Filed 4/21/14 P. v. Spencer CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E057547
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB1201230)
BENARD JEROME SPENCER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. A. Rex Victor,
Judge. (Retired judge of the San Bernardino Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Edward J. Haggerty, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, and Kristine Gutierrez and Warren
Williams, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
A jury convicted defendant Bernard Jerome Spencer of one count of assault by
means likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code,1 § 245, subd. (a)(4)). The trial
court found true that defendant had two prior serious or violent felony convictions
resulting in prison sentences. (§ 667.5(b).) The trial court initially sentenced defendant
to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life in prison, plus two one-year prison term
enhancements pursuant to section 667.5, subdivision (b). In addition to his prison term,
the court ordered defendant to pay a restitution fine in the amount of $10,000 under
section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1).
During the briefing of this appeal, pursuant to the resentencing provisions of
section 1170.126, the trial court vacated defendant’s indeterminate sentence and
resentenced him to a new total determinate term of 10 years, including an upper term of
eight years for the assault, plus the two one-year prison term enhancements pursuant to
section 667.5, subdivision (b).2
Defendant raises three separate issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court
abused its discretion by admitting certain photographs of the victim’s injuries;
(2) whether an instruction given to the jury, CALCRIM No. 372 (Defendant’s Flight),
allows an unconstitutional permissive inference of guilt; and (3) whether the restitution
1 All further statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.
2 By order dated January 10, 2014, this court construed defendant’s request for
judicial notice of the trial court’s minutes of his resentencing as a motion to augment, and
granted the motion, deeming the minutes to be part of the record on appeal.
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fine of $10,000 was properly imposed.3 For the reasons stated below, the judgment will
be affirmed.
I FACTUAL BACKGROUND
About 10:30 p.m. on March 19, 2012, defendant became angry with his girlfriend,
the victim in this case, because another man had given her and her son (then four years
old) a ride home. Victim attempted to walk away from defendant, whom she described
as “furious,” but he followed her into the kitchen of their house, where he punched her in
the head, on her temple, knocking her into a wall and then to the ground. She was
“dazed,” but got up, and again tried to walk away, first into the bedroom and then the
bathroom.
Defendant followed, and in the bathroom punched victim again, causing her to fall
into the bathtub. While victim was in the bathtub, he hit her with a closed fist several
more times to the head. When she tried to get him to stop hitting her by telling him that
she might be pregnant with his child, he punched her in the abdomen, knocking her wind
out.
When victim stood up from the bathtub, defendant grabbed her by the hair.
Victim tried to escape back out into the bedroom, but defendant caught her there, grabbed
her by the neck, put her in a headlock, and choked her. Defendant punched victim again,
3 Two further issues raised by appellant in his opening brief—whether he was
entitled to resentencing under Proposition 36, the “Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012,”
and his appeal of the trial court’s denial of his motion under People v. Superior Court
(Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 to dismiss a previous “strike” conviction—have been
rendered moot by defendant’s resentencing. These issues, therefore, will not be further
discussed.
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this time in the mouth, loosening several teeth. Defendant then walked away from victim
momentarily, and victim took the opportunity to run to her daughter’s bedroom to try to
escape out the window. Defendant chased her, grabbing her by the pants as she exited
the window; her pants tore away, and she was able to get out the window, wearing a shirt,
but no clothing below the waist.
Victim ran to a neighbor’s house across the street, screaming for help. Defendant
jumped over the neighbor’s gate, but defendant caught up to her before she reached the
door, and she fell on the grass; as she lay in front of the neighbor’s house, defendant
kicked victim between the legs. In response to victim’s cries for help, a neighbor came
out of his house carrying a baseball bat. The neighbor observed defendant dragging
victim away into a nearby vacant lot. When the neighbor reached his front gate,
defendant ran away.
The neighbor testified that when he reached victim, she was “bleeding
everywhere,” and her eyes were swollen shut. The paramedic who arrived soon after also
testified that victim was bleeding from the mouth and nose, estimating that she had lost
about 20 cubic centimeters of blood, and observed that she had swelling on her face.
