Filed 5/6/14 P. v. Rodriguez CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E058192
v. (Super.Ct.No. BLF1100202)
RAUL LOREDO RODRIGUEZ, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. James S. Hawkins, Judge.
Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.
Esther K. Hong, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
William M. Wood and Amanda E. Casillas, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
1
The People alleged that on February 22, 2011, defendant Raul Loredo Rodriguez
possessed marijuana while he was incarcerated in Ironwood State Prison, in violation of
Penal Code1 section 4573.6, subdivision (a), and alleged defendant suffered a prior
serious and violent felony conviction for second degree murder (§ 187, subd. (a)), within
the meaning of section 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and section 1170.12,
subdivision (c)(1). Defendant waived his right to a trial on the prior conviction allegation
and admitted it, and a jury convicted defendant on the sole count of possessing marijuana
in prison. The trial court sentenced defendant to the middle term of three years, doubled
pursuant to the two strikes law, for a total sentence of six years in state prison to be
served consecutively to the term of imprisonment he was already serving. The court also
ordered defendant to pay a restitution fine in the amount of $246, and ordered him to pay
a parole revocation restitution fine in the amount of $246, but stayed the latter unless and
until defendant was paroled and suffered a parole violation.
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred by not exercising its discretion
to sentence him to a prison term concurrent to the prison term he was already serving. He
also contends the trial court’s orders that he pay a $246 restitution fine and pay a $246
parole revocation restitution fine violate the ex post facto clauses of the federal and state
Constitutions because at the time of his offense the minimum he could be ordered to pay
was $200 for each, and he believes the trial judge chose a larger figure based on a later
amendment to section 1202.4.
1 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
We conclude the trial court had no discretion to sentence defendant to a concurrent
term for his in-prison sentence, so it properly sentenced defendant to serve his new
sentence fully consecutively to his existing prison sentence. We also conclude the
restitution and parole revocation restitution fines imposed on defendant did not violate
the ex post facto clauses. However, because the trial court did not exercise its discretion
when imposing fines in excess of the applicable statutory minimum, we reverse the fines
and remand for the trial court to properly exercise its discretion to determine the
appropriate amount of the fines.
I.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
At defendant’s sentencing on March 1, 2013, the trial court queried whether
defendant’s sentence for possessing marijuana in prison had to be imposed consecutively
to the prison term defendant was already serving. “Is this—are you certain—I know
possession of a weapon is mandatory consec[utive]. This is not mandatory consec[utive]
is it?” The prosecutor responded the sentence had to be served consecutively “because it
is a crime committed in prison, I believe under [section] 1170.1,” and defendant’s
attorney agreed “because it’s in prison it must run consecutive.” In response, the trial
judge stated he thought a sentence for in-prison possession of a weapon had to be served
consecutively, but “the other was discretionary.”
2 The facts of defendant’s offense are not relevant to the issues on appeal, so we
will not discuss them.
3
After reviewing the operative language of section 1170.1, subdivision (c), and
hearing argument from counsel on the appropriate term of years, the trial judge denied
probation to defendant and sentenced him to the middle term of three years, doubled
pursuant to the two strikes law, for a total term of six years in state prison. The judge
appears to have believed he had some discretion to impose a concurrent term, but stated,
“I choose to run that consecutively to the sentence that he’s currently serving.”
Finally, without any discussion or objection by either party, the trial judge
followed what it mistook to be the recommendation of the probation department and
ordered defendant to pay a restitution fine in the amount of $246 and a parole revocation
restitution fine in the amount of $246, but stayed the latter unless and until defendant was
paroled and violated the terms of parole. In actuality, the probation department
recommended the court impose a restitution fine of $240 and a parole revocation
restitution fine of $240.
II.
DISCUSSION
A. The Trial Court Had No Discretion to Sentence Defendant to a Concurrent
Term
Defendant contends the trial court had discretion to order his sentence for
possessing marijuana to run concurrently to the prison term he was already serving, and
because the trial court appears to have not recognized he had such discretion, we should
reverse the sentence and remand for resentencing. The People argue defendant forfeited
this assertion by not objecting at the sentencing hearing. In the alternative, the People
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contend the trial judge did recognize he had discretion to impose a concurrent sentence,
but properly exercised his discretion to impose a consecutive sentence instead. Although
the People are correct defendant arguably forfeited this argument by not raising it at
sentencing (indeed, defense counsel expressly told the trial judge the sentence had to be
consecutive), on the merits we find no error.
