STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
Lora Jarrett Johnstone, June 17, 2014
Respondent Below, Petitioner released at 3:00 p.m.
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
vs) No. 13-0928 (Kanawha County 08-D-2104) OF WEST VIRGINIA
Charles M. Johnstone, II,
Petitioner Below, Respondent
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Lora Jarrett Johnstone, by her counsel Mark A. Swartz and Allyson H. Griffith,
appeals the February 20, 2013, order of the Circuit Court of Kanawha County that affirmed
several orders by the Family Court of Kanawha County pertaining to the equitable distribution of
the parties’ marital estate. Respondent Charles M. Johnstone, II, appearing by his counsel James
Wilson Douglas, filed a response. Petitioner filed a reply.
The Court has considered the parties’ briefs, oral arguments, and the record on appeal,
and finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. A memorandum decision
affirming the circuit court’s order is therefore appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of
Appellate Procedure.
The parties were married in 1989 and separated on November 20, 2008. The parties
subsequently filed for divorce, which the family court granted on grounds of irreconcilable
differences.
Petitioner-wife assigns as error two rulings by the family court, both of which pertain to
the equitable distribution of marital property. The circuit court affirmed both rulings. West
Virginia Code § 51–2A–14(c) [2005] provides that “[t]he circuit court shall review the findings
of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard and shall review the
application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard.” Likewise,
In reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge
upon a review of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a
family court judge, we review the findings of fact made by the
family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, and the
application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion
standard. We review questions of law de novo.
Syllabus, Carr v. Hancock, 216 W.Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004). We now examine the
Petitioner’s two assignments of error.
Petitioner-wife’s first assignment of error is that the family court erred in calculating the
marital value of Respondent-husband’s law practice. Petitioner’s expert testified that it was his
1
opinion that the law practice was worth $707,000 on December 31, 2008. Respondent’s expert
testified that the law practice was worth $149,200 on November 30, 2008. The family court
judge assessed the approaches of the two experts and rejected the Petitioner’s expert’s approach.
The family court judge found that in valuing the practice, Petitioner’s expert had failed to apply a
sound valuation method, in accordance with this Court’s decision in May v. May, 214 W.Va.
394, 589 S.E.2d 536 (2003), and had commingled incompatible data types from different dates.
Conversely, the family court judge found that Respondent’s expert had followed the standards
required by May, and had properly delineated the data to reach reasonable valuation figures.
Accordingly, the family court assigned a marital value to the law practice of $149,200. The
circuit court found no error with the family court’s decision and affirmed.
After consideration of the record, we find no error on this point. Both experts submitted
detailed valuation reports to the family court. Both experts testified and were cross examined
before the family court, and the family court was able to listen and assess the experts first hand.
The family court’s order provided a thorough and exhaustive evaluation of the merits and flaws
of the parties’ respective experts, and came to the conclusion that Respondent-husband’s expert
provided a more accurate value of the law practice at the time of the parties’ separation on
November 20, 2008. On this record, we must affirm the circuit court’s decision affirming the
family court’s order regarding the marital value of the Respondent’s law practice.
Petitioner-wife’s second assignment of error is that the family court erred in calculating
the marital value of an office building owned by a corporation that was in turn owned by
Respondent-husband. The parties do not dispute that the corporation and the office building it
owned are marital assets. At the time of the parties’ separation, the office building was
encumbered by a $153,362.45 mortgage debt. After the parties’ separation in November 2008,
but before the divorce was finalized, the corporation continued to receive at least $72,871.20 in
rental income. The rent was applied to reduce the mortgage to $80,491.25 by August 2010, when
a hearing was held before the family court. The family court established that the debt on the
office building was $153,362.45 on the day of the parties’ separation. The circuit court affirmed
this determination.
Petitioner contends that she is entitled, as her share of marital property, to either half of
the rental income that was received by the corporation after the parties’ separation, or half of the
reduction in debt and simultaneous increase in value of the office building as of August 2010. In
other words, Petitioner contends the family court erred in failing to award her a one-half marital
share of $72,871.20.
We review the findings of fact made by the family court under a clearly erroneous
standard; we review application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard. See
Syllabus Point 1, Carr v. Hancock, supra. “A finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ when, although there
is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va.
