In re G.J. CA4/2

Filed 4/30/14 In re G.J. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re G.J., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E059773

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. SWJ1100430)

v. OPINION

E.G.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John M. Monterosso,

Judge. Affirmed.

Richard L. Knight, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

Pamela J. Walls, County Counsel, and Anna M. Marchand, Deputy County

Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

1
 I

INTRODUCTION

Mother’s abuse of drugs and alcohol, domestic violence, and mental health issues

led to the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services, Child Protective

Services (CPS) removing mother’s three young children from her care. The oldest of the

three children, G.J., was four years old at the time (born in 2006). Mother’s two other

children by a different father, A.B. (born in 2010) and M.B. (born in 2011), are not the

subject of this appeal.

Mother appeals the order terminating her parental rights as to G.J. under Welfare

& Institutions Code section 366.26.1 She also appeals the order denying her petition

brought under section 388 (section 388 petition). Mother contends G.J. was not

adoptable because of his behavioral problems, and the trial court abused its discretion in

denying her section 388 petition because she established changed circumstances and that

ordering additional reunification services was in G.J.’s best interest. We disagree. The

court did not abuse its discretion in denying mother’s section 388 petition and

terminating parental rights as to G.J. The judgment is affirmed.

II

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On June 26, 2011, CPS received a referral stating that law enforcement responded

to calls from mother’s neighbors, reporting that she was screaming. Both mother and her

1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Code of Welfare and
Institutions.

2
live-in boyfriend, Nick, had injuries and were intoxicated. Nick was the presumed father

of G.J.’s younger siblings, A.B. and M.B. Mother and Nick admitted they had pushed

each other. Mother reported that, while Nick was holding M.B., he punched a truck.

Mother admitted to having been involved in incidents of domestic violence in the

presence of her children since 2010. Nick admitted to past and present alcohol and drug

abuse, including recently smoking marijuana. Mother and Nick were arrested for willful

infliction of corporal injury upon a cohabitant (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a)) and child

endangerment (Pen. Code, § 273a, subd. (a)). Nick and mother had extensive criminal

histories, which included assault, spousal battery, disorderly conduct, and driving under

the influence of alcohol.

On June 27, 2011, the CPS detained G.J., M.B. and A.B. because of the domestic

violence between mother and Nick, resulting in their arrest.

Juvenile Dependency Petition

On June 28, 2011, CPS filed a juvenile dependency petition on behalf of the three

children, alleging violations of section 300, subdivision (b) (failure to protect) and (g) (no

provision for support). CPS alleged in the petition that mother and Nick engaged in

domestic violence in the presence of the children; mother and Nick abused alcohol and

drugs; mother and Nick had a criminal history and were charged with child endangerment

and corporal injury; mother and G.J.’s father (father) had a history of child neglect,

resulting in the removal of their five-week-old child, and termination of parental rights;

mother suffered from unresolved mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and

panic disorder; father was not a member of G.J.’s household, his whereabouts were

3
unknown, and he had failed to provide his child with adequate care, support, and

protection; and mother and Nick were currently incarcerated and unable to arrange for

care and support of their children.

At the detention hearing on June 29, 2011, the juvenile court ordered the children

detained.

Jurisdiction/Disposition Hearing

CPS reported in its jurisdiction/disposition hearing report filed in July 2011, that

G.J. stated during an interview in July 2011, that, during the domestic violence incident

leading to mother’s arrest, mother was holding him in her arms and “smacked” Nick in

the head. When asked if mother abused alcohol or drugs, G.J. said, “She’s a bad girl, my

mom. My mom taught me to talk to beer. She drinks all kinds of beer and soda.”

CPS reported that during mother’s interview, she said she had been sexually

abused when she was a young child. She last worked in 2008. She met Nick in 2009,

and had been living with him for two and-a-half years. Mother acknowledged she needed

to stop drinking, and she and Nick needed counseling as a couple. CPS located father,

who lived in Washington.