The two strikes law, under which defendant was sentenced, provides: “Any
sentence imposed pursuant to subdivision (e) will be imposed consecutive to any other
sentence which the defendant is already serving, unless otherwise provided by law.”
(§ 667, subd. (c)(8).) As it read on the day of defendant’s sentencing, section 1170.1,
subdivision (c), provided in relevant part: “In the case of any person convicted of one or
more felonies committed while the person is confined in a state prison . . . and the law
either requires the terms to be served consecutively or the court imposes consecutive
terms, the term of imprisonment for all the convictions that the person is required to serve
consecutively shall commence from the time the person would otherwise have been
released from prison.” (Stats. 2011, ch. 361, § 8.7.)
Defendant relies on the decision of the Fifth Appellate District in People v. Arant
(1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 294 (Arant) in support of his argument the trial judge had
discretion to impose a concurrent sentence. The defendant in Arant pleaded no contest to
a charge of possessing drug paraphernalia in prison, in violation of section 4573.6. (Id. at
p. 296.) The trial court concluded it had no choice but to sentence the defendant to a term
to be served consecutively to his existing prison term, and so sentenced the defendant.
(Ibid.) On appeal, the reviewing court concluded the language of section 1170.1,
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subdivision (c), is ambiguous with respect to a sentencing court’s discretion to impose a
sentence to run concurrently to the sentence the prisoner was already serving, and
construed the statute in favor of such discretion. (Id. at pp. 297-298.) In so doing, the
court disapproved of its prior decision in People v. Lamont (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 577,
in which the court had previously held a sentencing court had no discretion under section
1170.1, subdivision (c), to impose a concurrent sentence for in-prison crimes. (Arant, at
p. 298.)
Notwithstanding the People’s concession in this case, we decline to follow Arant
and conclude the trial court had no discretion to impose a concurrent sentence. “The
determinate sentencing law treats in-prison offenses differently than out-of-prison
offenses. (People v. McCart (1982) 32 Cal.3d 338, 340 . . . .) The difference is simple
and understandable. The Legislature wanted in-prison crimes to be punished more
severely than crimes committed ‘on the outside.’ (Ibid.)” (People v. White (1988) 202
Cal.App.3d 862, 869 (White).)
“Section 1170.1[, subdivision] (c) applies to felonies committed when the
defendant is confined in a state prison. The statutory scheme makes clear that such
felonies, i.e., those felonies committed in prison, are exempt from the general sentencing
scheme. [Citation.] A sentence under subdivision (c) is longer than a sentence imposed
under subdivision (a) because the in-prison offenses are fully consecutive to the sentence
for the offense for which the defendant was in prison. Using sentencing jargon ‘the in-
prison offense is treated as a new principal term rather than as a subordinate term to the
out-of-prison offense.’ [Citations.]” (White, supra, 202 Cal.App.3d at pp. 869-870;
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see also In re Tate (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 756, 764-765; People v. Cardenas (1987) 192
Cal.App.3d 51, 58; see generally People v Langston (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1237, 1242-1244.)
Because the trial judge had no discretion to sentence defendant to a concurrent
term for his in-prison possession conviction, he properly sentenced defendant to a term to
be served fully consecutively to the sentence defendant was already serving.
B. The Restitution and Parole Revocation Restitution Fines Imposed on
Defendant Do Not Violate the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the Federal or State
Constitutions, but the Fines Are Reversed for the Trial Court to Properly Exercise Its
Discretion
Defendant contends the restitution and parole revocation restitution fines imposed
on him violate the ex post facto clauses of the federal and state Constitutions because
they reflect the minimum fine available under an amendment to section 1202.4 in effect
at the time of his conviction, rather than the minimum fine in effect at the time of his
offense. Again, the People are correct that arguably defendant forfeited this challenge by
not objecting to these fines at sentencing. Nonetheless, we exercise our discretion to
address the merits of defendant’s constitutional claim and reject it. However, because the
trial court did not appear to exercise its discretion when imposing a fine above the
applicable statutory minimum, we reverse the fines and remand for the trial court to
properly exercise its discretion.