223, 231, 470 S.E.2d 177, 185 (1996) (citations omitted). “In general, an abuse of discretion
occurs when a material factor deserving significant weight is ignored, when an improper factor is
relied upon, or when all proper and no improper factors are assessed but the circuit court makes a
serious mistake in weighing them.” Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W.Va. 512, 520 n. 6, 466 S.E.2d
171, 179 n. 6 (1995).
2
West Virginia Code § 48-7-103 [2001] requires a family court to “presume that all
marital property is to be divided equally between the parties[.]” West Virginia Code § 48-7-104
[2001] requires a family court to determine the value of the parties’ marital property to be
divided on either “the date of the separation of the parties” or “such later date determined by the
court to be more appropriate for attaining an equitable result.”
The family court established the value of the office building, and the loan on the office
building, as of “the date of the separation of the parties[.]” W.Va. Code § 48-7-104. The
evidence presented to the family court indicated a loan balance of $153,362.45 was due and
owing on the date of the parties’ separation in November 2008. On this record, there is no basis
to say the family court’s finding of fact was clearly erroneous.
Furthermore, we cannot say the family court abused its discretion when it declined to
adopt the “later date” of August 2010 for valuing the loan rather than the November 2008 date of
separation. At the hearings before the family court, Petitioner never argued to the family court
whether or why it should adopt the August 2010 reduced loan value of $80,491.25. The
Petitioner only presented the lower figure to the family court during cross-examination of the
Respondent, and only by pointing to the $80,491.25 figure on an August 2010 computer printout
from the bank and saying, “It’s hidden up here.” This was the same computer printout that
showed the month-by-month balance of the loan, including its $153,362.451 balance at the time
of separation in November 2008.
More importantly, the Petitioner introduced absolutely no evidence, and made absolutely
no argument, to the family court why the loan value on that later date was “more appropriate for
attaining an equitable result” in the distribution of marital assets. W.Va. Code § 48-7-104. The
only formal mention of the August 2010 figure was in the Petitioner’s proposed findings of fact
to the family court, and it says only this: “As indicated by [Respondent-husband]’s Exhibit 15 . .
. the amount owed on the mortgage on [the] building is ($80,491.25).” Petitioner can cite to no
motions, no argument, no testimony and no evidence in the record before the family court to
support the equitable argument she now asserts to this Court. Accordingly, we believe the family
court properly set the value of the loan on the office building as of the date of the parties’
separation, and the circuit court correctly affirmed the family court’s decision on this point.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the February 20, 2013, order of the circuit court.
Affirmed.
1
The family court found the debt was valued at $153,362.45. We note, however, that the
document introduced into evidence shows a debt of $154,362.45 at the time of separation. The
parties do not challenge this discrepancy, and we will accept the family court’s figures as correct.
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ISSUED: June 17, 2014
CONCURRED IN BY:
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Judge David R. Janes, sitting by temporary assignment
DISSENTING:
Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis
DISQUALIFIED:
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
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No. 13-0928 - Lora Jarrett Johnstone v. Charles M. Johnstone, II
Davis, Chief Justice, dissenting:
The case sub judice presents no novel issues regarding the equitable
distribution of marital property. However, the majority opinion perpetuates the continuing
cycle of errors committed by the lower courts by accepting the valuation of Mr. Johnstone’s
interest in the law firm of Johnstone, Gabhart, & Prim, LLP, proposed by Dr. Rufus, Mr.
Johnstone’s expert witness,1 even though this valuation did not accurately value the subject
law firm. Additionally, the majority opinion incorrectly affirmed the lower courts’ findings
that Mrs. Johnstone waived her interest to receive either one-half of the rental income paid
by the law firm occupying the building owned by the parties or one-half of the increase in
the equity of said building. It has been noted that, “[o]n appeal, if it appears that the trial
court reasonably approximated the net value of the practice and its goodwill, if any, based
on competent evidence and on a sound valuation method or methods, the valuation will not
be disturbed.” Conway v. Conway, 131 N.C. App. 609, 617, 508 S.E.2d 812, 818 (1998)
(internal quotations and citation omitted). The case sub judice is not an example of the
aforementioned scenario. Thus, for the reasons set out below, I respectfully dissent.