In August 2011, paternal grandmother (Nick’s mother) reported that, when she

went to pick up mother and Nick for their scheduled visit with the children, mother got

into a physical altercation with Nick. Mother hit and bit Nick. The following day,

mother and Nick reconciled. Mother and Nick tested positive for marijuana in August

2011. CPS reported that mother continued to abuse drugs, including marijuana. During

mother’s visits, she appeared to have no control over the children. Mother’s visits

4
reportedly were “chaotic.” During one visit, G.J. screamed at mother. She did not

respond and then began to cry.

CPS received a report that while mother was living in Washington State in 2011,

mother reported in June 2011, that she witnessed G.J. being molested by the twin eight-

year old sons of her father’s girlfriend. Mother also said that on two occasions within the

past two months, she had also witnessed G.J. performing oral sex on the twins.

At the jurisdiction/disposition hearing on September 6, 2011, the juvenile court

sustained the section 300, subdivision (b) allegations (failure to protect) and ordered the

three children removed from mother’s custody. The court also ordered CPS to provide

mother with reunification services and authorized visitation.

Six-Month Review Hearing

On September 21, 2011, the children moved to the home of Nick’s mother and

step-father (paternal grandparents). CPS reported in the six-month hearing report filed in

February 2012, that mother and Nick were living with Nick’s father. The trial court

ordered mother to undergo a psychological evaluation, which took place in August 2012.

Mother was diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from abuse, depression,

and anxiety. G.J.’s foster mother (paternal grandmother) reported that G.J. had some

behavioral problems at home and at school. When he got mad, he hit, kicked, and pushed

other children, including his brother. His behavior got worse after he saw mother. G.J.

was seeing the school psychologist. Paternal grandmother reported that G.J. told her his

maternal uncles had “touched” him on his “butt” and “pee pee,” and G.J. did the same

5
thing to them. He also said he had to take showers with his uncles. Paternal grandmother

said it was difficult caring for all three children.

Paternal grandmother supervised the children’s visits with mother. Nick appeared

to be more involved with the children than mother. G.J. was hyperactive. Paternal

grandmother suggested mother receive some parent education because she often

threatened to leave the children and not return when G.J. was not behaving. Mother

reportedly was still testing positive for marijuana and had inquired about getting a

medical marijuana card.

CPS reported in an addendum report that mother and Nick both tested positive for

marijuana in February 2012. Mother’s attendance at a substance abuse program was

sporadic. Mother and Nick were attending a parenting class. Mother completed an anger

management course in January 2012. At the six-month hearing, the juvenile court

continued mother’s reunification services and terminated both fathers’ services.

12-month Review Hearing

CPS reported in its 12-month hearing report filed in September 2012, that on April

16, 2012, the sheriff’s department received a report that mother had been assaulted by her

boyfriend, Nick. Mother said she had been severely drunk and Nick had thrown

something at her, but she denied that he had injured her. She would not identify the

person who had caused her injuries. In August 2012, Nick’s father told CPS that it was

very difficult having mother live in his home because she and Nick often engaged in

physical fights, usually when mother was under the influence of alcohol. Mother had hit

6
Nick and Nick’s father, and had kicked holes in the door. One such fight was in mid-July

2012 and the other was during the end of July.

Nick’s father also said he believed mother was ingesting copious amounts of water

and vinegar to help her pass her drug tests. Sheriff’s department records showed that

there were calls reporting a fight and domestic violence on May 13, 2012, and August 2,

2012. The May 13, 2012 call was from Nick’s father, who stated that his “son’s

girlfriend [was] very drunk and verbal.” The officer responding to the August 2, 2012

call, reported that mother said her boyfriend was being “verbal and physical.” She also

complained Nick’s father was being abusive and would not let her leave. Nick’s father

told the officer mother was free to leave and he wanted her to. The officer noted mother

and Nick had been drinking alcohol and, in the officer’s opinion, mother was the one

causing the problems.

