the Inspector General’s audit was performed after Ms. Madison was fired. Without
specifics, the Court cannot rely on this alleged failure to underlie Dr. Smoak’s decision: Ms.
9
Mr. Parris was never a “permanent” employee. Rather, he has been granted one term
appointment after another. He was first hired on June 12, 2006 as a management analyst by Dr.
Smoak as a term employee. Tr. II, 30:5-12. That term appointment was extended by Dr. Smoak
on July 12, 2007. Tr. II, 38:5 - 41:14. While he also applied to be converted from term to career
status and was offered a career appointment, Tr. II, 40:13-14, he ultimately turned down that
opportunity and instead accepted another term appointment in the Office of Public Charter
School Financing and Support, also part of SEO, in July 2007. Tr. II, 39:2-4; 40:22 - 41:22. At
the time of trial in July 2008, Parris was serving on a term appointment. Tr. II, 30:13-14.
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Madison handled petty cash from May 2006 to January 2007 and someone else handled it for the
months of the trial thereafter, as well as before Ms. Madison’s hire in May 2006. There is no
evidence to attribute this alleged problem to Ms. Madison. Since any such evidence is peculiarly in
the control of D.C., the Court concludes that its absence from the trial record is attributable to the
District.10
Dr. Smoak complained that Ms. Madison rarely produced timely reports on employee
cell phone usage. She also acknowledged, however, that technological and coordination problems
with other offices made this a very difficult task to accomplish and that Ms. Madison tried very hard
to get it done. Tr. I, 205:17-22 (“Q. Did she not discuss with you the problem she was having in
getting the cell phone bills electronically? A. She did. Q. Did she not go elsewhere and try to get
somebody to help her get these electronic cell phone bills? A. She did, she did try.”). Her
complaint that Ms. Madison failed to submit a so-called “front burner report” at each week’s staff
meeting, and thereby deserved to be discharged, is also inherently suspect. See Tr. I, 152:13-25.
First, Dr. Smoak’s recollection that Ms. Madison failed to produce these reports before her jury
service cannot be credited since Dr. Smoak remembers nothing specific about anything important.
Second, Dr. Smoak’s recollection that she expressed frustration with Ms. Madison about her front
10
Dr. Smoak testified that she sent emails to Ms. Madison detailing some of her
performance deficiencies. The emails were requested in discovery and not produced. The Court
found that they do not exist and here reiterates that conclusion, not just because they were not
produced but also because Dr. Smoak’s testimony is found to be not credible in this regard. See
Tr. I, 113:3-11 (Mr. Feldman: “Your Honor, I would like to request an opportunity to see those e-
mails because there has been a lot of back and forth. It’s all been very cordial and cooperative,
but I get the impression that Mr. Saindon [counsel for D.C.] has been providing us with
everything as he has been able to get it and we haven’t gotten that. The Court: Well, I will tell
you what. Since the e-mails aren’t here and they were asked for and not produced in discovery,
they don’t exist.”).
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burner reports before jury duty cannot be corroborated because there are no emails. Third, the one
time that Ms. Madison remembers Dr. Smoak commenting negatively on her front burner report was
during jury service when it was, perforce, without content because Ms. Madison was in jury service
four days a week. Tr. I, 52:23 - 53:25.
Finally, Dr. Smoak admitted that Ms. Madison performed her time and attendance
duties very well, which were the most critical part of her job. Notably, time and attendance had to
be collected and recorded weekly for all SEO employees while payroll was issued on a bi-weekly
basis. Dr. Smoak’s efforts to reduce this work from three days/week, including Fridays, to shorter
periods was completely contradicted by employee testimony. In addition, Ms. Proctor’s ability to
perform this work after her detail back to Operations only followed training in PeopleSoft software,
a new software to track the details that Ms. Madison had mastered and with which Ms. Proctor was
unfamiliar. Thus, on the most critical set of tasks of the position, Ms. Proctor was unprepared.
The District of Columbia first defended against this suit by submitting Dr. Smoak’s
declarations indicating that Ms. Madison’s term appointment was allowed to lapse and no one was
hired to replace her. D.C. also declared that no other Operations employees were hired or extended
at the time of consideration of Ms. Madison’s appointment. Those defenses very obviously fail to
match the facts and are rejected. They call Dr. Smoak’s memory and candor into question.
Dr. Smoak testified that Ms. Madison was not a satisfactory employee but, when
asked exactly why she did not extend Ms. Madison’s appointment even for three months so that she
would qualify for a pension, Dr. Smoak could not say. Her testimony that Ms. Madison’s
performance was unsatisfactory was weak and internally contradictory. Dr. Smoak’s inability to
provide a legitimate reason for her failure to agree to extend Ms. Madison’s appointment is
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astonishing. What she did say was that, after thinking about terminating Ms. Madison all weekend,
she “determined . . . that it wasn’t about her not being there [because of the trial]. It was attitudinal,
it was cultural,” because Ms. Madison would “still [be] compromising the morale of my team, and
. . . still [be] talking about this is my piece and that’s your piece.” Tr. I, 197:17-22 (emphasis added).
