2014 IL App (1st) 122856
FIRST DIVISION
MAY 5, 2014
No. 1-12-2856
AMCO INSURANCE COMPANY, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 11 CH 41151
)
CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY, ) Honorable
) Mary Anne Mason,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Connors and Justice Delort concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 This appeal arises from an August 24, 2012 order entered by the circuit court of Cook
County which granted defendant-appellee Cincinnati Insurance Company's (Cincinnati) motion
to dismiss with prejudice. The trial court's order was entered pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). On appeal, plaintiff-appellant AMCO Insurance Company
(AMCO) argues that the trial court erred in granting Cincinnati's motion to dismiss. For the
following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 On March 15, 2007, Kevin Smith (Smith) filed a complaint (Smith lawsuit) in the circuit
court of Cook County against Hartz Construction Company (Hartz), Cimarron Construction
Company, Inc. (Cimarron), and Van Der Laan Brothers, Inc. (Van Der Laan), under case number
07 L 2729. Smith sought damages for injuries he suffered while working on a construction site
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at Manchester Cove Subdivision in Mokena, Illinois. At the time of his injuries, Smith was
employed by Edward Allen Construction (Edward Allen), a subcontractor working on the project
at the construction site. Hartz was the general contractor, Cimarron was the carpentry
subcontractor, and Van Der Laan was the concrete subcontractor.
¶4 As a result of Smith's injuries, multiple insurance policies were triggered. Cincinnati
issued a general liability policy to Hartz (Cincinnati policy); Erie issued a general liability policy
to Van Der Laan (Erie policy); and AMCO issued both a primary general liability policy
(AMCO policy) and an umbrella policy (AMCO umbrella policy) to Cimarron. On May 7, 2008,
Hartz, as an additional insured under the AMCO policy, tendered its defense of the Smith lawsuit
to Cimarron. The Hartz defense tender stated:
"On behalf of [Hartz] we are hereby tendering to
[Cimarron] and [AMCO] its defense in the [Smith lawsuit]
currently pending in the Circuit Court of Cook County Illinois.
This tender is being made pursuant to [Hartz's] status as an
additional insured under [the AMCO policy] issued to Cimarron
***.
This tender is made to [AMCO] without recourse to
[Hartz's] own policy of insurance with [Cincinnati] except as
standby coverage should [Cimarron] not fulfill its obligations
pursuant to its insurance coverage. It is the expressed intention of
[Hartz] that it be provided with insurance coverage for the [Smith
lawsuit] solely though the insurance policy issued to [Cimarron] by
[AMCO]."
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¶5 AMCO accepted Hartz's defense tender subject to a reservation of rights. On December
2, 2009, Hartz also tendered its defense of the Smith lawsuit to Erie, as an additional insured
under the Erie policy. Hartz's defense tender to Erie stated:
"On behalf of [Hartz] we hereby request all benefits
available to [Hartz] from [Erie] including the right to a defense and
indemnity in the [Smith lawsuit] currently pending in the Circuit
Court of Cook County Illinois. This request/tender is being made
pursuant to [Hartz's] status as an additional insured under [the Erie
policy];
Hartz is currently being defended under a reservation of
rights by [AMCO], [Cimarron's] carrier. The purpose of this letter
is to obtain the additional benefits of a defense and indemnity from
Erie in addition to the defense and indemnity being provided by
[AMCO]. This request/tender is made to [Erie] without recourse
to [Hartz's] own policy of insurance with [Cincinnati] except as
standby coverage should [Van Der Laan] or [Cimarron] not fulfill
their obligations pursuant to its insurance coverage."
Erie also accepted Hartz's defense tender subject to a reservation of rights.
¶6 Subsequently, the parties attempted to settle the Smith lawsuit. On September 3, 2010,
Smith's demand was $3.9 million. On September 20, 2010, a mediation was held. The mediator
expressed that he believed the matter could be settled for $1.5 million. On September 24, 2010,
AMCO stated that it would be willing to contribute $500,000 toward the settlement provided that
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Cincinnati and Erie agreed to contribute equal amounts. Cincinnati refused to contribute any
money toward the settlement. It was Cincinnati's position that Hartz made a "targeted tender" to
AMCO and Erie, and AMCO's and Erie's primary policy limits had to be exhausted before
Cincinnati would be required to respond. On or around January 18, 2011, Erie stated that it
would be willing to contribute $50,000 toward the settlement.
