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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 DENISE TESSIER; DAVE GOLDFARB; CARL RUDNICK;
3 CHRIS SCHELL; JERINDA SCHELL; GLENDA CARNES;
4 RODNEY CARNES; BRIAN TYREE; SANDRA McDONALD;
5 and JOHN F. HAYES,
6 Plaintiffs-Appellees,
7 v. NO. 31,717
8 LAMBERT ENTERPRISES, INC.,
9 Defendant-Appellant.
10 and
11 LAMBERT ENTERPRISES, INC.,
12 Appellant,
13 v. NO. 31,992
14 DENISE TESSIER; DAVE GOLDFARB; CARL RUDNICK;
15 CHRIS SCHELL; JERINDA SCHELL; RODNEY CARNES;
16 GLENDA CARNES; BRIAN TYREE; SANDRA McDONALD;
17 JOHN F. HAYES; NORTH A MODERN BISTRO, d/b/a
18 STELLA BREW, LLC; ALISA J. YOUNG; FLOYD WILSON;
19 ALAN IVENER and RUTH IVENER; CARLA J. WARD,
20 Trustee of the CARLA JANICE WARD REVOCABLE TRUST,
21 u/t/a dated July 6, 1999; OSCAR MAHLON LOVE, JR. and
22 BEVERLY ANN LOVE, husband and wife; OSCAR MAHLON
1 LOVE, III; JOSEPH M. POLISAR and SHIRLEY E. POLISAR;
2 husband and wife; KIRK E. HACKETT and WINNIE WALTZER-
3 HACKETT, husband and wife; CHARLES W. WILLIAMS,
4 Trustee of the CHARLES W. WILLIAMS REVOCABLE TRUST,
5 dated October 13, 1981 and restated November 19, 1996; RODGER
6 D. BURT and MELANIE A. BURT, husband and wife; GARY L.
7 SPEAR and SUSAN C. SPEAR, husband and wife; RONALD
8 LYNN WOODFIN and MARTHA CLOUD WOODFIN, co-trustees
9 of the RONALD and MARTHA WOODFIN TRUST, dated November
10 26, 2002; GEORGE C. ANISON and JEAN L. ANISON, co-trustees
11 of the GEORGE AND JEAN ANISON TRUST, dated August 21,
12 1990, as amended and restated on December 19, 2003; GEORGE A.
13 ANISON; LORNA C. JOHNSON; HARRY C. WHITFIELD and
14 CLARA S. WHITFIELD, his wife, and if deceased, their unknown
15 heirs; ROBERT K. REYNOLDS and FRANKIE M. REYNOLDS,
16 husband and wife, and if deceased, their unknown heirs; JUDY A.
17 FRY, individually and as trustee of the JUDY A. FRY REVOCABLE
18 TRUST, u/t/a dated December 23, 1999; ROBERT D. SHINN and
19 TERRI ANN SHINN, husband and wife; KENNETH E. JONES and
20 PATRICIA A. JONES, husband and wife; and KATHERINE
21 FULLERTON, a widow and surviving spouse of DAN FULLERTON,
22 Appellees.
23 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
24 C. Shannon Bacon, District Judge
25 Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
26 H. Jesse Jacobus, III
27 Tiffany L. Roach
28 Jason J. Rudd
29 Albuquerque, NM
30 for Appellees
31 Hunt & Davis, P.C.
32 Catherine F. Davis
33 Julie J. Vargas
1 Albuquerque, NM
2 for Appellant
3 MEMORANDUM OPINION
4 KENNEDY, Chief Judge.
5 {1} In this case, we examine the enforcement of a covenant against liquor sales.
6 Plaintiffs claim that Defendant is planning to sell alcohol at a restaurant in violation
7 of the restrictive covenants that govern the property on which it sits. By answer and
8 countersuit, Defendant claims that Plaintiffs had waived their ability to enforce the
9 restriction by allowing previous alcohol sales on property subject to the same
10 covenants, and the area had changed so significantly since the deed that the restriction
11 was void. The district court found that Plaintiffs had not waived their right to enforce
12 the covenants, and the area had not changed enough to void the covenants. We hold
13 that substantial evidence supported the district court’s findings that Plaintiffs
14 attempted to enforce the covenants against previous violators, the area is primarily
15 rural, and there was no waiver or significant changes in circumstances to void the deed
16 restriction. We affirm.