“The United States Constitution states: ‘No state shall . . . pass any . . . ex post
facto law . . . .’ (U.S. Const., art. I, § 10, cl. 1.) The California Constitution also
provides that an ‘ex post facto law . . . may not be passed.’ (Cal. Const., art. I, § 9.) Our
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California provision provides the same protections and is analyzed in the same manner as
the federal provision. [Citation.]” (In re Vicks (2013) 56 Cal.4th 274, 287.) “The
purpose of the ex post facto doctrine is to ensure fair notice of the conduct that constitutes
a crime and of the punishment that may be imposed for a crime. [Citation.] Therefore, it
is ‘aimed at laws that “retroactively alter the definition of crimes or increase the
punishment for criminal acts.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Ibid., fn. omitted.)
“It is well established that the imposition of restitution fines constitutes
punishment, and therefore is subject to the proscriptions of the ex post facto clause and
other constitutional provisions. [Citations.]” (People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90, 143
(Souza); see also People v. Isaac (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 143, 147 [ex post facto doctrine
applies to parole revocation restitution fines].) To determine whether a restitution fine
violates the ex post facto clause, the reviewing court looks to the statute in effect at the
time of the defendant’s offense. (Souza, at p. 143.)
At the time of defendant’s February 22, 2011 offense, former section 1202.4,
subdivision (b)(1), required the sentencing court to order every person convicted of a
felony to pay a restitution fine of at least $200, and no more than $10,000. (Stats. 2010,
ch. 351, § 9.) The sentencing court had discretion to set the amount of the restitution fine
at $200 per year of imprisonment the defendant was ordered to serve. (Former § 1202.4,
subd. (b)(1).) When deciding whether to set the restitution fine above the minimum of
$200, the sentencing court was required to consider a variety of factors, including but not
limited to the defendant’s inability to pay. (Former § 1202.4, subd. (d).) By the time of
defendant’s December 12, 2012 conviction, the minimum restitution fine had increased to
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$240, and by the time of defendant’s March 1, 2013 sentencing the minimum rose again
to $280. (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)(1), as amended by Stats. 2011, ch. 358, § 1.) And at all
relevant times, former section 1202.45 provided every person convicted of a felony
whose sentence contained a period of parole had to pay a parole revocation restitution
fine in the same amount as the restitution fine imposed under former section 1202.4,
subdivision (b). (Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 15.)
Because defendant had “fair notice” he could be ordered to pay a restitution fine
and parole revocation restitution fine of as little as $200 or as much as $10,000, based on
the statute applicable at the time of his offense, an order that he pay $246 is simply not a
violation of the federal and state ex post facto clauses. (In re Vicks, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
p. 287.)
However, we agree with defendant that the trial judge did not appear to exercise
discretion when he ordered defendant to pay an amount over the existing minimum fine.
As noted ante, the probation department recommended the trial court impose a restitution
fine of $240 and a parole revocation restitution fine of $240. These recommended fines
correspond to the minimum fine in effect at the time of defendant’s conviction. At the
sentencing hearing, the trial judge stated, “Restitution recommended by the probation
officer is $246. [¶] And a parole revocation restitution [fine] will be in the same amount,
$246, but that’s stayed unless and until he’s released on parole or suffers a violation.”
Although a sentencing court has discretion to impose restitution and parole revocation
restitution fines above the statutory minimum, and it need not make express findings in
support of the amount of the fine (§ 1202.4, subd. (d); People v. Dickerson (2004) 122
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Cal.App.4th 1374, 1379-1378), the record must demonstrate the sentencing court did, in
fact, exercise its discretion. Because the record reflects the sentencing judge merely
intended to follow the probation department’s recommended fines, and did not exercise
reasoned judgment when imposing restitution fines above the applicable statutory
minimum, we reverse the fines and remand for the trial court to properly exercise its
discretion to determine an appropriate amount of fines.
III.
DISPOSITION
The restitution and parole revocation restitution fines are reversed, and on remand
the sentencing court shall exercise its discretion to determine whether to impose the
minimum $200 fines in effect at the time of defendant’s offense, or whether to impose a
greater amount, after considering the factors set forth in former section 1202.4,
subdivision (d). In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
KING
J.
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