1
Dr. Rufus valued the law firm at $149,200 as of the November 30, 2008, date
of separation.
5
A. Valuation of Law Firm
The majority opinion relies on the lower courts’ incorrect reasoning and
resultant conclusions that Mr. Selby, Mrs. Johnstone’s expert witness, did not apply a “sound
valuation method” in his calculation of the fair market value of the law firm, in accordance
with this Court’s decision in May v. May, 214 W. Va. 394, 589 S.E.2d 536 (2003). Further,
in the underlying proceedings, the lower courts determined that Mr. Selby had collected
incompatible data from different dates and reached the questionable conclusion that Dr.
Rufus, Mr. Johnstone’s expert witness, adhered to the May requirements and properly
delineated data to reach reasonable valuation figures. Despite this contention, the majority
opinion, as well as the lower courts’ decisions, is devoid of any logical reasoning or
explanation as to why Dr. Rufus’s report provided the most accurate value of the law practice
and Mr. Johnstone’s interest therein. This “because I said so” reasoning does not indicate
why Mr. Selby’s report should not be adopted. In light of the evidence and to right this
blatant wrongdoing by the lower courts, the majority opinion should have adopted Mr.
Selby’s report for the most reliable and accurate indicator of the law firm’s fair market value
for the following reasons.
First, Mr. Selby’s report provides the most accurate figures as to the law firm’s
fair market value because his calculation accounts for Mr. Johnstone’s 2004 purchase of Mr.
Thaxton’s one-half interest in the law firm for approximately $500,000. This transaction is
6
imperative to the fair market formula because it is the most recent and reliable indicator of
the law firm’s fair market value. See Syl. pt. 1, Tankersley v. Tankersley, 182 W. Va. 627,
390 S.E.2d 826 (1990) (“‘The market value is the price at which a willing seller will sell and
a willing buyer will buy any property, real or personal.’ Syllabus Point 3, Estate of Aul v.
Haden, 154 W. Va. 484, 177 S.E.2d 142 (1970).”). As such, Mr. Selby valued the law firm
as of the 2004 acquisition at $1,000,000 and subtracted “post purchase events” to arrive at
a fair market value of $707,000 as of the date of the parties’ separation. However, based
upon the majority opinion, it appears that the majority ignored this essential fact when they
accepted Dr. Rufus’s flawed fair market value figure.
Second, the majority opinion contends that Dr. Rufus followed the standards
required by May and properly delineated data to reach a reasonable valuation.2 However, the
2
We recognized in May v. May, 214 W. Va. 394, 406, 589 S.E.2d 536, 548
(2003), five methods for valuing the “enterprise goodwill” of a professional practice, i.e., a
law firm, dental practice, accounting practice, or medical practice:
[1] Under the straight capitalization accounting method
the average net profits of the practitioner are determined and this
figure is capitalized at a definite rate, as, for example, 20
percent. This result is considered to be the total value of the
business including both tangible and intangible assets. To
determine the value of goodwill the book value of the business’
assets are subtracted from the total value figure.
[2] The second accounting formula is the capitalization
of excess earnings method. Under the pure capitalization of
(continued...)
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evidence in this case contradicts this position because Dr. Rufus did not utilize any of the
five methods this Court provided in May for calculating the “enterprise goodwill” of a
2
(...continued)
excess earnings the average net income is determined. From
this figure an annual salary of average employee practitioner
with like experience is subtracted. The remaining amount is
multiplied by a fixed capitalization rate to determine the
goodwill.
[3] The IRS variation of capitalized excess earnings
method takes the average net income of the business for the last
5 years and subtracts a reasonable rate of return based on the
business’ average net tangible assets. From this amount a
comparable net salary is subtracted. Finally, this remaining
amount is capitalized at a definite rate. The resulting amount is
goodwill.
[4] The fourth method, the market value approach, sets
a value on professional goodwill by establishing what fair price
would be obtained in the current open market if the practice
were to be sold. This method necessitates that a professional
practice has been recently sold, is in the process of being sold or
is the subject of a recent offer to purchase. Otherwise, the value
may be manipulated by the professional spouse.