17 I. BACKGROUND
18 {2} The parties do not dispute the basic facts. Defendant owns property within the
19 boundaries of a 1948 deed that includes a restrictive covenant prohibiting the sale of
20 alcohol on the property. The deed provides that “no building erected on the premises
1 shall be used or conveyed to any person or persons for use as a dance hall, night club,
2 or establishment engaged in the sale of alcoholic beverages[.]” The deed also
3 provides:
4 If the parties . . . violate or attempt to violate any of the covenants or
5 restrictions . . . , it shall be lawful for any other person or persons owning
6 surrounding or nearby land to prosecute any proceeding at law or in
7 equity against the person or persons violating or attempting to violate
8 any such covenant or restriction and either to prevent him or them from
9 so doing or to recover damages or other dues for such violation.
10 Plaintiffs own property within the boundaries of the same deed or adjoining it.
11 Defendant was aware of the restriction when it purchased the property. Defendant is
12 violating, or plans to violate, the alcohol covenant by operating a restaurant that serves
13 alcohol.
14 {3} Prior to Defendant making its plans, there were two violations of the restrictive
15 covenants when two other restaurants on the property covered by the deed served
16 alcohol. Although Plaintiffs did not sue for an injunction against either restaurant at
17 that time, they made other objections. Plaintiffs requested of the State of New Mexico
18 that the liquor license for one restaurant—Not Just Bagels—not be renewed and
19 informed the owners of the property where another restaurant—Backside Bar &
20 Grille—operated regarding the deed restrictions. Not Just Bagels stopped selling
21 alcohol, and Backside Bar & Grille soon went out of business.
2
1 {4} Plaintiffs sued for a declaratory judgment and injunction to enforce the
2 covenants against Defendant. Defendant counterclaimed and filed its own suit as
3 well, asking the district court to declare that the covenants had been waived. The suits
4 were merged and, at trial, Defendant argued that Plaintiffs had waived their ability to
5 enforce the covenants due to not bringing suit for the previous violations and that the
6 nature of the area had changed so significantly since the deed was written that the
7 restriction was now void. It is undisputed that the area has developed commercially
8 and become more populous in recent decades.
9 {5} The district court held that Plaintiffs had not waived their right to enforce the
10 covenants, and the area had not changed so radically as to destroy the benefits of the
11 covenants. Defendant appealed, arguing both that substantial evidence did not support
12 several findings, and the court’s legal conclusions were in error.
13 II. DISCUSSION
14 A. Waiver
15 {6} Defendant’s primary argument on appeal is that, by acquiescing to previous
16 violations, Plaintiffs had waived their ability to enforce the covenant against alcohol
17 sales and could not now enforce it against Defendant. They claim that the district
18 court erred in finding that no waiver had occurred. Plaintiffs counter that they
19 adequately protested the previous violations and did not waive their ability to enforce
20 the covenants against Defendant.
3
1 {7} Neither party provides us with a standard of review for waiver. Intent to waive
2 is an issue of fact. Crutchfield v. N.M. Dep’t of Taxation & Revenue, 2005-NMCA-
3 022, ¶ 28, 137 N.M. 26, 106 P.3d 1273. “In determining whether a [district] court’s
4 findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, we view the evidence in the
5 light most favorable to support the finding, and we do not consider any evidence
6 unfavorable to the finding.” Williams v. Williams, 1989-NMCA-072, ¶ 7, 109 N.M.
7 92, 781 P.2d 1170. To the extent that we review the district court’s legal conclusion
8 of waiver, “the standard for review is whether the law correctly was applied to the
9 facts, viewing them in a manner most favorable to the prevailing party, indulging all
10 reasonable inferences in support of the court's decision, and disregarding all inferences
11 or evidence to the contrary.” Crutchfield, 2005-NMCA-022, ¶ 28 (internal quotation
12 marks and citations omitted).