Victim complained to the paramedic of pain in her abdomen and chest, as well as her
back. The paramedic was concerned that victim might have serious injuries because she
had obviously suffered blows to the head, and her blood pressure was high, possibly
indicating a buildup of intracranial pressure. As a precautionary measure, consistent with
protocol for any patient complaining of neck or back pain, the paramedic placed victim in
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a neck brace or “cervical collar,” and strapped her to a “cervical spine board” for
transportation to the hospital.
Victim developed two black eyes but suffered no broken bones and did not require
stitches for her lacerations.
II ANALYSIS
A. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting Photographs
Showing Victim in a Neck Brace and Lying on a Cervical Spine Board
At trial, several photographs of victim’s injuries—taken while she still wore the
cervical collar placed on her by the paramedic and while she remained strapped to the
cervical spine board—were introduced into evidence over the defense’s objection. The
defense moved to edit the photographs by cropping the portion showing the cervical
collar and the cervical spine board. The trial court overruled the objection and allowed
the photographs to be introduced unedited. Defendant contends that the trial court abused
its discretion by admitting the photographs in their unedited form, arguing that they
should have been cropped to omit any depiction of the cervical collar and cervical spine
board, or excluded altogether. We disagree.
The trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of photographic
evidence under Evidence Code section 352, and on appeal we review such rulings only
for abuse of discretion. (People v. Minifie (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1055, 1070.) “‘A trial
court’s decision to admit photographs under Evidence Code section 352 will be upheld
on appeal unless the prejudicial effect of such photographs clearly outweighs their
probative value.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Roldan (2005) 35 Cal.4th 646, 712-713
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(Roldan).) Prejudice in this context is “not the prejudice or damage to a defense that
naturally flows” from probative evidence, but rather evidence that “uniquely tends to
evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an individual and which has very little
effect on the issues.” (People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638 (Karis).) Even
assuming an abuse of discretion, the judgment will not be reversed unless it is reasonably
probable that a result more favorable to defendant would have resulted absent the error.
(People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1195 (Cole).)
The prejudicial effect of the unedited photographs does not clearly outweigh their
probative value. (See Roldan, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 712-713.) The photographs are
not especially inflammatory, compared to the photographs as defendant would have had
them edited: if anything in the photographs would tend to evoke an emotional bias
against defendant, it is victim’s visible injuries, which defendant did not propose should
be edited out. (See Karis, supra, 46 Cal.3d at p. 638.) Nor are the photographs
misleading: they accurately depict victim’s condition when they were taken, just after
she arrived at the hospital, and immediately following the beating she suffered at the
hands of defendant. The cervical collar victim wore and cervical spine board to which
she was strapped were not props in a staged photograph, but rather were necessitated by
her medical condition at the time, as evaluated by the paramedic who initially treated her.
The jury was informed that the devices were precautionary measures, and that it turned
out victim did not in fact suffer severe neck or back injuries. As such, we find no abuse
of discretion in admitting the photographs.
6
The authority defendant cites in support of his argument that the trial court abused
its discretion by declining to order the pictures to be edited or excluded is unpersuasive.
Case law regarding autopsy pictures of murder victims is distinguishable, to say the least.
As noted, the photographs at issue are not particularly gruesome or graphic, and indeed
the most gruesome aspect of them—victim’s injuries—are in the portions defendant did
not ask the trial court to crop out. Nor were the photographs misleading, in the context of
testimony describing the extent of victim’s injuries as they were later diagnosed, and
explaining that the cervical collar and cervical spinal board were precautionary measures.
In any case, even if the admission of the photographs had been an abuse of
discretion, the error would not require reversal. If the photographs were disregarded,
there would still be more than enough evidence to support defendant’s conviction. The
testimony of the victim herself, describing the extended and brutal nature of defendant’s
attack, is compelling evidence that defendant used force that was likely to produce great
bodily injury to a person, even though victim was lucky enough to escape with lesser
injuries. It is highly doubtful the incremental effect of the photographs as shown to the
jury, as opposed to the photographs as defendant proposed they should be edited, made
any difference in the result. Accordingly, it is not reasonably probable that a result more
favorable to defendant would have resulted had the trial court sustained defendant’s
objection to the photographs. (See Cole, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1195.)