¶7 On March 25, 2011, Smith, Hartz, Cimarron and AMCO ended the Smith lawsuit by
executing a settlement agreement through which AMCO paid Smith $1,450,000 on behalf of
Hartz and Cimarron. AMCO allocated $550,000 to the AMCO policy on behalf of Hartz;
$450,000 to the AMCO umbrella policy on behalf of Hartz; and $450,000 to the AMCO policy
on behalf of Cimarron. The settlement agreement also contained an assignment of rights by
Hartz and Cimarron, which stated, in pertinent part, as follows:
"In consideration of the settlement amount paid by AMCO to [Smith] on behalf of
Hartz and Cimarron pursuant to this release and settlement agreement, Hartz and
Cimarron agree that, upon execution of this release by all parties and payment of the
settlement amount by AMCO to [Smith], any and all rights, claims and causes of action
Hartz and/or Cimarron have to recover any sums from [Cincinnati] and/or [Erie] in
connection with the claims of [the Smith lawsuit] are assigned, transferred and set over to
AMCO. Hartz and Cimarron agree that AMCO may enforce such rights, claims and
causes of action in such a manner as may be appropriate for the use and benefit of
AMCO, either in its own name or in the names of Hartz and Cimarron."
¶8 On December 2, 2011, AMCO filed a complaint for declaratory judgment in the circuit
court of Cook County against Erie and Cincinnati. On February 24, 2012, Cincinnati filed a joint
motion to dismiss AMCO's complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure
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(Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010)) and section 2-606 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-606 (West
2010)). Cincinnati's section 2-606 argument was based on the fact that AMCO did not attach a
copy of the Cincinnati policy to the complaint as an exhibit, or provide an affidavit explaining
why a copy of the Cincinnati policy could not be attached. On May 9, 2012, AMCO was granted
leave to file an amended complaint. On May 16, 2012, AMCO filed its amended complaint.
The complaint counts against Cincinnati included: count II for equitable subrogation; count IV
for equitable contribution; and count VI for "other insurance." On May 22, 2012, Cincinnati
filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code. In its
motion to dismiss, Cincinnati argued that: due to the "targeted tender" doctrine, AMCO has no
valid claims against Cincinnati; and as for claims under the AMCO umbrella policy, the Erie
policy must be exhausted before Cincinnati is required to respond.
¶9 On August 24, 2012, the trial court heard oral arguments on the motion to dismiss.
Following oral argument, the trial court found that the claims against Cincinnati must be
dismissed. The trial court found that the equitable subrogation and equitable contribution counts
must be dismissed because "once the insured here, Hartz, made its targeted tender to AMCO, the
targeted carrier as assignee of the insured post settlement cannot pursue a deselected carrier for
[equitable subrogation and equitable contribution]." Also, the court found that those counts were
defective because AMCO and Cincinnati insured different risks. Further, as to the "other
insurance" count, the court found that the Cincinnati policy was never triggered, and to trigger
the Cincinnati policy post settlement would be an improper extension of the targeted tender
doctrine. Accordingly, on that same day, the trial court entered an order which granted
Cincinnati's motion to dismiss with prejudice. In its order, pursuant to Rule 304(a), the trial
court stated that there was no just reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal of its order.
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On September 24, 2012, AMCO filed a timely notice of appeal. Therefore, we have jurisdiction
to consider AMCO's arguments on appeal pursuant to Rule 304(a) and Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 303 (eff. May 30, 2008).
¶ 10 ANALYSIS
¶ 11 On appeal, we determine whether the trial court erred in granting Cincinnati's motion to
dismiss with prejudice.
¶ 12 A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code challenges the legal
sufficiency of a complaint based on defects apparent on the face of the complaint. Simpkins v.
CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 13. In reviewing a section 2-615 motion to
dismiss, the reviewing court accepts as true all well-pleaded facts and reasonable inferences that
can be drawn from those facts, and construes the allegations in the complaint in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff. Id. A section 2-615 motion to dismiss is reviewed under the de novo
standard of review. Id.
¶ 13 Before discussing the parties' arguments, it is important to explain the "targeted tender"
doctrine. "[T]he 'targeted' or 'selective' tender doctrine allows an insured covered by multiple
insurance policies to select or target which insurer will defend and indemnify it with regard to a
specific claim." Kajima Construction Services, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co.,
227 Ill. 2d 102, 107 (2007). Illinois courts have consistently held that an insured has a
paramount right to choose or knowingly forego an insurer's participation in a claim. Richard
Marker Associates v. Pekin Insurance Co., 318 Ill. App. 3d 1137, 1141 (2001). There are many
reasons why an insured may choose to forego a certain insurer's coverage, such as the insured's
fear that premiums would increase or the policy would be cancelled in the future. Id. When an
insured designates one of the insurers to defend, the duty to defend falls solely on the selected
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insurer. Cincinnati Cos. v. West American Insurance Co., 183 Ill. 2d 317, 324 (1998). "That
insurer may not in turn seek equitable contribution from the other insurers who were not
designated by the insured. [Citation.] This rule is intended to protect the insured's right to
knowingly forgo an insurer's involvement." Id. (citing Institute of London Underwriters v.