13 {8} In this case, the district court entered a finding of fact that “Plaintiffs did not
14 intend to waive the alcohol restrictions” and then concluded that, as a matter of law,
15 “Plaintiffs did not waive or intend to waive the restrictive covenants.” The district
16 court also concluded that “Plaintiffs’ failure to prevent all violations of the restrictions
17 against the sale of alcoholic beverages did not constitute acquiescence[,] nor was such
18 failure sufficient to waive Plaintiffs’ ability to enforce the covenant against
19 Defendant[].”
4
1 {9} The district court found two previous violations of the covenant had occurred.
2 The first was when Plaintiffs discovered the restrictions during the operation of
3 Backside Bar & Grille and objected to its sale of alcohol. The second was when Not
4 Just Bagels began to advertise beer, to which Plaintiffs again objected. They sought
5 suspension of its liquor license. As these are all issues of fact that are uncontested by
6 Defendant, we defer to the district court’s determination that Plaintiffs objected to
7 previous violations of the restriction against alcohol sales. An unchallenged finding
8 of the district court is binding on appeal. Stueber v. Pickard, 1991-NMSC-082, ¶ 9,
9 112 N.M. 489, 816 P.2d 1111. “[A]n appellant is bound by the findings of fact made
10 below unless the appellant properly attacks the findings, and that the appellant remains
11 bound if he or she fails to properly set forth all the evidence bearing upon the
12 findings.” Martinez v. Sw. Landfills, Inc., 1993-NMCA-020, ¶ 18, 115 N.M. 181, 848
13 P.2d 1108. “Unless clearly erroneous or deficient, findings of the [district] court will
14 be construed so as to uphold a judgment rather than to reverse it.” Herrera v. Roman
15 Catholic Church, 1991-NMCA-089, ¶ 14, 112 N.M. 717, 819 P.2d 264. Defendant
16 did object to some of the district court’s further findings that Plaintiffs consistently
17 enforced the restrictive covenants, including the ultimate finding that Plaintiffs lacked
18 the intention to waive the right to enforce the restrictions. However, Defendant sets
19 forth no argument that the findings were unsupported by the record, only challenging
20 the legal conclusions that the actions by Plaintiffs amounted to waiver.
5
1 {10} Although a party may waive its right to enforce a covenant, Defendant failed
2 to show that Plaintiffs did so in this case. New Mexico courts recognize that “a
3 covenant should not be enforced by one who has acquiesced in prior violations of the
4 covenant.” Heltman v. Catanach, 2010-NMCA-016, ¶ 23, 148 N.M. 67, 229 P.3d
5 1239. “Waiver by acquiescence arises when a person knows he is entitled to enforce
6 a right and neglects to do so for such a length of time that under the facts of the case
7 the other party may fairly infer that he has waived or abandoned such right.”
8 Magnolia Mountain Ltd., P’ship v. Ski Rio Partners, Ltd., 2006-NMCA-027, ¶ 29,
9 139 N.M. 288, 131 P.3d 675 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To prove
10 that a party waived the ability to enforce by prior acquiescence, it must be shown “that
11 the party presently trying to enforce the covenant had previously acquiesced in a
12 violation of the same.” Heltman, 2010-NMCA-016, ¶ 23 (alteration, internal
13 quotation marks, and citation omitted). In analyzing waiver, we consider whether the
14 enforcing party had “actual or constructive knowledge of the prior violations, the
15 magnitude of the current violation as compared to prior violations, and whether the
16 prior violations were temporary, occasional, or permanent[,]” among other issues. Id.
17 {11} Waiver of enforcement rights also requires an intention to waive. Neff v.