On June 1, 2012, mother was referred to a substance abuse program, Hacienda

Valdez, and completed the structured recovery program on July 15, 2012. CPS reported

that mother refused to drug test on September 11, 2012, missed at least seven random

drug tests, and tested positive for marijuana on September 27, 2012. Mother was also

abusing alcohol and was still with Nick. CPS concluded mother had not benefited from

anger management classes. Mother reportedly was very violent towards Nick and Nick’s

father, and mother and Nick still engaged in domestic violence and abused alcohol.

Mother was authorized to visit the children once a week for two hours. Visitation

was supervised. Visits went well. The children remained with paternal grandparents.

The CPS social worker reported that G.J. appeared to be very active, happy and friendly

7
but had some behavioral problems, which included hitting, kicking, and pushing others at

home and at school. G.J. attended weekly therapy provided by a school psychologist

during the past year, and was currently participating in weekly therapy to address issues

of past sexual abuse by family members and a few incidents between G.J. and his

siblings, in which he inappropriately touched them. Mother reported in July 2012, that

Nick said G.J. told him G.J. had touched A.B. and M.B. G.J. told mother he did not do it,

and that he told Nick he did it because paternal grandparents told him to say it.

According to an addendum report filed in October 2012, mother had moved out of

paternal grandfather’s home and was living with friends. She did not appear for her

random drug test on October 12, 2012, and did not appear on September 19, 2012, for a

substance abuse counseling appointment.

At the status review hearing on October 29, 2012, the juvenile court terminated

mother’s reunification services and set a section 366.26 hearing. During the hearing, the

court noted mother had not fully complied with her case plan, she had not tested

regularly, she recently tested positive for marijuana, and she continued to live with Nick.

The court concluded that there was not a substantial likelihood of the children returning

to mother if she were given additional services.

Section 366.26 Hearing and Section 388 Petition

CPS reported in its section 366.26 hearing report filed in February 2013, and

addendum reports filed in February and March 2013, that the children had been placed

with paternal grandparents since September 21, 2011. G.J. was happy, friendly, in good

health, had met his developmental milestones, and loved to play. He was in kindergarten

8
but reportedly defiant at school. He did not listen or follow directions. G.J. had been

suspended from school for his aggressive behavior and was no longer allowed to ride the

school bus because he screamed, ran around, and would not sit in his seat. G.J. told

paternal grandmother that he “touched [A.B.] on his privates.” Paternal grandmother saw

G.J. sitting next to A.B., rubbing A.B.’s penis. G.J. was aggressive towards his younger

siblings and therefore needed to be supervised at all times. G.J. also frequently wet his

bed. G.J. was currently attending Parent-Child Interaction Therapy once a week.

CPS reported in a preliminary assessment of paternal grandparents as adoptive

parents that G.J. had vivid memories of police contact with his parents. He said he

wanted to live with mother and it was fun living there. The CPS social worker concluded

that G.J. was attached to paternal grandparents but was having emotional problems due to

his past trauma/abuse and grief and loss. The social worker concluded that G.J. was

adoptable, even though paternal grandparents did not want to adopt him because of his

emotional problems. Paternal grandmother said she wanted to adopt A.B. and M.B. but

did not believe she could handle G.J.’s behavioral problems long term. Paternal

grandmother believed paternal grandparents would be overextending themselves adopting

the three children. She was concerned that G.J.’s behavior would negatively impact the

younger children and that his sexually acting-out would continue. Paternal grandmother

wanted G.J. moved to another relative’s home. Supervised visitation continued once a

week, for two hours.

