13-2006-cv
Ingravallo v. Hartford Life and Accident Ins. Co.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 24th
3 day of April, two thousand fourteen.
4
5 PRESENT:
6 PIERRE N. LEVAL,
7 SUSAN L. CARNEY,
8 Circuit Judges,
9 KATHERINE POLK FAILLA,
10 District Judge.*
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12 DIANA INGRAVALLO,
13
14 Plaintiff-Appellee,
15
16 -v.- No. 13-2006-cv
17
18 HARTFORD LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY,
19 AS ADMINISTRATOR OF THE DELTA AIRLINES INC., LONG
20 TERM DISABILITY GROUP POLICY,
21
22 Defendant-Appellant.
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25 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: VALERIE L. NORWOOD (Marc S. Whitehead, on
26 the brief), Marc Whitehead & Associates, LLP,
27 Houston, TX.
28
* The Hon. Katherine Polk Failla, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,
sitting by designation.
1 FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: MICHAEL H. BERNSTEIN (Matthew P.
2 Mazzola, on the brief), Sedgwick LLP, New
3 York, NY.
4
5 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Block,
6 J.).
7 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
8 AND DECREED that the April 19, 2013 judgment of the District Court is REVERSED and the
9 cause is REMANDED with directions to enter judgment for Hartford.
10 Defendant-Appellant Hartford Life and Accident Insurance Co. (“Hartford”) appeals from
11 the judgment of the District Court denying Hartford’s motion for summary judgment on the
12 administrative record, granting summary judgment for Plaintiff-Appellee Diana Ingravallo, and
13 awarding Ingravallo approximately $19,000 in benefits on her claim pursuant to the Employee
14 Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. See Ingravallo v. Hartford
15 Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 10-cv-5150 (FB) (JO), 2013 WL 1346283 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 3, 2013). We assume
16 the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history, to which we refer only as
17 necessary to explain our decision to reverse.
18 BACKGROUND
19 Beginning in August 1997, Diana Ingravallo was employed by BDP International (“BDP”) as
20 an air import coordinator.1 Her full-time, sedentary job required her to sit for most of an eight-hour
21 day, and, occasionally, to lift or carry a small amount of weight. Also in the late 1990s (exactly when
22 is unclear), Ingravallo was diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (“MS”), but she was
23 able to work as a coordinator at BDP until May 2005, when she suffered an exacerbation that caused
24 her to experience difficulty walking, among other serious symptoms. In consequence, her treating
25 neurologist opined that she was “no longer able to work in any capacity,” and advised that she
26 withdraw from work “on a permanent basis.” Joint App’x at 864. She stopped working that year.
27 As a BDP employee, Ingravallo participated in the company’s long-term disability plan (the
28 “Plan”), which is governed by ERISA and administered by Hartford. The Plan defines “disability”
29 as “Injury or Sickness” that “causes physical or mental impairment to such a degree of severity” that
30 the claimant is “continuously unable to perform the Material and Substantial Duties of [her] Regular
1 The facts as stated here are not disputed by the parties, except as otherwise noted.
2
1 Occupation” and is “not Gainfully Employed.” Id. at 26 (emphasis omitted). It grants Hartford
2 “discretionary authority to determine [a claimant’s] eligibility for and entitlement to benefits.” Id. at
3 43. Ingravallo duly applied for benefits under the Plan.
4 In September 2005, Hartford determined that the exacerbation of Ingravallo’s symptoms
5 rendered her disabled under the Plan and qualified her to receive long-term disability benefits. In
6 2006, under applicable regulations, the Social Security Administration (“SSA”), too, determined that
7 Ingravallo was disabled and qualified her for governmental benefits, which Ingravallo then began to
8 receive.