18 Hendricks, 1953-NMSC-060, ¶ 5, 57 N.M. 440, 259 P.2d 1025; Alamogordo
19 Improvement Co. v. Prendergast, 1940-NMSC-075, ¶ 16, 45 N.M. 40, 109 P.2d 254
20 (“Whether the plaintiffs, interveners, and other interested property owners waived
6
1 these rights was for the [district] court to decide. Surely[,] the rights were not waived
2 in the absence of an intent to waive them.”). As noted above, the district court found
3 no intention to waive. This finding is supported by testimony that Plaintiffs re-
4 recorded the deed to put everyone on notice of the restrictions and further legal action
5 was not required to prevent Backside Bar & Grille from serving alcohol because it
6 was obvious that the restaurant was going out of business. Further testimony supports
7 the finding that Plaintiffs objected and took action against Not Just Bagel’s liquor
8 license. The restaurant then stopped advertising alcohol. Defendant points to
9 testimony by Plaintiffs that they had eaten at Backside Bar & Grille without noting the
10 testimony that they did so before they became aware of their right to enforce the
11 covenant.
12 {12} “On appeal, we do not re-weigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for that
13 of the fact-finder, but determine whether substantial evidence supports the result
14 reached.” Dawley v. La Puerta Architectural Antiques, Inc., 2003-NMCA-029, ¶ 12,
15 133 N.M. 389, 62 P.3d 1271. “When the [district] court’s findings of fact are
16 supported by substantial evidence, . . . refusal to make contrary findings is not error.”
17 Griffin v. Guadalupe Med. Ctr., Inc., 1997-NMCA-012, ¶ 22, 123 N.M. 60, 933 P.2d
18 859. Defendant presents no authority to support the argument that the filing of a
19 lawsuit is required to establish the requisite intent to enforce a covenant and
20 foreclosing all other means of objection. Gallegos v. Pueblo of Tesuque, 2002-
7
1 NMSC-012, ¶ 40 n.8, 132 N.M. 207, 46 P.3d 668 (noting that, when neither party
2 cites any authority for a proposition, it is presumed that none exists). Because we do
3 not reweigh the evidence, and the record supports the district court’s finding that
4 Plaintiffs did not intend to waive their right to enforce the deed restriction,
5 Defendant’s argument fails.
6 {13} Defendant argues that Plaintiffs’ objections to liquor licenses are irrelevant to
7 restrictive covenants in deeds, and a lawsuit was the only available method to enforce
8 the restrictions. However, the deed does not restrict the methods by which an owner
9 might seek to enforce the ban on alcohol sales. The deed states that, if the parties or
10 their heirs violate any of the restrictions, “it shall be lawful for any other person or
11 persons owning surrounding or nearby land to prosecute any proceeding at law or in
12 equity” against the violator. Nothing in the deed requires that the neighbors file a
13 lawsuit; it merely allows that they may do so. Because Plaintiffs were not required
14 to file a lawsuit in response to any violation of the restrictions and were free to pursue
15 administrative action with liquor control and protest sales to the violator directly, they
16 did not waive their ability to enforce the restrictions by protesting through other
17 channels than a lawsuit.
18 {14} Finally, Defendant argues that since some Plaintiffs did not respond to or testify
19 regarding the counterclaim, they waived their ability to enforce the restrictions.
20 Plaintiffs respond that Defendant had the burden of proving an affirmative
8
1 counterclaim such as waiver, so that any failure to show that every Plaintiff waived
2 the restrictions was the fault of Defendant. First, Defendant’s argument loses sight
3 of the fact that the covenants may be enforced by any person who owns land subject
4 to or adjacent to the land conveyed by the 1948 deed. In addition, the burden of proof
5 for an affirmative defense is on the party raising the defense. Tryone Knitting Mills
6 v. Rubin, 1921-NMSC-075, ¶ 5, 27 N.M. 324, 201 P. 867. We agree with Plaintiffs
7 that a failure, if any, to show that a partial waiver occurred as to certain property
8 owners rests upon Defendant and would not preclude the rights of any remaining
9 property owners to enforce the deed restriction.
10 B. Substantial Evidence Supports the District Court’s Finding of No Change
11 in Condition
12 {15} Defendant next contends that the district court lacked substantial evidence to
13 support its findings that no change in the conditions had occurred that would make the
14 restriction unenforceable, and Plaintiffs suffered irreparable harm from its violation.