As described above, the alleged “compromising the morale” of the team was unsupported nonsense:
“this is my piece and that’s your piece” seems to have been a shared attitude. Rather, Dr. Smoak’s
slip of the tongue reveals what was at issue: it was about Ms. Madison “not being there.”
The Court finds that Ms. Madison was discharged by SEO because she served as a
juror in the spring of 2007. That does not end the inquiry, however, because the legal question is
now ripe and must also be resolved.
B. The “Permanence” of Ms. Madison’s SEO Employment
The District of Columbia argues that Ms. Madison fails to make the necessary
threshold showing that she was a permanent employee of SEO and, therefore, her complaint must
be dismissed. D.C. relies on the specific terms of the Juror Act: “No employer shall discharge,
threaten to discharge, intimidate, or coerce any permanent employee by reason of such employee’s
jury service . . . in any court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1875(a). Because Ms. Madison was
hired on a 13-month term appointment, so the argument goes, she was not a “permanent” employee
and does not qualify for coverage or the protections of the statute.
The force of the legal argument cannot be gainsaid except for the particular fact
pattern here. D.C. analogizes “permanent” employee with a “career service” employee, Def.’s Mem.
at 5, but that analogy does not work. Clearly, employees in “at will” employment who can be
terminated at any time and employees with similar non-permanent employment arrangements still
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qualify for the protections of the Juror Act. See, e.g., Hill v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 934 F.2d 1518,
1519-20, 1526-27 (11th Cir. 1991) (Juror Act applied to produce manager of grocery store); Shaffer
v. ACS Gov’t Servs., 321 F. Supp. 2d 330, 334-38 (D. Md. 2006) (Juror Act applied to business
development director of a company who was an at-will employee); United States ex rel. Madonia
v. Coral Springs P’ship, Ltd., 731 F. Supp. 1054, 1055-57 (S.D. Fla. 1990) (Juror Act protected
employment of assistant manager at hair salon); Johnson v. Appliance & T.V. Ctr., Inc., No. C-86-
601-D, 1987 WL 16942, at *1 (MD.N.C. 1987) (Juror Act protected office clerk of appliance and
television retailer); Jones v. Marriot Corp., 609 F. Supp. 577, 578-79 (D.D.C. 1985) (cashier at hotel
dining facility was a permanent employee for purposes of protection under the Juror Act); In re
Grand Juror Ronnie Webb, 586 F. Supp. at 1481-85 (Juror Act protected truck driver of supply
company). Just as clearly, former Mayor Williams sought to use term appointments, frequently
extended, to avoid granting civil service status to persons hired into the Office of the Mayor. The
question is whether term appointments, as used by the Williams Administration, robbed such
employees of sufficient “permanence” to destroy their remedy for proven retaliation due to federal
jury service.
On the record here, the Court concludes that Ms. Madison deserves the protection of
the statute. Although structured as “term” appointments, clearly SEO used these terms for long-
term, i.e., permanent employment, such as the four-year appointment for Bachir Kabbara. Only
during the term of Ms. Madison’s first appointment — when the Inspector General advised that
continuous use of term appointments for otherwise-permanent employees was inappropriate — did
SEO allow so-called “term” employees to apply for permanent positions rather than just having their
terms extended. Certainly at the time Ms. Madison was hired, Dr. Smoak anticipated that her
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successful performance would result in an extension of Ms. Madison’s “term” appointment, not a
civil service “permanent” job. The happenstance that the Williams Administration hired employees
on so-called “term” appointments to avoid civil service regulations, fully intending to extend as
desired, or to award multi-year “term” appointments, cannot be used to destroy Ms. Madison’s
protections from retaliation for federal jury service when there is insufficient evidence to support
D.C.’s alternative theory that her performance was unsatisfactory. In other words, EOM was using
“term” appointments to give it flexibility to discharge and not in expectation that any appointment
would actually terminate on an NTE date. “Term” appointees were expected to be permanent in their
jobs (until the OIG advice) unless they failed to perform. The evidence of Ms. Madison’s alleged
“failure” to perform being discredited, the Court finds, on these facts, that she qualified as a
“permanent” employee under the Juror Act.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Court concludes that Ms. Madison was separated from her employment with the
SEO in violation of the Jury System Improvements Act. As a remedy for this violation, Ms.
Madison is entitled to: reinstatement to employment with the District of Columbia government in
the same or comparable position she would have held had she never been discharged; payment of
all wages she would have received had she never been terminated; retroactive restoration of all
employee benefits; and an order permanently enjoining the District of Columbia from committing
any further Juror Act violations against Ms. Madison. The Court will further order that the District
of Columbia reimburse the Court for the payment of the reasonable costs of this action, including
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reasonable attorney’s fees and costs for Ms. Madison’s Court-appointed counsel; and pay a statutory
penalty of $5,000. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: January 23, 2009 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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