NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 13-3541
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CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYDS OF LONDON
Subscribing to Policy No. SMP3791
v.
WILLIAM CREAGH; 22ND STREET, LLC;
GARY CREAGH, JR.; GARY CREAGH, SR.
WILLIAM CREAGH,
Appellant
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(E.D. Pa.. No. 12-cv-00571)
District Judge: Honorable Jan E. DuBois
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Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 11, 2014
Before: HARDIMAN, SHWARTZ and BARRY, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: April 14, 2014)
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OPINION
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HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
William Creagh appeals a summary judgment in favor of Certain Underwriters at
Lloyd’s, London, Subscribing to Policy No. SMP3791 (Lloyd’s). He also appeals the
District Court’s order denying his motions for reconsideration and to reopen the record.
For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
I
Because we write primarily for the parties, who are well acquainted with the case,
we recite only the facts and procedural history essential to our decision.
Creagh owns a four-story building at 106 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia that
Lloyd’s insured pursuant to a commercial and general liability policy. The second floor is
divided into two units, an apartment and an office. The tenant of the apartment died in the
unit, and because the tenant’s death was not immediately discovered, the decomposition
of the body severely damaged the unit. Creagh hired two companies to remediate and
restore the apartment.
Creagh submitted a claim to Lloyd’s for about $180,000 he spent to restore the
apartment. Lloyd’s sought a declaratory judgment in the District Court that the insurance
policy does not require it to indemnify Creagh for the property damage. Creagh brought
three counterclaims: a claim for compensatory damages, a bad faith claim, and a claim
that Lloyd’s violated Pennsylvania’s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection
Law. The District Court granted summary judgment for Lloyd’s on each claim, holding
that two policy exclusions—the microorganism exclusion and the seepage exclusion—
precluded coverage for Creagh’s claim for loss. Creagh filed motions for reconsideration
2
and to reopen the record. The District Court denied both motions, and Creagh filed this
timely appeal.1
II
We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s summary judgment. Horvath
v. Keystone Health Plan E., Inc., 333 F.3d 450, 454 (3d Cir. 2003). We will affirm if the
movant establishes that there is no genuine dispute of material fact and that judgment as a
matter of law is appropriate. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).2 Where, as here, our jurisdiction is
based on the parties’ diversity of citizenship, we apply relevant state law to determine
whether the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Erie R.R. Co. v.
Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). We review the denial of motions for reconsideration
and to reopen the record for abuse of discretion. Gibson v. Mayor & Council of City of
Wilmington, 355 F.3d 215, 229 (3d Cir. 2004); Max’s Seafood Cafe ex rel. Lou-Ann, Inc.
v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 673 (3d Cir. 1999).
III
The District Court held that Creagh’s policy does not require Lloyd’s to indemnify
him for the damage because two exclusions in the policy preclude coverage of the claim.
1
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
The parties agreed to allow the District Court to make factual determinations.
This is akin to the role a trial court may play during a bench trial and such factual findings
are reviewed for clear error. See United States v. 6.45 Acres of Land, 409 F.3d 139, 145
(3d Cir. 2005). Our review of the District Court's factual determinations reveals no error.
3
The policy’s microorganism exclusion excepts claims “directly or indirectly arising out of
or relating to: mold, mildew, fungus, spores or other microorganism of any type, nature,
or description, including but not limited to any substance whose presence poses an actual
or potential threat to human health.” App. at 16. The District Court held that this
exclusion applied because the fluids that escaped from the decedent’s body and
contaminated the premises contained bacteria, which is a microorganism.
The gravamen of Creagh’s appeal is that the District Court overlooked genuine
disputes of material fact. Creagh claims the bacteria were in the body and not the bodily
fluids that escaped and caused the damage, but Creagh offers no evidence to challenge the
“unequivocal” statement by Lloyd’s expert that “bacteria were present in [the] bodily
fluids that contaminated the subject property.” App. at 570. Next, Creagh contends the
purpose of the restoration work was to rid the apartment of its smell, and that Creagh did
not ask the contractors to remove the bacteria. However, Creagh’s subjective purpose is
immaterial to the insurance policy. Under the microorganism exclusion, it suffices that
the smell and other damages “directly or indirectly [arose] out of” the bacteria, which
caused the fluid to escape the body and grew in the fluid after it left the body. We find no
fault in the District Court’s application of this provision.
The District Court also held that the policy’s seepage exclusion precluded
coverage for Creagh’s claim. That exclusion excepts claims “aris[ing] from any kind of
seepage or any kind of pollution and/or contamination . . . .” App. at 16. Creagh argues
4
that under the interpretive canon of ejusdem generis, we must read “seepage” to be
polluting or contaminating. We need not call upon canons of interpretation for guidance,
however, because the seepage exclusion is unambiguous as applied here. The next
sentence in the seepage exclusion explains that “[t]he term ‘any kind of seepage or any
kind of pollution and/or contamination’ as used in this Endorsement includes, (but is not
limited to) . . . the presence, existence, or release of anything which endangers or
threatens to endanger the health, safety, or welfare of persons or the environment.” App.
at 16. We need not expound upon the District Court’s detailed explanation that the fluids
contaminating the apartment were a health and safety threat. As the District Court
explained, the safety precautions that Creagh’s sanitation contractor took and the
classification by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of such bodily fluids
as potentially toxic and hazardous demonstrate the health and safety risk posed by the
fluids. We agree with the District Court’s conclusion that the seepage exclusion applies to
Creagh’s claim as well.3
Finally, Creagh appeals the District Court’s denial of his motions for
reconsideration and to reopen the record. Creagh’s motion for reconsideration argued that
3
Creagh also appeals the District Court’s summary judgment on two of his
counterclaims. Creagh brought a counterclaim for bad faith, saying Lloyd’s had no
reasonable basis for denying coverage. Creagh also pleaded a counterclaim under the
Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law on grounds that
Lloyd’s misrepresented the fact that bacteria caused the odor in the apartment. These
claims are baseless for the reasons we have provided.
5
the District Court erred by finding evidence of bacteria in the fluids because the fluids
were not tested. The District Court dismissed the motion, noting it directly addressed and
dismissed this argument in its opinion. Creagh’s motion to reopen the record sought to
introduce new evidence allegedly undermining Lloyd’s expert opinion. Courts have great
flexibility in deciding motions to reopen the record, and generally do not disturb final
judgments so a litigant may introduce evidence that was previously available. See Gibson,
355 F.3d at 229; Max’s Seafood, 176 F.3d at 677–78. Creagh did not argue that the new
evidence was unavailable before final judgment, and the District Court dismissed the
motion. We perceive no abuse of discretion in that decision.
IV
For the reasons stated, we will affirm both the District Court’s summary judgment
and its order denying Creagh’s motions for reconsideration and to reopen the record.
6