In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION TWO
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) No. ED99555
)
Plaintiff/Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of the City of St. Louis
v. )
)
ROBERT BAKER, ) Honorable Mark H. Neill
)
Defendant/Appellant. ) Filed: February 11, 2014
Introduction
Robert Baker (Appellant) appeals from the trial court’s judgment convicting him
of two counts of first-degree statutory sodomy and six counts of first-degree child
molestation. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
The State charged Appellant with three counts of first-degree statutory sodomy,
one count of first-degree statutory rape, and six counts of first-degree child molestation,
as a prior and persistent offender and a prior sex offender. The evidence adduced at trial,
in the light most favorable to the verdict, is as follows.
Appellant lived in the basement of a home occupied by several other family
members, including Mother and her five daughters, T.C., A.C., C.C., K.C. and A.B
(collectively the victims). The girls ranged in age from 10 to 15 at the time of Appellant’s
trial in 2012.
T.C. testified Appellant squeezed her chest and touched her “private part”
underneath her clothing with his hand. T.C. testified the touching occurred in the
basement. T.C. stated she was 13 when the touching first occurred and that it happened
more than once.
A.C. testified Appellant touched her more than once when she was about 11 years
old. Appellant squeezed A.C.’s breast underneath her bra and squeezed her “privacy” or
“middle part” outside of her clothing.
C.C. testified Appellant touched her “middle part” with his hand over her clothing
on five separate occasions.
K.C. testified she woke up once in the basement alone with Appellant and he
would not let her leave. K.C. stated Appellant touched her chest and her “middle part”
over her clothing before she was able to run past him and up the stairs. On another
occasion, Appellant touched K.C.’s “middle” underneath her clothing.
A.B. testified she was eight years old when Appellant put his finger inside of her
“middle part” and touched her breast with his mouth.
The victims eventually disclosed the abuse to family members. In June 2010,
they were taken to the hospital where they were briefly interviewed by a social worker,
Karen Gudic (Gudic), and were examined by a physician. T.C. told Gudic Appellant
touched her private parts and chest and had put his finger in her private part. A.C. told
Gudic Appellant touched her private parts and her chest. C.C. told Gudic that Appellant
touched her private parts. K.C. told Gudic Appellant touched her private parts and her
“boobs.” A.B. did not answer Gudic’s questions.
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The victims were also interviewed at the Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC).
T.C. said in her CAC interview that Appellant touched her middle part over her clothing
and put his hand under her shirt and bra to touch her chest. A.C. told the interviewer that
Appellant squeezed her middle and her breast over her clothing on one occasion. C.C.
said in her interview that Appellant touched her middle part over her clothes once. K.C.
told the interviewer that Appellant would squeeze her breasts, would touch her and her
sisters in the middle of the night while they were sleeping and that he had attempted to
squeeze her middle. A.B. told the interviewer that Appellant had touched her “middle
part” with his finger and “boobs” with his mouth.
Megan Marietta (Marietta), a forensic interviewer with CAC, testified at the trial.
Marietta stated CAC’s mission is to reduce the trauma that children and families
experience when there are allegations of physical or sexual abuse or when children are
witnesses to violent crimes. Marietta has a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in
social work, is a licensed clinical social worker, completed the Kids First Finding Words
training program and has participated in numerous conferences on the topic of
interviewing children. During her time at CAC, Marietta had conducted nearly 700
interviews.
During direct examination, the following exchange occurred:
Q. [By the Prosecutor] And Ms. Marietta, can you tell us about the
process of disclosure of a child for some sort of abuse?
A. Yes.
[Defense Counsel]: I’m going -- to I’m going to object again as far
as relevance and bolstering. General disclosure of -- unless she’s going to
testify as to specific disclosures with these kids. General disclosures I
think is not relevant.
THE COURT: Come on over here, please.
(Counsel approached the bench, and the following proceedings were had:)
THE COURT: The relevance at this time?
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[Prosecutor]: In order to explain the -- there have been some
inconsistencies with the girls that is explained through the process of
disclosure, why they would say one thing one time, another thing at a
different time. She’s an expert that can testify to that. That’s not
something in a jury’s regular course of learning in their lifetime.
…
THE COURT: Why don’t you just ask about that specifically if
you wish to, and then I’ll see what -- if she’s asked that, are you going to
object to it? I’m going to allow that. You go ahead, make your objection. I
think she can talk about inconsistency in a general frame work and then
you can cross-examine her…
…
(The proceedings returned to open court.)
THE COURT: Go ahead.
Q (By the Prosecutor) Ms. Marietta, I need to be very specific
here.
A. Okay.
Q. Can you name, without further describing, the different steps in
disclosure process?
A. Yes, I can.
Q. Okay. Could you do that now?
A. Sure.
[Defense Counsel]: I’m still going to object, Your Honor, as far as
relevance.
THE COURT: At this point it’s overruled.
THE WITNESS: The first phase of the disclosure process is denial.
The second phase is a tentative disclosure. The third phase is an active
disclosure. The fourth stage is recantation, and the fifth stage is
reaffirmation.