9 Prompted by inconsistencies that it perceived between Ingravallo’s then-recent accounts of
10 her condition and the accounts provided by her treating neurologist, in late 2008 Hartford
11 undertook a re-assessment of Ingravallo’s eligibility for benefits. Several months later, having
12 obtained an updated peer review of her medical condition and two brief surveillance videos,
13 covertly made, of Ingravallo performing chores outside her home, Hartford determined that
14 Ingravallo no longer met the Plan’s definition of “disabled.” In response to her request for an
15 administrative review, Hartford sought an additional medical evaluation and Ingravallo submitted
16 further input from her treating neurologist. In 2010, Hartford upheld the denial. In support of its
17 detailed final decision it cited, among other factors, the opinions of its medical reviewers,
18 inconsistencies in the reports of Ingravallo and her neurologist, observations derived from the
19 surveillance video regarding her current functional capacities, and observations by an investigator
20 who met with Ingravallo for several hours.
21 Ingravallo then sought judicial review of Hartford’s decision. On cross-motions for
22 summary judgment on the administrative record, the District Court concluded that Hartford’s denial
23 of coverage was arbitrary and capricious and granted Ingravallo’s motion for summary judgment
24 and damages. See Ingravallo, 2013 WL 1346283, at *9. The Court pointed, for support, to three
25 perceived errors in Hartford’s determination: (1) that Hartford did not “provide a cogent reason for
26 its disagreement with the [SSA],” id. at *7; (2) that Hartford’s medical reviewers did not address “an
27 important detail”: the “presence of ‘black holes’ on Ingravallo’s most recent MRIs,” id. at *8; and (3)
28 that, although “th[e] videos undoubtedly show Ingravallo doing things that she claimed not to be
29 able to do,” the videos “d[id] not constitute substantial evidence that she is able to [work],” id.
30 On appeal, Hartford contends that the District Court erred in this conclusion. We agree.
3
1 DISCUSSION
2 In an ERISA action, “we review the district court’s grant of summary judgment based on
3 the administrative record de novo and apply the same legal standard as the district court.” Hobson v.
4 Metro. Life Ins. Co., 574 F.3d 75, 82 (2d Cir. 2009). Where “written plan documents confer upon a
5 plan administrator the discretionary authority to determine eligibility, we will not disturb the
6 administrator’s ultimate conclusion unless it is arbitrary and capricious.” Id. (internal quotation
7 marks omitted). An administrator’s decision to deny benefits is arbitrary and capricious only if it
8 was “without reason, unsupported by substantial evidence or erroneous as a matter of law.” Id. at 83
9 (internal quotation marks omitted). Substantial evidence is “such evidence that a reasonable mind
10 might accept as adequate to support the conclusion reached by the administrator and requires more
11 than a scintilla but less than a preponderance.” Durakovic v. Bldg. Serv. 32 BJ Pension Fund, 609 F.3d
12 133, 141 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Ingravallo bears the burden of proving
13 that she continues to be eligible for disability benefits. See Critchlow v. First UNUM Life Ins. Co. of
14 Am., 378 F.3d 246, 256 (2d Cir. 2004). And, under the Plan, a claimant’s “proof of loss” must
15 comprise “[o]bjective medical findings,” which include, but are not limited to, “tests, procedures, or
16 clinical examinations standardly accepted in the practice of medicine.” Joint App’x at 37.
17 Hartford first challenges the District Court’s criticism that Hartford should have provided a
18 more substantial explanation for its decision because it ran counter to the SSA’s (unchanged)
19 disability determination. Although we have “encourage[d] plan administrators, in denying benefits
20 claims, to explain their reasons for determining that claimants are not disabled where the SSA
21 arrived at the opposite conclusion,” Hobson, 574 F.3d at 92, administrators are not bound by an SSA’s
22 award of benefits—as the District Court acknowledged. See Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord,
23 538 U.S. 822, 833-34 (2003). Here, with respect to the SSA award, Ingravallo provided only a 2006
24 letter from the SSA informing her that it approved her application for disability benefits. Ingravallo
25 presented no documents disclosing the basis for the SSA’s decision. In addition, the record does not
26 reflect that the SSA conducted any reevaluation of Ingravallo’s condition after its initial award—with
27 which Hartford agreed—in 2006. Unlike the District Court, we cannot fault Hartford for failing to
28 discuss the SSA’s position more substantially in its decision.