In the March 2013 addendum report, CPS reported mother wanted the children

removed from paternal grandparents and claimed paternal grandparents had engaged in

9
domestic violence. In addition, paternal grandmother did not allow mother to visit the

children. Mother recorded paternal grandmother yelling at the children. Paternal

grandmother denied the accusations but said there had been domestic violence between

her and her ex-husband (Nick’s father), whom she divorced in 1997. She married

paternal step-grandfather in 2006, and said they had not had any domestic violence. As

to allegations she would not allow mother to visit the children, paternal grandmother said

it was mother who had not requested visitation during the past two months.

At the section 366.26 hearing on March 18, 2013, the juvenile court found A.B.

and M.B. adoptable, and terminated parental rights. The court further stated that, as to

G.J., “at this point, . . . I can’t necessarily make that finding.” The court therefore found

G.J. was not adoptable and continued the section 366.26 hearing as to G.J.

In May 2013, CPS requested mother’s visitation with G.J. be reduced because his

behavior worsened before and after visits with mother. Paternal grandmother reported

that G.J. kept hitting A.B. and M.B., and paternal grandmother was concerned about the

younger siblings’ well-being. She wanted G.J. removed from her home because she was

overwhelmed with his aggressive behavior. During an ex parte hearing to limit visitation

on May 20, 2013, the juvenile court ordered supervised visits reduced to twice a month.

On June 13, 2013, G.J. was moved from paternal grandparents’ home to another

prospective adoptive home. His new prospective adoptive parents were fully advised of

his behavioral problems. They were in the process of also adopting a seven-year-old boy,

with whom G.J. immediately bonded as a brother. During G.J.’s visits with mother,

mother was attentive but there was not a lot of interaction. After mother visited G.J. on

10
June 27, 2013, G.J. became aggressive with his prospective adoptive brother. G.J. told

his prospective adoptive mother he worried about visiting mother and did not want to see

her because of his memories of her slapping him and drinking. G.J.’s affection for

mother appeared reserved.

In August 2013, CPS reported that G.J.’s behavior had substantially improved

since his placement with his prospective adoptive family and was doing well in his new

placement. He had stopped bedwetting. G.J. was a happy, friendly child. He was

discharged from therapy in June 2013.

On July 9, 2013, mother filed a section 388 petition, requesting the court to change

the October 29, 2012 order terminating reunification services. CPS filed addendum

reports on July 10, 2013, and July 15, 2013, stating that G.J. was doing well in his

prospective adoptive home. Mother was currently living at Hacienda Valdez transitional

housing, was unemployed, and seeking housing shared with friends. Mother was

pregnant with her fifth child, which was due in October 2013. Mother reported that Nick

was the father. Nick was incarcerated for committing domestic violence against mother.

On September 27, 2013, the juvenile court conducted a combined section 388 and

section 366.26 hearing. The court denied mother’s section 388 petition, found G.J. was

likely to be adopted, and terminated mother’s parental rights.

III

G.J. WAS ADOPTABLE

Mother contends the juvenile court erred in finding G.J. adoptable. We disagree.

11
 At a section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court is charged with determining the

most appropriate permanent plan for a dependent child who has been unable to reunify.

(In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 50.) A section 366.26 hearing is designed to

protect a dependent child’s “compelling” right “to have a placement that is stable,

permanent, and allows the caretaker to make a full emotional commitment to the child.”

(In re A.A. (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1292, 1320.) Adoption is the plan preferred by the

Legislature because it is the most permanent of the available options. (In re Autumn H.

(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 573.) If a court finds that a child is likely to be adopted if

parental rights are terminated, it must select adoption as the permanent plan unless it

finds a “compelling reason for determining that termination would be detrimental to the

child” due to one or more of the exceptions to adoption specified by statute. (§ 366.26,

subd. (c)(1)(B); see also In re A.A., at p. 1320.) In the instant case, the juvenile court

terminated parental rights, finding that termination of parental rights would not be

detrimental to G.J. and none of the statutory exceptions to adoption applied.