15 Defendant points to evidence that the intersections and roads surrounding the property
16 have widened and become much busier than in 1948, more people live in the area, and
17 nearby businesses sell alcohol. Defendant also challenges the district court’s legal
18 conclusions that the changes in condition that had occurred did not rise to the level of
19 rendering the restriction unenforceable on the land concerned here. We examine the
9
1 evidence supporting each finding and then the district court’s legal conclusions based
2 on those facts.
3 {16} One challenged finding states that “Plaintiffs live in a quiet, rural area, on large
4 parcels of wooded land, with hidden home sites, and dirt and gravel roads.” This
5 finding is supported by testimony that Plaintiffs live on large parcels of peaceful and
6 quiet land and as shown by an aerial photograph of the area showing their residences.
7 {17} Defendant also challenges the district court’s finding that the changes that have
8 occurred in the area since the deeds were recorded have not impacted Plaintiffs’
9 properties. The district court supported this finding by referencing photographic
10 exhibits. The photographs show that the properties are set back from the road and the
11 commercial developments on other properties, and it is clear that it continues to be a
12 residential area.
13 {18} Defendant challenges another finding, arguing that Plaintiffs have not attempted
14 to enforce the unconstitutional racial restrictions in the deed and that this failure to
15 enforce an unrelated restriction is somehow relevant to the other issues in the lawsuit.
16 Defendant fails to support their challenge to this finding with any explanation in their
17 briefing. This Court has no duty to review an argument that is not adequately
18 developed. Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 339,
19 110 P.3d 1076 (declining to entertain a cursory argument that relied on several factual
20 assertions that were made without citation to the record). We therefore decline to
10
1 review any argument that other restrictions in the deed are relevant to whether
2 conditions have changed.
3 {19} Defendant claims that the district court also erred in refusing to conclude that
4 conditions had changed to an extent that would render the covenants unenforceable.
5 We look to “all conditions relevant to the use of the property” to determine whether
6 a change in conditions warrants that a covenant need not be enforced. Heltman, 2010-
7 NMCA-016, ¶ 21. This may include a “relatively broad” range of factors. Id. ¶ 22.
8 Defendant relies on Mason v. Farmer, which considered population growth, highway
9 expansion, conversion of a park to a school, removal of a fence, and a change from the
10 community consisting only of summer residents to year-round residents and winter
11 tourism. 1969-NMSC-050, ¶¶ 9-10, 80 N.M. 354, 456 P.2d 187. In Mason, the court
12 determined that those changes, together with the fact that nearly all property
13 surrounding the area with the restriction was commercial with several motels, were
14 significant enough that it would be inequitable to enforce a covenant preventing trade
15 or commerce on a property. Id. ¶¶ 12, 22. In another case, our Supreme Court held
16 that towns necessarily expect development and found “nothing in the evidence to
17 indicate that [the] plaintiff’s plans ha[d] been substantially changed by the one saloon
18 on property immediately south of the restricted district.” Prendergast, 1940-NMSC-
19 075, ¶ 20.
11
1 {20} In this case, the district court found that the highway running past the properties
2 has widened, new subdivisions have been built in the vicinity, a bar a half-mile away,
3 and a gas station across the highway are not subject to the deed restrictions and sell
4 alcohol, but that the essentially residential nature of Plaintiffs’ properties have not
5 altered. As we determined above, these findings are supported by substantial evidence
6 and therefore to the extent that Defendant’s arguments are based on contrary evidence,
7 we do not need to consider them. The fact that alcohol is sold near the residential
8 properties and more people live in the area does not constitute the same level of
9 change that the properties in Mason experienced. We therefore agree with the district
10 court’s legal conclusion that evidence of changes do not “defeat the purpose, benefits,
11 or enforceability” of the deed’s covenants.
12 {21} Although Defendant lists the district court’s findings and conclusions about
13 irreparable harm among those they challenge, they present no specific argument on
14 that particular point, and we therefore do not consider them further. See Headley,
15 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15. We also note that we have held:
16 Where one enters into a restrictive covenant and then breaches it, he will
17 be enjoined, irrespective of the amount of damage caused by his breach,
18 and even if there appears to be no particular damage. The mere breach
19 affords sufficient grounds for granting an injunction and it is not
20 necessary to prove that the injury will be irreparable.