29 Hartford next attacks the proposition that Hartford’s reviewers did not adequately address
30 the presence of the “black holes” on images of Ingravallo’s thoracic spine—objective findings noted
31 by Ingravallo’s neurologist and characterized by him as “correlate[ing] well with the degree of a
4
1 patient’s disability.” Joint App’x at 1191. Although an administrator “may not arbitrarily refuse to
2 credit a claimant’s reliable evidence, including the opinions of a treating physician,” courts may not
3 “impose on plan administrators a discrete burden of explanation when they credit reliable evidence
4 that conflicts with a treating physician’s evaluation.” Black & Decker, 538 U.S. at 834. Here, although
5 Ingravallo’s treating neurologist assigned some weight to the “black holes” observed, neither he nor
6 Ingravallo identified any evidence suggesting that the lesions demonstrated Ingravallo lacked the
7 capacity to work. Indeed, the significance of the treating physician’s statement—that the lesions’
8 presence “correlate[s] well with the degree of a patient’s disability”—was unclear. One of
9 Hartford’s peer reviewers noted the lesions’ presence, but did not discuss them further. We cannot
10 agree on this record that the failure of Hartford’s peer reviewers to account further for the lesions
11 rendered Hartford’s decision arbitrary and capricious.
12 Further, although the treating neurologist offered his general opinion again in 2009 that
13 Ingravallo was not capable of returning to work, the administrative record contains sufficient
14 contrary medical evidence, inadequately rebutted by Ingravallo, to support Hartford’s decision. For
15 example, one peer reviewer noted that Ingravallo’s “disease ha[d] been quiescent,” and that, despite
16 some abnormalities regarding her gait, her “cognitive function was normal.” Joint App’x at 1177.
17 That reviewer concluded that Ingravallo was “reasonabl[y] capable of full time work at a sedentary
18 level.” Id. at 1178. A second peer reviewer provided a similar, albeit more guarded, assessment. He
19 acknowledged that Ingravallo “ha[d] restrictions,” and that she was “limited by fatigue due to
20 weakness.” Id. at 249. But “[d]ue to a lack of medical information to support an inability to work,”
21 he also concluded that Ingravallo “should be able to work at the sedentary level.” Id. at 250. These
22 assessments constituted “more than a scintilla” of evidence that Ingravallo no longer qualified as
23 disabled within the meaning of the Plan. Durakovic, 609 F.3d at 141. Again, we note that Ingravallo
24 bore the burden of establishing, through objective medical evidence, her continued inability to work.
25 See Critchlow, 378 F.3d at 256; Joint App’x at 37. The evidence cited by Ingravallo does not vitiate the
26 contrary opinions offered by Hartford’s reviewers or render its decision arbitrary and capricious.
27 Last, Hartford argues that the District Court misunderstood the role of the surveillance
28 videos in Hartford’s decision-making process when the Court implied that the videos improperly
29 served as a key predicate for the denial. It contends that the videos served principally as the basis
30 for Hartford’s decision to re-assess Ingravallo’s credibility, not for its ultimate decision. It may be
31 that these videos alone would not constitute substantial evidence demonstrating that Ingravallo was
5
1 no longer disabled. But the record is persuasive that Hartford’s decision rested on far more than the
2 surveillance videos. In its April 30, 2009 letter to Ingravallo, Hartford stated that it utilized “clinical
3 information and the video surveillance” in its determination. Joint App’x at 137. It obtained
4 assessments from two separate reviewers and a report from an investigator who interviewed
5 Ingravallo for some two hours and thirty minutes. We cannot agree with the District Court that
6 Hartford’s decision was arbitrary and capricious.
7 CONCLUSION
8 For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the April 19, 2013 judgment of the District Court
9 and REMAND the cause with directions to enter judgment for Hartford.
10
11
12 FOR THE COURT:
13 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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