[5] The fifth valuation method, the buy/sell agreement
method, values goodwill by reliance on a recent actual sale or an
unexercised existing option or contractual formula set forth in
a partnership agreement or corporate agreement. Since the
professional spouse may have been influenced by many factors
other than fair market value in negotiating the terms of the
agreement, courts relying on this method should inquire into the
presence of such factors, as well as the arm’s length nature of
the transaction.
(Internal quotations, citation, and footnotes omitted).
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professional practice.3 This Court in May stated that enterprise goodwill, not personal
goodwill, is an asset subject to equitable distribution in a divorce.4 Based upon the fact that
Dr. Rufus’s methods5 for calculating the law firm’s enterprise goodwill are not consistent
with any of May’s five expressed methods, the majority opinion’s determination that Dr.
Rufus followed the May requirements and generated reasonable valuation figures in
accordance therewith is inaccurate and in direct opposition to the record evidence.
Therefore, the majority opinion should have adopted Mr. Selby’s fair market value of
$707,000 because his enterprise goodwill formulas were consistent with those methods
expressly approved of by this Court in May.
Third, in addition to embracing Dr. Rufus’s incoherent and inconsistent
“simple math” enterprise goodwill valuation methods, the majority has overlooked the fact
3
“‘Enterprise goodwill’ is an asset of the business and may be attributed to a
business by virtue of its existing arrangements with suppliers, customers, or others, and its
anticipated future customer base due to factors attributable to the business.” Syl. pt. 2, May
v. May, 214 W. Va. 394, 589 S.E.2d 536.
4
“‘Personal goodwill’ is a personal asset that depends on the continued
presence of a particular individual and may be attributed to the individual owner’s personal
skill, training or reputation.” Syl. pt. 3, May v. May, id.
5
Mr. Johnstone’s brief indicates that Dr. Rufus used both an asset and a market
approach in his valuation. According to Dr. Rufus, the asset approach (net asset value) sets
a minimum/floor for determining total equity value and calculates the value of a business
based on the difference between the business’s fair market value and its assets and liabilities.
Additionally, Dr. Rufus explained that the market approach derives an indication of value
from a recent transaction within the subject entity or contractual formula set forth in a
binding agreement.
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that Dr. Rufus failed to consider the IRS factors approved by this Court in Tankersley v.
Tankersley6 for valuing closely held corporations, specifically factor (d), the law firm’s
earning capacity for a period of no less than five years. Rather than considering these
6
In Tankersley v. Tankersley, 182 W. Va. 627, 630 n.6, 390 S.E.2d 826, 829
n.6 (1990), this Court recognized that
Revenue Ruling 59-60, 1959-1 C.B. 237, 238, sets forth eight
factors which should be analyzed in valuing the stock of a
closely held corporation for federal gift and estate taxes:
(a) The nature of the business and the history of
the enterprise from its inception.
(b) The economic outlook in general and the
condition and outlook of the specific industry in
particular.
(c) The book value of the stock and the financial
condition of the business.
(d) The earning capacity of the company.
(e) The dividend-paying capacity.
(f) Whether or not the enterprise has goodwill or
other intangible value.
(g) Sales of the stock and the size of the block of
stock to be valued.
(h) The market price of stocks of corporations
engaged in the same or a similar line of business
having their stocks actively traded in a free and
open market, either on an exchange or
over-the-counter.
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factors, Dr. Rufus simply excluded nearly 40% of the law firm’s historic annual revenue from
the calculated value of the law firm. In actuality, the law firm’s earning capacity is based
upon contingent fee agreements, which should have been included in determining the value
of the subject law firm, but which Dr. Rufus excluded from his valuation calculations.
W. Va. Code § 48-1-215(a) (2001) (Repl. Vol. 2009) defines “contingent fee
agreement” as “a contract under which an attorney may be compensated for work in progress,
dependent on the occurrence of some future event which is not certain and absolute. As
such, a contingent fee agreement is not an asset, but is potential income or income capacity.”
(Emphasis added). Nevertheless, the remaining language of W. Va. Code § 48-1-215(a)
recognizes that “[t]his potential income [contingent fee agreement] may have current value,
and a portion of that current value, if any, may be considered to be a marital asset.”