In reviewing the juvenile court’s finding of adoptability under the substantial

evidence test (In re Gregory A. (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 1554, 1561-1562), we must look

at the complete record in the light most favorable to the findings and draw all inferences

to support the ruling (In re R.C. (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 486, 491). We “determine

whether there is substantial evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could find, by

clear and convincing evidence, that the [child] is adoptable. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)

“‘Although a finding of adoptability must be supported by clear and convincing evidence,

it is nevertheless a low threshold: The court must merely determine that it is “likely” that

12
the child will be adopted within a reasonable time.’ [Citation.]” (In re D.M. (2012) 205

Cal.App.4th 283, 294, fn. 3.)

“‘The issue of adoptability . . . focuses on the [child], e.g., whether the [child’s]

age, physical condition, and emotional state make it difficult to find a person willing to

adopt the minor. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (In re Zeth S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 406.)

Where a prospective adoptive parent is willing to adopt a child with physical, mental,

and/or emotional limitations, the court has a legitimate basis for finding such limitations

“are not likely to dissuade individuals from adopting the [child].” (In re Sarah M. (1994)

22 Cal.App.4th 1642, 1649-1650.) “In other words, a prospective adoptive parent’s

willingness to adopt generally indicates the [child] is likely to be adopted within a

reasonable time either by the prospective adoptive parent or by some other family.

[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1650, italics omitted.)

Mother argues that the evidence established that G.J. was not adoptable. Such

evidence included evidence G.J. was severely aggressive and acted out sexually toward

other children. In addition, he was seven years old, which mother argues is older than the

age of children most people wish to adopt. Also, G.J. was sexually abused and his

behavioral problems resulted in his paternal grandparents deciding not to adopt him.

Mother argues it is likely his new prospective adoptive parents will decide not to adopt

G.J. and, therefore, if parental rights are terminated, he will be left an orphan.

Although there is evidence that G.J. has had serious behavioral problems and has

suffered from sexual abuse, there is also substantial evidence that he is nevertheless

adoptable. His first prospective adoptive parents initially were agreeable to adopting him

13
but decided not to upon concluding they were overextending themselves by attempting to

care for the three children, plus another grandchild. G.J.’s behavioral problems, which

were endangering the other grandchildren, were more than paternal grandparents could

cope with. Furthermore, paternal grandparents were not related to G.J., whereas they

were related to the other children. G.J.’s subsequent prospective adoptive parents, on the

other hand, were willing to adopt him under circumstances that proved to be more

conducive to providing G.J. with a stable, nurturing home.

CPS reported that G.J. is a happy, bright, active, friendly, healthy child, who

immediately bonded with the seven-year-old son of his prospective adoptive parents and

viewed him as a brother. It was not until after G.J. visited with mother that G.J. acted

aggressively toward the boy. The evidence demonstrates that G.J. struggled emotionally

after visiting with mother. He told his caretakers that he did not want to visit with mother

because visiting with her evoked painful memories of her slapping him and mother

drinking. Because of the apparent emotional turmoil G.J. experienced when visiting with

mother and his consequential acting out after visits, mother’s visitation was reduced in

May 2013, from once a week, to twice a month. Additional evidence of adoptability

included CPS’s August 2013 report, in which CPS stated that G.J.’s behavior had

substantially improved since his placement with his new prospective adoptive family in

June 2013. He had stopped bedwetting. G.J. was reportedly a happy, friendly child. He

was discharged from therapy in June 2013, and was doing well in his new prospective

adoptive home. Because of this, there was reportedly no need for him to continue

14
therapy. There was substantial evidence that, with therapy, G.J.’s behavioral problems

had significantly diminished, if not resolved, and he was doing well in his new home.

