FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 13 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
SARKIS KARUNYAN, a married man; No. 12-15651
GMS MEDICAL SUPPLY
INCORPORATED, an Arizona D.C. No. 2:10-cv-00198-ROS
corporation, District of Arizona,
Phoenix
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. ORDER
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
LAUREN HANOVER, in his individual
capacity and official capacity as Special
Agent with the United States Department
of Health and Human Services, Office of
the Inspector General,
Defendants - Appellees.
Before: O’SCANNLAIN, GRABER, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.
The Memorandum disposition filed on March 13, 2014, is amended by the
Amended Memorandum disposition filed concurrently with this order.
With these amendments, Judge O’Scannlain has voted to grant Appellees’
petition for panel rehearing, and Judges Graber and Nguyen have voted to deny it.
Appellees’ petition for panel rehearing is DENIED. No further petitions for
panel rehearing or petitions for rehearing en banc shall be accepted.
FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION JUN 13 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SARKIS KARUNYAN, a married man; No. 12-15651
GMS MEDICAL SUPPLY
INCORPORATED, an Arizona D.C. No. 2:10-cv-00198-ROS
corporation,
Plaintiffs - Appellants, AMENDED MEMORANDUM*
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
LAUREN HANOVER, in his individual
capacity and official capacity as Special
Agent with the United States Department
of Health and Human Services, Office of
the Inspector General,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Roslyn O. Silver, Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted January 17, 2014
San Francisco, California
Before: O’SCANNLAIN, GRABER, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Plaintiff Sarkis Karunyan appeals the district court’s grant of Defendants’
motion to dismiss his complaint arising from his arrest on charges of Medicare
fraud. Reviewing de novo, N.M. State Inv. Council v. Ernst & Young LLP, 641
F.3d 1089, 1094 (9th Cir. 2011), we reverse and remand.
1. The district court properly exercised subject matter jurisdiction because
Karunyan’s claims do not arise under the Medicare Act. See Do Sung Uhm v.
Humana, Inc., 620 F.3d 1134, 1141 (9th Cir. 2010).
2. The district court erred in granting qualified immunity to Defendant
Special Agent Lauren Hanover on the wrongful arrest claim under Bivens v. Six
Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).
Taking the allegations of material fact as true, as we must at this procedural stage,
Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001),1 it was
unreasonable for Hanover to conclude that "there was a fair probability that
[Karunyan] had committed a crime," Grant v. City of Long Beach, 315 F.3d 1081,
1085 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). To have probable cause
that Karunyan had engaged in the fraudulent criminal behavior at issue, Hanover
was required to have probable cause not only with respect to the bare existence of
1
We express no view on the merits of any of Plaintiff’s claims; we hold only
that the complaint, as now pleaded, withstands a motion to dismiss.
2
an act of fraud, but also with respect to Karunyan’s specific intent to defraud.
Rodis v. City of San Francisco, 558 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The facts as
alleged do not permit such a conclusion.
At the time of Karunyan’s arrest, Hanover knew only that suspicious
Medicare sales had occurred in California nearly a year earlier, that a third-party
billing entity had billed for those sales on behalf of Karunyan’s company, but that
Karunyan’s company had not collected on those sales. Indeed, his company had
done no business in California, and the defrauded customers had never heard of
Karunyan’s company.2 A reasonable officer would have been alert to the need to
conduct further investigation to reconcile those facts, yet Hanover allegedly failed
to investigate why Karunyan’s company had not collected on the sales. In these
circumstances, it was unreasonable for Hanover to conclude that there was
probable cause that Karunyan specifically intended to engage in fraudulent
criminal behavior.
3. The district court also erred by dismissing the claim of bad faith failure to
collect potentially exculpatory evidence. See Miller v. Vasquez, 868 F.2d 1116,
2
As it turned out, months before the arrest, Karunyan had returned the
money promptly to the billing entity, explaining that it had wrongly billed under
the Medicare Provider number of Karunyan’s company. At the time of the arrest,
that error was known not only by the third-party billing entity, Karunyan’s
company, and Karunyan himself—but also by Hanover’s own agency.
3
1120 (9th Cir. 1989) ("[A] bad faith failure to collect potentially exculpatory
evidence would violate the due process clause."). Potentially exculpatory
evidence—that Karunyan immediately had returned the funds to the billing entity
months earlier—was readily available to Hanover, yet he allegedly failed to collect
that evidence. Moreover, taking the allegations as true, Sprewell, 266 F.3d at 988,
at the time of the arrest, apparently without any evidence of its truthfulness,
Hanover accused Karunyan of being involved in criminal activity by Russian-
Armenians in Los Angeles. Failure to collect potentially exculpatory evidence,
coupled with a potentially prejudicially motivated arrest, is sufficient to constitute
a Bivens claim. Miller, 868 F.2d at 1121.
4. Finally, the district court erred in dismissing the claims against Defendant
United States. The district court dismissed those claims for the reason that
probable cause supported Karunyan’s arrest. As noted above, that reason is
erroneous. Accordingly, the district court’s dismissal of the claims against
Defendant United States is, likewise, erroneous.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
4
FILED
Karunyan v. United States, 12-15651 JUN 13 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Because I am persuaded that probable cause supported Sarkis Karunyan’s
arrest and that Agent Lauren Hanover’s investigation did not violate the Due
Process Clause, I respectfully dissent.
Hanover knew that someone committed fraud by convincing Medicare to
pay for unnecessary medical equipment. Karunyan’s complaint acknowledges that
Hanover knew that the proceeds from that fraud were originally paid to Karunyan.
This is sufficient to demonstrate “a fair probability that [Karunyan] had committed
a crime.” Grant v. City of Long Beach, 315 F.3d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 2002).
Rodis v. City and County of San Francisco, 558 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. 2009), is
not applicable to this case. Rodis requires that an officer making an arrest for a
specific intent crime “have probable cause [of specific intent] in order to
reasonably believe that a crime has occurred.” Id. at 969 (emphasis added). The
majority does not dispute that Hanover reasonably believed that the perpetrator,
acting with specific intent, committed a crime. The issue is simply whether
Karunyan’s receipt of the proceeds of the crime made it reasonable for Hanover to
believe that Karunyan had committed that crime.
1
Karunyan also failed to plead a violation of the Due Process Clause. Our
precedent indicates that a bad faith failure to collect potentially exculpatory
evidence violates the Constitution only if “the evidence sought was of such a
nature that it was not reasonably available to the defendant.” United States v.
Martinez-Martinez, 369 F.3d 1076, 1086–87 (9th Cir. 2004) (analyzing a due
process claim for “fail[ure] to collect and preserve evidence” (emphasis added)).
The duty to collect evidence incorporates the same limitations that the duty
to preserve evidence does, see Miller v. Vasquez, 868 F.2d 1116, 1120 (9th Cir.
1989) (ruling that the bad faith requirement for preservation claims applies a
fortiori to collection claims), and the Supreme Court has expressly enunciated the
unavailability requirement for preservation claims. California v. Trombetta, 467
U.S. 479, 489 (1984). Karunyan failed to plead that the evidence at issue was not
reasonably available to him; indeed, he pled the opposite: the evidence at issue was
in his own company’s records.
For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm.
2