(Emphasis added). Furthermore, the Legislature has listed several factors for a court to
consider “[i]n the event a party seeks to quantify the current value of a particular contingent
fee agreement for the purpose of establishing the value of the agreement as marital property
. . . by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. These factors are:
(1) The nature of the particular case or claim which
underlies the agreement;
(2) The jurisdiction or venue of any projected trial or
proceeding;
(3) Any historical data relevant to verdicts or settlements
within the jurisdiction where the case or claim is pending or may
11
be brought;
(4) The terms and particulars of the agreement;
(5) The status of the case or claim at valuation date;
(6) The amount of time spent working on the case or
claim prior to the valuation date, and an analysis of the nature of
how that time was spent, including, but not limited to, such
activities such as investigation, research, discovery, trial or
appellate practice;
(7) The extent of the person’s active role in the work in
process, whether as an actual participant or as an indirect
participant such as a partner, local counsel or other ancillary
role;
(8) The age of the case or claim;
(9) The expenses accrued or projected to bring the case
or claim to resolution, including any office overhead attributable
to case or claim; and
(10) The probable tax consequences attendant to a
successful resolution of the case or claim.
W. Va. Code § 48-1-215(a). Despite this clear procedure for valuing contingent fee
agreements, neither the majority opinion nor the lower courts’ orders considered any of these
factors when adopting Dr. Rufus’s report, which excluded this marital asset from the law
firm’s value. Neither did the majority or the lower courts explain why they found such
factors to be inapplicable to the case sub judice. Therefore, the majority should have adopted
Mr. Selby’s report because his calculations accurately valued the subject law firm and did
not scrupulously omit income in an effort to generate an artificially low value thereof.
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B. Equitable Distribution of Parties’ Interest in Rental Property Occupied by Law Firm
In its analysis, the majority opinion additionally fails to address a crucial
assignment of error raised in this appeal: whether Mrs. Johnstone waived her claim to
one-half of the rental income generated by the parties’ building that was rented to Mr.
Johnstone’s law firm. Although the record is clear that Mrs. Johnstone did not waive her
interest therein, this vital piece of the equitable distribution puzzle was neither addressed by
nor mentioned in passing in the majority opinion. It simply was omitted without any
consideration whatsoever in the majority opinion’s affirmance of the lower courts’ decisions.
The record evidence demonstrates, without a doubt, that Mrs. Johnstone did
not waive her claim to one-half of the rental income received by the parties’ corporation,
T&J, Partners, Inc. The family court hearing transcripts clearly demonstrate that the parties
presented evidence and testimony regarding the rental income received and the manner in
which it was used to reduce the indebtedness on the building, thus increasing the parties’
equity therein. Nevertheless, the family court failed to include this asset in its equitable
distribution of the parties’ property. Although the family court awarded the building to Mr.
Johnstone, subtracting the outstanding mortgage thereon, the family court did not account
for the rental income that the parties received from the law firm or its application to reduce
the building’s outstanding mortgage. See W. Va. Code § 48-7-103 (2001) (Repl. Vol. 2009)
(“In the absence of a valid agreement, the court shall presume that all marital property is to
13
be divided equally between the parties[.]”). As a result of this omission, Mr. Johnstone
received an inequitable double-dip by both being awarded the building and being permitted
to retain all of the rental income from the date of the parties’ separation until the date of the
family court’s equitable distribution of the parties’ property. This is obviously not an equal
division of the parties’ marital property.
While the majority makes much of the family court’s authority to select the
magic date for valuing this marital asset, it fails to appreciate that both the corporation that
owned this building and the rental income generated thereby were owned by the parties, and
not by Mr. Johnstone, individually. As such, Mrs. Johnstone was entitled to receive one-half
of the increase in equity of this marital asset resulting from the application of the building’s
rental income to pay down its mortgage indebtedness. Therefore, the majority opinion should
have found the lower courts’ decisions to be in error because this issue clearly was not
waived, was properly raised, and should have been resolved in the instant appeal to this
Court.
Based upon the above reasoning, I respectfully dissent.
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