12
1 Wilcox v. Timberon Protective Ass’n, 1990-NMCA-137, ¶ 35, 111 N.M. 478, 806 P.2d
2 1068, abrogated on other grounds by Agua Fria Save Open Space Ass’n v. Rowe,
3 2011-NMCA-054, ¶ 22, 149 N.M. 812, 255 P.3d 390.
4 C. Whether Three Plaintiffs Lacked Standing Does Not Affect Whether the
5 Remaining Plaintiffs Could Enforce the Covenants
6 {22} Defendant argues that three Plaintiffs—Hayes, Tyree, and
7 McDonald—presented no evidence that they had ownership interests in property
8 covered by the restrictive covenants and that, as such, the findings and conclusions do
9 not apply to those three Plaintiffs. Defendant argues that it was error for the district
10 court to reject their proposed conclusion of law that these three Plaintiffs lacked
11 standing and should be dismissed.
12 {23} In their brief, Defendant cites the district court’s finding that “Plaintiffs are
13 surrounding or nearby land owners to the [restricted] properties.” Although
14 Defendant later challenges that finding, we conclude that they conceded the point by
15 citing to the very fact they challenge. As well, they named all the disputed Plaintiffs
16 as “Defendants” in the countersuit, in which they alleged that all either owned land
17 subject to the deed or adjacent to it. Even if we considered the claim that not all
18 Plaintiffs established ownership of nearby land, it would not affect the fact that several
19 did establish their right to enforce the covenants, which Defendant does not dispute.
13
1 Because the covenants could be enforced by the remaining Plaintiffs, any failure to
2 establish ownership for every Plaintiff does not affect the outcome and is moot.
3 D. Defendant Fails to Show the Doctrines of Estoppel and Laches Prevent
4 Plaintiffs From Enforcing the Covenants
5 {24} Defendant argues that the doctrines of both estoppel and laches prevent
6 Plaintiffs from enforcing the covenants. Defendant claims that, because one Plaintiff
7 had patronized the Backside Bar & Grille and ordered alcohol there, he had relied to
8 his detriment on the fact that alcohol was served on the property before he bought it.
9 However, “estoppel is the preclusion, by acts or conduct, from asserting a right which
10 might otherwise have existed, to the detriment and prejudice of another, who, in
11 reliance on such acts and conduct, has acted thereon.” C & H Constr. & Paving Co.
12 v. Citizens Bank, 1979-NMCA-077, ¶ 33, 93 N.M. 150, 597 P.2d 1190 (internal
13 quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant does not argue that it was Plaintiffs’
14 fault that they were under this mistaken impression. Defendant has failed to identify
15 any reliance upon Plaintiffs’ previous experiences with Backside Bar & Grille as the
16 basis for its own attempt to violate the deed restriction at the time Defendant acquired
17 the property.
18 {25} To the extent that Defendant also raises the issue of laches, we are equally
19 unpersuaded. Defendant fails to cite any authority for support, so we presume none
20 exists. In re Adoption of Doe, 1984-NMSC-024, ¶ 2, 100 N.M. 764, 676 P.2d 1329.
14
1 This Court will not consider propositions that are unsupported by citation to authority.
2 ITT Educ. Servs., Inc. v. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 1998-NMCA-078, ¶ 10, 125
3 N.M. 244, 959 P.2d 969.
4 E. Costs
5 {26} Because we affirm the district court’s decision, we also affirm its award of costs
6 to Plaintiffs as the prevailing parties.
7 III. CONCLUSION
8 {27} Because Plaintiffs attempted to enforce the covenants against previous
9 violators, the area has not substantially altered from being residential and rural, and
10 the district court’s findings are supported by evidence, we affirm. We also reject
11 Defendant’s claims that Plaintiffs are estopped or prevented by laches and determine
12 that, as several Plaintiffs had standing to enforce the covenants, it does not affect the
13 outcome if others did not provide evidence of such.
14 {28} IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 ____________________________________
16 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge
17 WE CONCUR:
18 ___________________________
15
1 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
2 ___________________________
3 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
16