Q (By the Prosecutor) Does that -- do those different stages of
disclosure often result in some inconsistent statements during -- if you
take a statement from one stage and compare it to a statement of another
stage?
A. Yes, it could.
[Defense Counsel]: I’m going to still object, Your Honor, commenting on
credibility of a witness.
THE COURT: I’m going to allow it at this point, and I’m going to
assume that counsel is going to tie this into the case here at point.
[Prosecutor]: Yes.
Q (By the Prosecutor) And during your interviews, do children
often go through multiple disclosure stages, or is it just one stage at the
point you were interviewing them?
A. In the course of a forensic interview, you can see a child go
through all of the phases, let alone throughout the entire systemic
response. So from the time the original allegation is seen up until whatever
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end point you want to use, you can see the child go to and from the stages
based upon any varying consequence that may happen.
The State later raised Marietta’s testimony regarding the stages of disclosure
during closing argument, stating:
The first stage is denial, and so if you ask a child that’s been
abused right [away] what’s happening, they might not tell you because
that first stage of disclosure is the denial. The second one is tentative
where they’re tentatively – they’re kind of going to tell a little bit that
happens because they’re not quite sure what the reaction's going to be.
They’re not sure how -- who they’re going to tell, what’s going to happen,
or if anything’s going to change in their life. The third step is active
disclosure where they’re able to actually tell what happened to them fully.
Fourth step sometimes recanting. The children will recant often because of
the reaction that happens after they’ve told, all right. If they’re not in a
comfortable environment, if they get a negative reaction, they might
recant. And then the last step is to affirm. They affirm what had happened
to them, and they go back to their active disclosure and, again, tell what
had happened to them, that they had been molested.
She described that, and she said that can lead to sometimes
inconsistencies in a child’s version of events because they might be
willing to tell a little bit here and then more and more as the process goes.
She says sometimes in that hour, hour and a half conversation she’ll have
with them, they’ll go through some of the steps. Sometimes it will take
years for the child to get through all of the steps of the process of
disclosure.
During the defense’s closing argument, counsel emphasized the inconsistencies in
the victims’ accounts in arguing for acquittal.
Prior to submission of the cause to the jury, the court granted Appellant’s motion
for judgment of acquittal at the close of all the evidence as to one of the first-degree
statutory sodomy charges. The jury found Appellant guilty on the two remaining charges
of first-degree statutory sodomy and the six counts of first-degree child molestation and
not guilty on the charge of first-degree statutory rape. On January 26, 2013, the court
sentenced Appellant to eight concurrent sentences of life in prison. This appeal follows.
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Discussion
Appellant raises two points on appeal, each alleging the trial court erred in
allowing Marietta to testify as to the five stages of disclosure and her opinion that the
stages could explain discrepancies in the victims’ accounts over time because this
testimony violated his rights to due process and a fair trial.
The trial court has broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence at trial. State v.
Forrest, 183 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Mo. banc 2006). On appeal, this Court will reverse the
trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence only when the court has clearly abused
its discretion. Id. The trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling is clearly against
the logic of the circumstances and is so unreasonable as to indicate a lack of careful
consideration. Id. Furthermore, we review the trial court’s ruling for “prejudice, not
mere error, and will reverse only if the error was so prejudicial that it deprived the
defendant of a fair trial.” Id. at 223-24. An error is not prejudicial unless there is a
reasonable probability that the trial court’s error affected the outcome of the trial. Id. at
224.
“‘[E]xpert testimony is admissible if it is clear that the subject of such testimony
is one upon which the jurors, for want of experience or knowledge, would otherwise be
incapable of drawing a proper conclusion from the facts in evidence.’” State v. Ray, 407
S.W.3d 162, 170 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013), quoting State v. Haslett, 283 S.W.3d 769, 779
(Mo. App. S.D. 2009). An expert witness should not be permitted to comment on the
veracity of another witness because such testimony invades the province of the jury.
State v. Churchill, 98 S.W.3d 536, 538-39 (Mo. banc 2003). However, an expert may
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testify as to his opinion on an ultimate issue in the case as long as the opinion does not
state that the defendant is guilty of the crime. Ray, 407 S.W.3d at 170-71.
In cases involving the sexual abuse of a child, there are typically
two types of expert testimony that give rise to a challenge: general and
particularized. General testimony describes a “generalization” of
behaviors and other characteristics commonly found in those who have
been the victims of sexual abuse. Particularized testimony is that
testimony concerning a specific victim’s credibility as to whether they
have been abused. The trial court has broad discretion in admitting
general testimony, but when particularized testimony is offered, it must be
rejected because it usurps the decision-making function of the jury and,
therefore, is inadmissible.
Churchill, 98 S.W.3d at 539 (internal citation omitted).
In his first point on appeal, Appellant contends Marietta’s testimony on the stages
of disclosure invaded the province of the jury as particularized testimony because it
usurped the decision-making function of the jury. In his second point, Appellant argues
in the alternative that if the testimony can be characterized as general testimony it did not
aid the jurors in determining whether the victims in this case were telling the truth and
was more prejudicial than probative because it gave the jurors the mistaken belief they
could determine the accusers’ credibility based on Marietta’s theory. For the purposes of
clarity, we will address Appellant’s second point on appeal first.