G.J.’s prospective adoptive family was fully informed of G.J.’s behavioral

problems and tumultuous past, and nevertheless wanted to adopt him. G.J. moved in with

the family on June 13, 2013, and had lived with the family for over three months when

parental rights were terminated on September 27, 2013. The fact there are prospective

adoptive parents alone is evidence of the likelihood of adoption. (In re Sarah M., supra,

22 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1649-1650.) In addition, CPS reports demonstrate G.J. has many

good qualities, which is an important factor showing adoptability. (In re Helen W. (2007)

150 Cal.App.4th 71, 80.)

There is no question G.J. has had serious behavioral problems and has been

subjected to some very traumatic experiences as a young child, and may continue to have

behavioral problems. But there is substantial evidence that G.J.’s conduct has improved

significantly, he is doing well in his prospective adoptive home, and he is adoptable. G.J.

expressed a desire to live with his new prospective adoptive family until he is an adult.

We see no valid basis for depriving G.J. of the opportunity to grow up in a permanent,

stable adoptive home.

IV

SECTION 388 PETITION

Mother contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying her section 388

petition seeking additional reunification services and a permanent plan of returning G.J.

to her custody.

15
A. Applicable law

“A juvenile court order may be changed, modified or set aside under section 388 if

the petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) new or changed

circumstances exist, and (2) the proposed change would promote the best interest of the

child. [Citation.] The parent bears the burden to show both ‘“a legitimate change of

circumstances”’ and that undoing the prior order would be in the best interest of the child.

[Citation.] The petition is addressed to the sound discretion of the juvenile court, and its

decision will not be overturned on appeal in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion.

[Citation.]” (In re S.J. (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 953, 959-960 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)

In evaluating whether parents have met their burden to show changed

circumstances, the trial court should consider: (1) the seriousness of the problem which

led to the dependency, and the reason for any continuation of that problem; (2) the

strength of relative bonds between the dependent children to both parent and caretakers;

and (3) the degree to which the problem may be easily removed or ameliorated, and the

degree to which it actually has been. (In re Kimberly F. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519,

532.) These factors become less significant once reunification services have been

terminated, as in the instant case. This is because, “[a]fter the termination of

reunification services, . . . ‘the focus shifts to the needs of the child for permanency and

stability’ [citation] . . . .” (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 317.)

B. Facts and Procedural Background Relating to Mother’s Section 388 Petition

Mother asserted in her section 388 petition that her circumstances had changed

and that granting her petition was in G.J.’s best interest. In response to mother’s petition,

16
CPS filed addendum reports in July 2013, stating that G.J. was doing well in his

prospective adoptive home. He was getting along well with his foster parents and their

seven-year-old adoptive son. A few days before mother’s visit with G.J. on June 27,

2013, he said he did not want to see mother. His caregivers reported that after the visit,

G.J. regressed and became aggressive towards their adoptive son. Also, although mother

was attentive during her visits, there was little interaction between her and G.J.

On September 27, 2013, the juvenile court conducted a combined section 388 and

section 366.26 hearing, during which mother testified that she was continuing to

participate in a drug treatment program because she needed structure to maintain

sobriety. According to mother, the last time she used marijuana or any other drugs was in

October 2012. Mother did not know when Nick would be released from custody. She

said she did not intend to reunite with him because she did not want to be in an abusive

relationship with him. Mother had recently moved into Martha’s Village homeless

shelter and was attending relapse prevention classes. Mother believed G.J. could live

with her in the shelter.

Mother further testified that in August, 2013, G.J. told her he missed her and

wanted to go home with her. Mother believed she had a good relationship with him.

When he was with her, he seemed happy and strongly bonded to her. Mother was

concerned G.J. might think she did not care about him or love him or want him, but this

was not true. Mother agreed that G.J.’s current placement should continue but did not

want him adopted. Mother wanted him transitioned to living with her.

17
 The juvenile court denied mother’s section 388 petition, found G.J. was likely to

be adopted, and terminated mother’s parental rights. The court concluded that mother

was in the process of changing her circumstances but her circumstances had not changed

sufficiently, and it was in G.J.’s best interests to remain in his current placement.