B. CALCRIM No. 372 Is Constitutional
Defendant challenges the constitutionality of an instruction given to the jury,
CALCRIM No. 372, which addresses the inference the jury may make if it finds the
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defendant fled from the scene of crime.4 He argues that it violates his due process rights
to permit the jury to infer from his flight from the scene of the crime that he was aware of
his guilt. We find no constitutional defect in the instruction.
To comport with due process requirements of the federal Constitution (U.S.
Const., 5th & 14th Amends.) there must be “a relationship between the permissively
inferred fact and the proven fact on which it depends.” (People v. Mendoza (2000) 24
Cal.4th 130, 180 (Mendoza).) “‘A permissive inference violates the Due Process Clause
only if the suggested conclusion is not one that reason and common sense justify in light
of the proven facts before the jury. [Citation.]’” (Ibid.)
Defendant’s contention on appeal is that “guilt is not a logical, reasonable
inference from the mere fact of the defendant having fled from the scene of a crime,” so
the instruction violates his due process rights. The People argue defendant forfeited this
argument by not raising it in the trial court. We disagree. The asserted instructional error
is reviewable on appeal to the extent it affects defendant’s “substantial rights,” even
though no objection to the instruction was made at trial. (§ 1259; see People v. Lindberg
(2008) 45 Cal.4th 1, 34, fn. 11 [argument that instruction given at trial was
constitutionally infirm not forfeited for failure to raise the objection at trial].)
4 The version of CALCRIM No. 372 given to the jury stated: “If the defendant
fled immediately after the crime was committed, that conduct may show that he was
aware of his guilt. If you conclude that the defendant fled, it is up to you to decide the
meaning and importance of that conduct. However, evidence that the defendant fled
cannot prove guilt by itself.”
8
Nevertheless, we reject defendant’s contention on the merits. The California
Supreme Court in Mendoza upheld the constitutionality of a similar instruction, CALJIC
No. 2.52.5 (Mendoza, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 179-181.) The court in Mendoza
concluded that an instruction permitting “a jury to infer, if it chooses, that the flight of a
defendant immediately after the commission of a crime indicates a consciousness of
guilt” does not violate due process, because the suggested conclusion is justified by
reason and common sense. (Id. at p. 180.) The same reasoning and conclusion apply
equally here.
Defendant argues that Mendoza does not apply here because CALJIC No. 2.52 and
CALCRIM No. 372 are substantially different. He reasons that CALCRIM No. 372
permits an inference regarding the defendant’s “aware[ness] of his guilt,” whereas,
CALJIC No. 2.52 permits an inference regarding the defendant’s “consciousness of
guilt.”6 He insists that “awareness” and “consciousness” are not equivalent in this
context, interpreting CALCRIM No. 372’s language, “aware of his guilt,” to suggest “a
specific awareness of his guilt in a particular matter,” as distinguished from CALJIC No.
2.52’s “vague, generalized consciousness of guilt, akin to a guilty conscience, without
5 The version of CALJIC No. 2.52 (1979 rev.) at issue in Mendoza stated: “‘The
flight of a person immediately after the commission of a crime, or after he is accused of
the crime, is not sufficient in itself to establish his guilt, but is a fact which, if proved,
may be considered by you in light of all other proved facts in deciding the question of his
guilt or innocence. The weight to which such circumstance is entitled is a matter for the
jury to determine.’” (Mendoza, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 179.)
6 The phrase “consciousness of guilt” does not appear in CALJIC No. 2.52, but
rather comes from the Mendoza court’s gloss of the instruction, quoted above. (See
Mendoza, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 180.)
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having a specific awareness of his guilt in a particular matter.” We are not persuaded.
As defendant acknowledges, in People v. Hernandez Rios (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 1154,
1159, the appellate court rejected the exact same argument and found CALCRIM No.