Hartford Fire Insurance Co., 234 Ill. App. 3d 70, 79 (1992)). The insured's right to choose
encompasses the right to deactivate coverage from an insurer that was previously selected.
Richard Marker, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 1143. This can be done for the purpose of invoking
exclusive coverage from another insurer. Id.
¶ 14 As AMCO points out, the targeted tender doctrine has been criticized in recent years.
See Illinois School District Agency v. St. Charles Community Unit School District 303, 2012 IL
App (1st) 100088, ¶ 37; American National Fire Insurance Co. v. National Union Fire Insurance
Co. of Pittsburgh, PA, 343 Ill. App. 3d 93, 106 (2003) (Quinn, J., specially concurring); Chicago
Hospital Risk Pooling Program v. Illinois State Medical Inter-Insurance Exchange, 325 Ill. App.
3d 970, 983 (2001) (Quinn, J., specially concurring). This court has noted that only two other
states have adopted the targeted tender doctrine. Illinois School District, 2012 IL App (1st)
100088, ¶ 37. Accordingly, this court and our supreme court have limited the scope of the
targeted tender doctrine and have refused to expand its application to factual circumstances that
differ from the circumstances in which the rule was first applied. In Kajima, our supreme court
refused to extend the targeted tender doctrine to a situation in which the insured attempted to
target only its excess policies before exhausting its primary policies. Kajima, 227 Ill. 2d at 116.
The supreme court reasoned that "[e]xtending the targeted tender rule to require an excess policy
to pay before a primary policy would eviscerate the distinction between primary and excess
insurance." Id.
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¶ 15 Likewise, in Illinois School District, the defendant school district was covered by
multiple insurance policies, all of which ran consecutively to each other. Illinois School District,
2012 IL App (1st) 100088, ¶ 4. Before this court, the school district argued that under the
targeted tender doctrine, the plaintiff insurer could not make a claim for equitable contribution
because the plaintiff was selected over the other insurance policies that provided coverage before
it in time. Id. ¶ 36. This court refused to extend the targeted tender doctrine to a situation in
which an insured's multiple policies provided coverage consecutively to each other rather than
running concurrently to each other. Id. ¶ 39. This court reasoned that there was no supreme
court precedent that allowed for the extension of the targeted tender doctrine. Id. Thus, Illinois
precedent disfavors expanding the targeted tender doctrine beyond its originally intended scope.
Both parties argue that this court should decline to expand the targeted tender doctrine.
However, they have different interpretations as to what constitutes expansion of the rule.
¶ 16 AMCO argues that the trial court erred in granting Cincinnati's motion to dismiss because
Hartz relinquished its right to make a target tender. In this case, Hartz selectively tendered its
defense to AMCO and Erie only. AMCO argues that at that time, pursuant to Richard Marker,
Hartz still possessed the right to deactivate its target tender to AMCO. Subsequently, the
settlement agreement was executed and Hartz assigned all of its rights to AMCO. AMCO argues
that among the rights that Hartz assigned, was the right to deactivate any previous target tenders.
AMCO contends that because it was assigned Hartz's right to deactivate previous target tenders,
Hartz's original tender to AMCO is negated and AMCO can seek contribution from Cincinnati.
AMCO claims that by assigning its rights, Hartz chose to forego coverage with AMCO and
deactivated any previous target tenders. AMCO asserts that contrary to the trial court's belief,
"this result simply recognizes a logical endpoint of [the targeted tender doctrine]."
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¶ 17 Additionally, AMCO argues that if this court adopts the trial court and Cincinnati's
interpretation of the targeted tender doctrine, the rule will be expanded beyond its intended
scope. AMCO contends that the rule would be expanded because this court would be allowing
Hartz's target tender to AMCO to survive after it assigned all of its rights to AMCO. AMCO
claims that when Hartz gave up its right to knowingly forego an insurer's involvement, the
reason for the targeted tender doctrine was at an end. Thus, AMCO argues that it should be
allowed to pursue claims of equitable contribution, equitably subrogation, and "other insurance"
against Cincinnati.