C. Changed Circumstances

Mother argues the juvenile court erred in finding her circumstances had not

changed. For the second time, she completed a residential substance abuse treatment

program and she had not tested positive for marijuana after the hearing terminating her

reunification services. She had been drug-free for 11 months. Mother had also

completed an eight-week parenting class, a 12-week Seeking Safety Program, and an

eight-week anger management program. Mother testified at the hearing on her section

388 petition that she had ended her relationship with Nick and had moved into Martha’s

Village homeless shelter to avoid conflict with him and domestic violence.

Although mother was making a concerted effort to improve her circumstances, the

record shows that, while her circumstances were improving, they were not sufficiently

changed for purposes of granting mother’s section 388 petition. Mother had relapsed

before, after completing a residential treatment program, and had not established that she

could successfully live a substance-free existence once she was no longer living in

transitional housing. She had only recently moved from the residential treatment

program to a homeless shelter, which provided her with relapse prevention courses.

Mother acknowledged she needed to remain in a structured environment to maintain

18
sobriety. Mother has not established she can maintain sobriety on her own for an

extended period of time.

Furthermore, although mother testified her relationship with Nick had ended, this

also was questionable since mother was pregnant with Nick’s child and Nick was

currently incarcerated for domestic violence with mother. Mother said she did not know

when he would be released. Under such circumstances, the juvenile court could

reasonably conclude that it was likely mother would reunite with Nick upon his release,

as she had consistently done in the past, with her dysfunctional relationship with Nick

leading to repeated incidents of domestic violence and substance abuse.

Four of mother’s children, including G.J., were removed from mother’s custody

because mother was abusing alcohol and drugs and engaging in domestic violence.

Mother has a lengthy history of participating in treatment for these problems and then

relapsing. Under such circumstances, we conclude mother has not met her burden of

establishing changed circumstances.

D. G.J.’s Best Interests

Mother argues that granting her section 388 petition is in G.J.’s best interests

because G.J. was closely bonded to her and wanted to continue visiting with her. Mother

testified at the hearing on her section 388 petition that G.J. told her he missed her and

wanted to come home. Mother argues that she had consistently visited him, their visits

went well, and G.J.’s current home was not a permanent home. Mother maintains that,

even though G.J. had a prospective adoptive family, it was not likely the family would

adopt him because of his behavioral problems of sexually acting out and displaying

19
aggression and defiance. Mother believes G.J. is not adoptable and, therefore, since he is

strongly bonded to her, continuing their relationship is in his best interests.

We do not agree. Mother has not met her burden of establishing it is in G.J.’s best

interests to grant her section 388 petition. The evidence shows that at the time of the

hearing on the section 388 petition, G.J. was not strongly bonded to mother. G.J. had not

lived with her for over two years and visitation had been limited initially to weekly

supervised visits, and then reduced to twice a month. There reportedly was limited

interaction and affection between mother and G.J. during visits. Several times G.J. had

said he did not want to see mother because visits evoked painful memories of the past.

G.J.’s aggression and acting out before and after visits reflected G.J.’s inner turmoil

caused by his visits with mother, which resulted in the trial court reducing visitation from

weekly supervised visitation, to visits twice a month, and ultimately finding it was not in

G.J.’s best interests to grant mother’s section 388 petition.

In addition, G.J. had bonded with his new prospective adoptive parents and their

son, and his behavioral problems, including bedwetting, aggressiveness, and sexually

acting out, had significantly improved, to the degree that he had been discharged from

therapy. G.J. appeared to be happy in his new home and said he wanted to live there until

he grew up. Mother conceded that G.J. should continue in his current home, although she

wanted him transitioned to custody with her. Mother has not met her burden of

establishing that granting her section 388 petition is in G.J.’s best interest, particularly in

light of her lengthy history of domestic violence, substance abuse, and relapsing

following rehabilitation, as well as the likelihood of mother reuniting with Nick.

20
 V

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON
J.

We concur:

RICHLI
Acting P. J.

MILLER
J.

21