Marietta’s testimony cannot be described as particularized testimony because it
did not speak to the victims’ credibility as to whether they had been abused. Marietta’s
testimony regarding the stages or phases of victim disclosure and the possibility that
these stages could result in inconsistent statements was general testimony describing
behaviors and characteristics commonly found in those who have been the victims of
sexual abuse.
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Appellant acknowledges on appeal that the substance of Marietta’s testimony, by
itself, is general testimony. When characterized as generalized testimony, Appellant
argues Marietta’s testimony was not logically relevant and inadmissible.
To be admissible, evidence must be logically and legally relevant. State v.
Anderson, 76 S.W.3d 275, 276 (Mo. banc 2002). “Evidence is logically relevant if it
tends to make the existence of a material fact more or less probable.” Id. “Legal
relevance weighs the probative value of the evidence against its costs—unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, waste of time, or
cumulativeness.” Id.
Appellant contends that if Marietta’s general testimony about how abused
children behave cannot be particularized to the accusers in this case, the evidence is not
logically relevant because it does not tend to make it more or less likely that the accusers
are telling the truth or that they were actually abused. We disagree.
Marietta’s expert testimony describing generalized behaviors commonly found in
child victims of sexual abuse was logically relevant and admissible. It is generally
accepted that such testimony is admissible because it “‘assists the jury in understanding
the behavior of sexually abused children, a subject beyond the range of knowledge of the
ordinary juror.’” State v. Thomas, 290 S.W.3d 129, 135 (Mo. App. S.D. 2009), quoting
State v. Bowler, 892 S.W.2d 717, 720 (Mo. App. E.D 1994). Here, both the State and the
defense argued vigorously as to the veracity and credibility of the victims and the
meaning and consequence of the inconsistencies in their statements. Marietta’s general
testimony was admissible to assist the jury in understanding the behavior of victims of
sexual abuse, a topic relevant to the jurors’ duties of assessing the witnesses’ credibility
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and rendering a verdict. See State v. Williams, 858 S.W.2d 796, 800 (Mo. App. E.D.
1993) (expert testimony in child abuse cases may disabuse the jury of widely held
misconceptions about rape and rape victims and can explain behavior that might appear
unusual to a lay juror, aiding in the jury’s evaluation of the evidence free from the
constraints of popular myths).
Alternatively, Appellant argues the State’s use of Marietta’s general testimony to
explain discrepancies in the victims’ accounts and statements essentially transformed the
testimony into improper particularized testimony that invaded the province of the jury.
Appellant contends the record indicates that in presenting the evidence the State intended
to use Marietta’s evidence as particularized evidence and did, in fact, do so by arguing
during closing that discrepancies in the victims’ stories were due to the stages of
disclosure and were not indicative of fabrication. We disagree.
“Particularized testimony is that testimony concerning a specific victim’s
credibility as to whether they have been abused.” Churchill, 98 S.W.3d at 539 (internal
citation omitted). In Williams, 858 S.W.2d at 798-801, this Court discussed the
distinctions between generalized and particularized testimony. With regard to
particularized testimony on the credibility of a witness, this Court noted that such
“[e]xpert testimony presents the danger that jurors may be over-awed by the evidence, or
may defer too quickly to the expert’s opinion.” Id. at 800. The Court further found that:
Expert testimony that comments directly on a particular witness’
credibility, as well as expert testimony that expresses an opinion with
respect to the credibility or truthfulness of witnesses of the same type
under consideration invests “scientific cachet” on the central issue of
credibility and should not be admitted. However, it may be appropriate
for an expert to testify that a child demonstrates age-inappropriate sexual
knowledge or awareness, and that a child’s behaviors are consistent with a
stressful sexual experience.
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Id. at 800.
Marietta never directly expressed an opinion on any specific victim’s credibility
and, thus, never lent a “scientific cachet” on the central issue of credibility. Marietta’s
expert testimony about the stages of disclosure and the possibility they could lead to
inconsistent victim statements was information beyond the range of knowledge of the
ordinary juror and was offered only to assist the jury in understanding the behavior of
sexually abused children and assessing the evidence before them.
Appellant, in essence, is not disputing the substance of Marietta’s testimony but
instead the prosecutor’s use of Marietta’s testimony to argue that the victims were
credible. The State, however, has the right to argue evidence and reasonable inferences
from the evidence. Clemmons v. State, 785 S.W.2d 524, 530 (Mo. banc 1990). The
State may also state conclusions fairly drawn from the evidence and has the right to
provide its view on the credibility of witnesses. Id. By doing so, the State did not alter
the nature of the expert testimony given, transforming the evidence from generalized to
particularized.
Based on the foregoing, Appellant’s points on appeal are denied.
Conclusion
The judgment and sentence of the trial court are affirmed.
_____________________________
Sherri B. Sullivan, J.
Lawrence E. Mooney, P.J., and
Robert G. Dowd, Jr., J., concur.
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State of Missouri, Plaintiff/Respondent v. Robert Baker
Combined Opinion