¶ 18 Further, AMCO argues that even if Hartz's target tender is upheld, AMCO should be
allowed to pursue claims against Cincinnati. In support of its argument, AMCO points out that
its settlement payment of $1,450,000 exceeded its policy limit of $1 million. AMCO also cites
Kajima for the following rule: "to the extent that defense and indemnity costs exceed the primary
limits of the targeted insurer, the deselected insurer or insurers' primary policy must answer for
the loss before the insured can seek coverage under an excess policy." Kajima, 227 Ill. 2d at
117. Thus, AMCO argues that assuming the Cincinnati policy provides primary insurance to
Hartz, the Cincinnati policy and Erie policy would be responsible to pay before any excess
coverage, such as the AMCO umbrella policy, was triggered. AMCO notes that Cincinnati did
not provide a copy of its policy so it is unclear if the policy provides primary coverage.
Nevertheless, AMCO argues that the priority of coverage between the Cincinnati policy and Erie
policy has yet to be determined. Accordingly, AMCO contends that its claims against Cincinnati
must be allowed to proceed so that the priority of coverage between Cincinnati and Erie can be
determined. Therefore, AMCO argues that the trial court erred in granting Cincinnati's motion to
dismiss with prejudice.
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¶ 19 In response, Cincinnati argues that the trial court did not err in granting its motion to
dismiss on several grounds. First, Cincinnati argues that the right to target an insurer should end
with the resolution of the underlying claim. Cincinnati contends that AMCO's position requires
that an insured's right to select and deselect insurers continues past the point where the claim is
completely resolved and has been paid by the targeted insurer. Cincinnati asserts that Hartz's
assignment of rights to AMCO conveyed no rights in relation to Cincinnati because when the
assignment took effect, the Smith lawsuit was completely settled. Cincinnati notes that AMCO
cites Richard Marker in support of its argument that a targeted insurer can be deselected after a
claim is settled. However, Cincinnati argues that Richard Marker is distinguishable from the
instant case. As Cincinnati points out, Richard Marker involved a situation in which multiple
insurers refused to defend the insured, and the insured had to defend and settle the underlying
lawsuit with his own funds. Richard Marker, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 1139. The insured then
deselected one insurer and decided to target another insurer. Id. This court held that the targeted
tender doctrine allowed Marker to target the insurer of his choice even after the lawsuit was
settled. Id. at 1143-44. As Cincinnati points out, the trial court found that Richard Marker is
distinguishable from this case. The trial court stated:
"Marker was the insured himself making the payment. He
had two carriers who both refused to defend. Once he made the
payment, he decided to [deactivate Statewide] and *** target
tender to Pekin.
That's an entirely different factual situation than AMCO
taking an assignment from the insured after AMCO has paid,
AMCO who is on the hook, you know, pursuant to the terms of its
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policies and AMCO deciding I'm going to deactivate the tender on
behalf of Hartz. [Richard Marker] doesn't support that extension I
don't think."
Thus, Cincinnati argues that Richard Marker does not apply to the situation in this case where
the "targeted insurer that defends the insured and pays the settlement *** then subsequently
attempts to deselect itself and target another insurer."
¶ 20 Next, Cincinnati argues that AMCO's position undercuts the rationale of the targeted
tender doctrine. Cincinnati contends that the purpose of the doctrine is to give the insured
control over which of the insurers will defend him in a lawsuit. Cincinnati claims that once an
insurer has been targeted and the case against the insured is settled, all liability is eliminated and
the reason for the target tender disappears. Thus, Cincinnati asserts that there is no reason for an
insured to continue to be able to target and deselect insurers once the underlying case is
completely resolved by a targeted insurer. Cincinnati contends that after AMCO paid the
$1,450,000 settlement, there was nothing left at stake for Hartz and no reason for it to continue to
have any right to target and deselect insurers. Also, Cincinnati argues that if AMCO prevails, it
would completely defeat Hartz's reason to target AMCO. Cincinnati points out that there are
many reasons why an insured would choose to forego coverage by certain insurers, including
fear that premiums would be increased in the future. Cincinnati Cos., 183 Ill. 2d at 324.
Cincinnati asserts that Hartz decided not to target Cincinnati, Hartz's own insurer, and instead
decided to target AMCO in order to avoid a negative history with Cincinnati. However,
Cincinnati argues that if AMCO is now successful on appeal, then Hartz's whole reason for
choosing not to target Cincinnati is defeated.