372 to pass constitutional muster. We agree with the reasoning and conclusion of
Hernandez Rios: “awareness of guilt” and “consciousness of guilt” are synonymous in
this context, and CALCRIM No. 372 is constitutional.
Here, in any event, any error would have been harmless. As defendant concedes
in his briefing on appeal, the evidence at trial that defendant assaulted victim was
“considerable”; the “key question” was whether the amount of force defendant used was
likely to cause great bodily injury. It does not follow from an inference regarding
defendant’s awareness of his guilt that the amount of force used in his assault on victim
was of any particular magnitude. That element of defendant’s offense was established by
other compelling evidence, including and especially the victim’s own testimony
regarding the assault. Accordingly, it is not reasonably probable that a result more
favorable to defendant would have resulted had a different instruction on defendant’s
flight been given. (See People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) For the same
reasons, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Chapman v. California
(1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
C. The Restitution Fine Was Properly Imposed
As noted, the trial court ordered defendant to pay a restitution fine of $10,000
pursuant to section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1). Defendant contends that this order
violates his rights under Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466 (Apprendi) and its
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progeny, because the fine is based on facts found by the trial court, rather than facts
reflected in the jury’s verdict. We find no such error.
In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held: “Other than the fact of a prior
conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory
maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”
(Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. at p. 490.) “[T]he ‘statutory maximum’ for Apprendi
purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts
reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” (Blakely v. Washington
(2004) 542 U.S. 296, 303, italics omitted.) “[T]he rule of Apprendi applies to the
imposition of criminal fines.” (Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012) 567 U.S. __,
__ [132 S.Ct. 2344, 2357, 183 L.Ed.2d 318].) However, “nothing in [the common law
and constitutional history] suggests that it is impermissible for judges to exercise
discretion—taking into consideration various factors relating both to the offense and
offender—in imposing a judgment within the range prescribed by statute.” (Apprendi,
supra, at p. 481; see also People v. Kramis (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 346, 351 (Kramis)
[finding Apprendi does not prohibit court from imposing $10,000 restitution fine under
section 1202.4, subd. (b)(1)].)
Under section 1202.4, the trial court was required to impose a restitution fine in an
amount between $240 and $10,000 on any person convicted of a felony. (§ 1202.4, subd.
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(b)(1).7) The trial court here imposed a fine at the top end of that range. Because the
court exercised its discretion within the range authorized by statute on the basis of facts
reflected in the jury’s verdict—namely, that defendant was convicted of a felony—the
fine is entirely proper under Apprendi and its progeny. (See Kramis, supra, 209
Cal.App.4th at p. 351.
Defendant construes section 1202.4 to set a statutory maximum of $240, unless
there are additional factual findings regarding the defendant’s ability to pay and other
factors, which must be found by the jury to comport with the rule stated in Apprendi. Not
so. Section 1202.4 contemplates an exercise of discretion by the judge regarding factors
relating to the offense and the offender in setting a fine within the prescribed range —in
this case, between the statutory minimum of $240 and the statutory maximum of
$10,000—as explicitly permitted by Apprendi. (See Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. at p.
481.) Defendant’s reading of section 1202.4 is contrary to the plain language of the
statute. (See § 1202.4, subds. (c) & (d) [describing factors the court either may or must
take into account in setting a fine “in excess of the minimum fine”].) It is also
incompatible with prior appellate authority, which has rejected the claim that Apprendi
and its progeny had any effect on the trial court’s discretion to select a fine within the
7 Section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1) was amended effective January 1, 2012,
changing the monetary ranges of the restitution fine over the next two years. (Stats.
2011, ch. 358, § 1.) As relevant here, the statutory minimum restitution fine for a felony
conviction for an offense committed between January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2013 was
raised from $200 to $240; the statutory maximum of $10,000 was not changed. (Ibid.)
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range prescribed by section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1), up to the statutory maximum of
$10,000. (See Kramis, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 351.)
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
HOLLENHORST
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P.J.
CODRINGTON
J.
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