Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 1 of 10
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-12639
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:05-cr-00050-WLS-RLH-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
STAN RIZOR JACKSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
________________________
(June 3, 2014)
Before WILSON, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 2 of 10
Stan Jackson appeals the 24-month sentence he received following
revocation of his supervised release. First, he argues that the district court violated
his due process rights both by basing his revocation sentence on conduct unrelated
to his alleged supervisory release violations as well as by not giving him adequate
notice that it would rely on such conduct. Second, he contends that the district
court erred by basing its revocation sentence on the biased advocacy of a probation
officer in violation of his due process rights and separation of powers principles.
Third, he argues that the district court violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 32 because it based
his revocation sentence on disputed facts. After careful review of the record and
the parties’ briefs, we affirm.
I.
In 2005, a federal grand jury indicted Jackson on six felony counts,
including mail theft in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1708 (Count One). He pleaded
guilty to Count One in 2006. As Jackson notes in his brief, the presentence
investigation report (PSR) prepared in 2006 noted that “while in pretrial
detainment on the federal indictment, Jackson was alleged to have sodomized his
cellmate, conduct for which Georgia intended to arrest him upon his release from
federal custody.” Jackson also notes in his brief that his 2006 PSR alleged that in
2002 he “assaulted other inmates when they refused to give him money to make
purchases at the jail commissary.” Those extortion and battery charges were not
2
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 3 of 10
prosecuted. The district court sentenced Jackson to 15-months imprisonment
followed by three years of supervised release. He completed his sentence and was
released to a state detainer on the sodomy charge.
In September 2009 Georgia convicted Jackson on the sodomy charge and he
was sentenced to 20-years imprisonment, with three years to be served in custody
and the balance probated. He was released from state custody on January 6, 2013.
After Jackson violated both his federal and state probation by failing to report for
supervision, Georgia arrested him on a probation violation warrant on January 10,
2013. While awaiting a probation revocation hearing, Jackson “masturbated in the
presence of a female corrections officer, conduct that resulted in both a new
criminal charge of public indecency and a new probation violation.” Jackson was
sentenced to serve 180 days after he admitted to the Georgia probation violations.
During the time his state probation was revoked for 180 days, the United
States petitioned for a warrant to be issued and for Jackson’s supervised release to
be revoked. The United States alleged that Jackson (1) failed to report to his
probation officer upon release from custody; (2) failed to notify his probation
officer within 72 hours of being arrested; and (3) violated the law while on
supervised release. The district court issued the warrant and Jackson was brought
into federal custody on March 27, 2013.
As the Probation Office was preparing its revocation PSR, the U.S. Marshals
3
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 4 of 10
Service forwarded on a letter from the mother of a former cellmate of Jackson’s.
According to the letter, the woman’s son told her that Jackson threatened to have
him beaten unless he arranged for his mother to send a money order in Jackson’s
name to the jail where they both were held. After the woman refused to send the
money order, her son was attacked by unidentified assailants. When Jackson
received his revocation PSR, it noted the receipt of the letter. The revocation PSR
also stated that all three of Jackson’s alleged violations of his probation were
Grade C violations, resulting in a guideline range of seven to thirteen months and a
statutory maximum sentence of two years.
Jackson’s revocation hearing took place on May 16, 2013. He admitted he
violated the terms of his supervised release in the three ways alleged by the
Probation Office. The government then presented the testimony of Barbara
Philmon, the woman who wrote the letter to the U.S. Marshals. Jackson objected
to her testimony on hearsay and relevance grounds, but the district court overruled
those objections. Her son Matthew Philmon (Philmon) also testified, giving an
account consistent with that in her letter.
At the hearing the government asked the district court to consider the
extortion and battery charges listed in Jackson’s PSR that were not prosecuted.
The government’s attorney began his request by stating that the probation officer
had pointed out the relevant portion of the PSR “to me prior to the hearing.”
4
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 5 of 10
Jackson’s attorney responded by stating the “offense was nolle prossed” and the
court should consider “that that case was, in fact, dismissed.” His attorney also
stated that the alleged conduct toward Philmon was not alleged in the petition for
action on supervised release, and that it had not been established that Jackson
assaulted Philmon or played a role in the assault.
The district court determined that to comply with the factors in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) a sentence of 24-months imprisonment was necessary. Although there
was no direct evidence Jackson assaulted Philmon, the district court found that a
preponderance of the evidence established that Jackson threatened him. The court
told Jackson it was “concerned that you’re not prepared to comport yourself as you
should while being on supervised release.” The district court added that it had
taken the guidelines under advisement but found them to be inadequate. After the
district court asked for any objections “to the sentence or the manner in which it
was imposed,” Jackson stated that because his violations were C grade, a 24-month
sentence was greater than necessary. The district court noted the objection and
responded by elaborating that it had “particularly taken into account the
defendant’s conduct upon release and failure to report, which it thinks is very
important to successfully serve his supervised release sentence, as well as the other
conduct of the threat and the nature of the offense in number 3, the indecent
exposure, and, therefore, finds this sentence to be reasonable as imposed.”
5
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 6 of 10
The district court entered an amended judgment in May 2013. This appeal
followed.
II.
We first address Jackson’s argument that the district court violated his due
process rights. Jackson raises this argument for the first time in this Court.
Constitutional objections not raised before the district court are reviewed for plain
error. United States v. Moriarty, 429 F.3d 1012, 1018 (11th Cir. 2005) (per
curiam). Under that standard, if an error is plain and affects substantial rights, we
have the discretionary authority to provide relief if the error seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v.
Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1776 (1993). In order to satisfy the
plain error rule, an asserted error must be clear from the plain meaning of a statute
or constitutional provision, one of our holdings, or a holding of the Supreme Court.
United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam).
Defendants in revocation proceedings are entitled to certain due process
protections. United States v. Frazier, 26 F.3d 110, 114 (11th Cir. 1994). Among
other things, a person facing revocation of supervised release is entitled to written
notice of the alleged violation or violations and disclosure of the evidence against
him. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.1(b)(2). However, sentencing courts are not limited in
the type of information concerning the “background, character, and conduct of a
6
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 7 of 10
person convicted of an offense” that they may receive and consider when
determining an appropriate sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3661.
Jackson objected to the testimony regarding his alleged threat against
Philmon on the grounds that it was hearsay and irrelevant. However he did not
object to the testimony on Due Process Clause grounds, and therefore plain error
review is proper. Moriarty, 429 F.3d at 1018. Jackson does not cite, and we have
not found, any decision where the Supreme Court or this Court found that
considering conduct beyond what was alleged in the petition for revocation when
determining a sentence violates the Due Process Clause. Therefore, any error in
that regard was not plain. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d at 1291.
As to Jackson’s notice argument, his alleged threat toward Philmon did not
have to be included in the petition for revocation because it was not an alleged
probation violation for the purpose of revoking supervised release. The threat was
included in the revocation report, which Jackson received more than two weeks
before the revocation hearing. As such, Jackson received adequate notice of the
evidence against him and there was no error with respect to notice, plain or
otherwise. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.1(b)(2).
III.
We next address Jackson’s argument, made also for the first time on appeal,
that his rights were violated because the probation officer highlighted for the
7
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 8 of 10
government, apparently ex parte, a section of Jackson’s original PSR. A probation
officer is an “arm of the court” who acts as a “liaison between the sentencing
court . . . and the defendant.” United States v. Bernardine, 237 F.3d 1279, 1283
(11th Cir. 2001) (quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the officer should be
mindful that their role is as “the court’s ‘eyes and ears,’ a neutral information
gatherer with loyalties to no one but the court.” United States v. Reyes, 283 F.3d
446, 455 (2d Cir. 2002) (quotation marks omitted).
However, even if the probation officer’s contact with the government was
construed as indicating partiality, there was still no plain error. The district court
stated that Jackson’s 24-month sentence was based particularly on his failure to
report, the nature of a public indecency offense Jackson committed while on
supervised release, and his threat to Philmon—recent conduct showing he was
unable to comport himself while on supervised release. It also stated that it found
by a preponderance of the evidence that Jackson issued the threat to Philmon,
relying on the testimony of Philmon and his mother. As a result, even if we
assume bias on the part of the probation officer, it did not affect Jackson’s
“substantial rights,” because the information the probation officer supplied was not
a basis for his sentence. Thus, there was no reversible plain error. Olano, 507 U.S.
at 732, 113 S. Ct. at 1776.
8
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 9 of 10
IV.
Finally we address Jackson’s argument that he may have been sentenced
based on inaccurate information in violation of his due process rights. Jackson
argues that he challenged the factual basis of the allegations in his 2006 PSR but
the district court failed to undertake the necessary analysis under Rule 32 to
resolve the factual dispute. We normally review de novo legal questions
concerning the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. United States v. Spears, 443
F.3d 1358, 1361 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam). However, such arguments are
reviewed for plain error when raised for the first time on appeal, as they are here.
United States v. Perez, 661 F.3d 568, 583 (11th Cir. 2011) (per curiam).
Due process protects the right not to be sentenced on the basis of false
information. Shukwit v. United States, 973 F.2d 903, 904 (11th Cir. 1992) (per
curiam). Under Rule 32, a district court must rule on a factual dispute or determine
that a ruling is unnecessary either because the matter will not affect sentencing or
because the court will not consider the matter in sentencing. Fed. R. Crim. P.
32(i)(3)(B). A defendant triggers Rule 32(i)(3)(B) only by challenging statements
of fact that are in the PSR. United States v. Owen, 858 F.2d 1514, 1517 (11th Cir.
1988) (per curiam). 1 We have held that “challenges to the [PSR] must assert with
1
The language quoted from Owen was contained in Rule 32(c)(3)(D). Rule 32 was subsequently
amended multiple times, however there is no substantive difference in the language pertinent to
9
Case: 13-12639 Date Filed: 06/03/2014 Page: 10 of 10
specificity and clarity each factual mistake of which [the] defendant complains.”
United States v. Aleman, 832 F.2d 142, 145 (11th Cir. 1987).
Jackson did not dispute the truthfulness of the facts as stated in his 2006
PSR, and waived his challenge to the facts of the 2002 allegations against him.
See Bennett, 472 F.3d at 832. Even if we consider the objection he raises for the
first time on appeal, we find no plain error. The record does not indicate that the
district court considered the 2002 battery and extortion allegations in determining
Jackson’s sentence. Instead, the court found that reliable information showed that
Jackson threatened Philmon and then relied on that threat to support its sentencing
decision. The record shows that the district court did not resolve the factual
dispute of which Jackson now complains, and therefore there was no error. Olano,
507 U.S. at 732, 113 S. Ct. at 1776.
V.
Because the district court did not commit plain error in sentencing Jackson
to 24-months imprisonment following the revocation of his supervised release, we
affirm his sentence.
AFFIRMED.
this case between the current and earlier versions. Compare Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B) (2013),
with Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(1) (1995), and Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(3)(D) (1993).
10