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¶ 21 Additionally, Cincinnati argues that AMCO is confused about the impact of Hartz's
assignment of rights. Cincinnati argues that Hartz did not assign its right to select and deselect
insurers to AMCO. Rather, the assignment of rights states "[a]ny and all rights, claims and
causes of action Hartz *** [has] to recover any sums from [Cincinnati] and/or [Erie] in
connection with the claims of [the Smith lawsuit] are assigned, transferred and set over to
AMCO." Cincinnati points out that Hartz's defense and settlement were paid by AMCO and
Erie. Thus, Cincinnati contends that at the time the assignment took effect, Cincinnati owed
Hartz nothing. If Cincinnati owed Hartz nothing, then the assignment of rights to recover sums
from Cincinnati would be meaningless.
¶ 22 Further, Cincinnati argues that if this court adopts AMCO's interpretation of the targeted
tender doctrine, the doctrine will be expanded beyond its intended scope. Cincinnati argues that
AMCO wants the right to target tender to be assignable. Cincinnati asserts that there is no case
law whatsoever supporting this proposition. Also, Cincinnati claims that AMCO's interpretation
of the targeted tender doctrine would render the rule meaningless. Cincinnati points out that
Hartz specifically decided not to target Cincinnati. As such, Cincinnati was forbidden to
participate in the Smith lawsuit or settlement agreement. Cincinnati contends that if AMCO
prevails and is essentially allowed to deselect itself as the targeted insured, then the targeted
tender doctrine would be nullified.
¶ 23 Finally, Cincinnati responds to AMCO's argument that its claims against Cincinnati
should proceed in order to determine the priority of coverage between Cincinnati and Erie.
Cincinnati argues that AMCO's argument is flawed because AMCO overlooked the crucial fact
that Hartz specifically targeted Erie for coverage in addition to AMCO, and it is undisputed that
Erie accepted that tender. Cincinnati points out that AMCO's Kajima citation only states that
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primary policies must be exhausted before excess policies. Kajima, 227 Ill. 2d at 116-17.
However, Cincinnati contends that under the targeted tender doctrine, the targeted insurers (in
this case, AMCO and Erie) are responsible for any costs associated with the insured's underlying
lawsuit. Cincinnati points out that the limit of the Erie policy is $1 million. Thus, Cincinnati
contends that if AMCO is seeking contribution for the $450,000 it paid in excess of its policy
limit, then Erie would be required to pay and the Erie policy would easily cover that amount.
Thus, Cincinnati argues that the trial court did not err in granting its motion to dismiss with
prejudice.
¶ 24 We agree with Cincinnati's arguments. Despite the parties' multiple arguments, the
outcome of this case is determined by the resolution of one main issue: whether the targeted
tender doctrine allows insurers to deselect themselves as targeted insurers following the
settlement of the insured's underlying lawsuit. We find that the targeted tender doctrine cannot
be interpreted in such a way. Illinois courts have made it clear that the targeted tender doctrine
should be narrowly applied to the types of factual situations for which it was originally intended.
There is no supreme court or appellate court precedent that allows for the application of the
targeted tender doctrine under AMCO's interpretation. Even AMCO's most beneficial case,
Richard Marker, only allowed the targeted tender doctrine to be applied to an insured's right to
deselect an insurer following a settlement that the insured paid for himself. Richard Marker, 318
Ill. App. 3d at 1143-44. Thus, Richard Marker is distinguishable from this case and does not
apply.
¶ 25 As Cincinnati argues, AMCO's interpretation of the targeted tender doctrine would
nullify the doctrine. The point of the doctrine is to allow the insured to select which insurer it
wants to target for defense of an underlying lawsuit. Under AMCO's interpretation, a targeted
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insurer could simply settle the underlying lawsuit contingent on the assignment of the insured's
rights, and then seek contribution from every other insurer that was not originally targeted. The
entire purpose of the targeted tender doctrine would be eviscerated. Moreover, we agree with
Cincinnati's argument that after AMCO paid the full amount of the settlement, Hartz no longer
had any claims to recover money from Cincinnati. Thus, Hartz's assignment of "[a]ny and all
rights, claims and causes of action Hartz *** [has] to recover any sums from [Cincinnati]," was
essentially meaningless. Therefore, we disagree with AMCO's interpretation of the targeted
tender doctrine and decline the invitation to interpret it to allow AMCO to recover against
Cincinnati. 1 Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting Cincinnati's motion
to dismiss with prejudice.
¶ 26 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.
¶ 27 Affirmed.
1
We are likewise unpersuaded by AMCO's argument that its claims against Cincinnati should proceed in
order to determine the priority of coverage between Cincinnati and Erie. Hartz clearly tendered its defense of the
Smith lawsuit to AMCO and Erie. Thus, applying the targeted tender doctrine, Erie would be required to pay any
costs of the settlement to the fullest extent of its policy before the Cincinnati policy could be triggered.
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