Filed 6/18/14 P. v. Davis CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE, C074092
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 11F04134)
v.
ROBERT EDWARD DAVIS,
Defendant and Appellant.
On June 4, 2011, an armed man wearing a hooded sweatshirt and a bandana
covering his face entered three different businesses -- a thrift shop, a Taco Bell, and a gas
station market -- and demanded money. Eyewitness accounts, clothing recovered by
police, video surveillance footage from each of the incidents, and phone calls he made
while in police custody linked defendant Robert Edward Davis to the crimes.
Defendant was charged with multiple counts of robbery in two separate cases.
Prior to trial, the People filed a motion to consolidate the two cases. The trial court
granted the motion over defendant’s objection. The jury found defendant guilty of three
counts of second degree robbery and two counts of attempted second degree robbery.
1
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion when it
consolidated the two cases. Defendant also argues the consolidated trial violated his right
to a fair trial. We disagree and affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
I
The Thrift Store Robbery
On June 4, 2011, at 2:00 p.m., an “African-American” man wearing a “gray” or
“black” hooded sweatshirt, a “black beanie” underneath the sweatshirt, and a “dark
bandana” or “scarf” covering his face entered The Thrift Store.1 The man walked up to
the cash registers, where two clerks were standing, pulled out a “black, shiny” long-
barreled2 gun, and said “I want your money. I’m not playing” to one of the clerks. After
failing to take money from the first register, the man pointed the gun at the other clerk
and unsuccessfully attempted to take money out of the other register. He left The Thrift
Store without taking any money. At trial, both clerks viewed surveillance footage and
testified that it accurately depicted the attempted robbery.
II
Taco Bell Robbery
Approximately 30 minutes after the attempted robbery at The Thrift Store, a
“black [man] . . . [wearing] a dark gray sweatshirt” “with the hood over his head,” “dark
jeans,” “a blue scarf across his face” and a “revolver with a long barrel,” walked into a
Taco Bell. The man walked to the cashier, pulled out the long-barreled “pistol,” which
looked like a “cowboy gun,” and told the shift manager, “[g]ive me the money or I’ll
1 The Thrift Store is the name of a thrift shop located in Sacramento.
2 The second clerk could only describe the pistol as “long-barreled.”
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shoot.” The shift manager handed him $177 and the man left. At trial, the shift manager
viewed surveillance footage and testified that it accurately depicted the robbery.
III
Hites Market Robbery
At approximately 6:00 p.m. on the same day, an “African-American” man wearing
a “gray” or “black” hooded sweatshirt, “black [beanie] cap,” and a “[gray] bandana” “tied
around his nose and mouth,” entered Hites Market. The man walked toward the counter
of the store, pulled out a “black-colored revolver” with a “longer barrel” that was either a
“.38 or .357,” and told the two clerks “[y]ou know what this is, you know what this is,”
indicating it was a robbery. The clerk who was standing behind the cash register
retrieved approximately $200 to $300 from the register, while the man held the gun on
the other clerk and told him not to move. The man took the money from the clerk then
left Hites Market.
Immediately after the robbery, one clerk grabbed a pistol from inside the store and
led the other clerk outside to “try to hold” the man who robbed them. Both clerks ran out
the door and the clerk carrying the gun yelled “[f]reeze” or “[h]old on” to the man. As
the man turned toward the clerks with his gun drawn, the clerk shot him, and the man ran
away. The clerks continued to pursue the man and saw him again with his mask and
hood off. The man fired four to five shots at the clerks and fled.
Defendant was admitted to Kaiser Hospital with a gunshot wound about 20
minutes after the Hites Market robbery occurred. Around the same time, police, who
arrived at Hites Market, took the clerks to the same hospital to identify a man with a
gunshot wound who police thought was the robbery suspect. Because defendant was in
surgery, the clerks could not identify him as the robbery suspect. The police then took
the clerks back to Hites Market to inspect clothing found on the robbery suspect at the
hospital and discovered in a lot behind Hites Market. The clerks identified a “black
hooded sweatshirt or jacket” with a “Carhartt emblem on the [left-hand] side of it” and a
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bullet hole in it, a “black skull cap or beanie,” a “gray piece of cloth,” “a pair of jeans,” a
gray shirt with a bullet hole in it, basketball shorts, and underwear as the clothes
defendant wore during the robbery. The police also showed both clerks a six-photograph
lineup within one to two hours of the robbery and both clerks identified defendant’s
photo.
At trial, one of the clerks viewed surveillance footage and testified that it
accurately depicted the robbery. Both clerks also testified that they clearly saw the
robber after his mask and hood were off and it was defendant.
IV
Police Officer Testimony Regarding The Robberies
Sacramento Police Officer Pamela Prather saw defendant at the hospital after he
was admitted for a gunshot wound approximately 20 minutes after the Hites Market
robbery. Officer Prather also viewed hospital surveillance footage of defendant arriving
and testified defendant was wearing “dark” clothes.
Detective Joseph Ellis viewed the surveillance footage from The Thrift Store and
Taco Bell robberies and still photos from the surveillance footage of the Hites Market
robbery. In both The Thrift Store and Taco Bell robberies, Detective Ellis testified that
the man was “African-American,” and was “wearing the exact same clothing,” “black
hooded sweatshirt [with] . . . a white or very light colored emblem on the left breast of
the sweatshirt,” black or dark blue “basketball style shorts,” bright or light blue tennis
shoes, and had a “dark-colored revolver.” Detective Ellis also testified that the suspect in
the Hites Market robbery appeared to be the same person who robbed The Thrift Store
and Taco Bell because the person was wearing the same “black hooded sweatshirt [with]
. . . the white- or light-colored logo on the breast,” and the only difference in clothing was
that he was wearing pants not shorts. Detective Ellis also testified that the gun in the
surveillance footage and photos looked similar and the suspect in the footage held the gun
in a similar manner, distinctive from other robberies with which the detective was
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familiar. Specifically, he testified that the suspect held the gun in his right hand
“loosely” and with a “limp wrist,” which is different from other robberies where suspects
generally hold the gun in their pocket or point it at the victim’s face.
V
Phone Calls Made By Defendant From Jail
While awaiting trial, defendant made phone calls while in custody that discussed
the various robberies. Over the course of the calls defendant stated, “I needed some
dough . . . and . . . I did what I did and . . . I wasn’t expecting . . . to have two holes in my
body.” “[T]hey not playing with robberies.” “They have not been for a while and then I
-- I discharged -- I discharged a firearm.” “I heard they added two or three cases to . . .
my stuff.” “Yeah basically . . . it’s some . . . different shit from the same day they added
on. I already knew it was coming but just a matter of time.” “[T]hey gonna build
something, they’re gonna find what they’re gonna find and they found what they gonna
found. And now I got three cases instead of one.” At trial, the jury heard each phone call
and received a written transcript of each call.
VI
Motion To Consolidate
Prior to trial, the People made a motion to consolidate two separate complaints
that contained charges for all three robberies, arguing the crimes were all of the same
class and involved some of the same evidence. In opposition to the motion, defendant
argued that although “they can be joined” by statute, the evidence regarding identity was
not cross-admissible under Evidence Code3 section 1101. Although defendant admitted
he had not seen all of the surveillance footage, he argued that the identification evidence
was not strong enough to meet the cross-admissibility standard of section 1101.
3 All further section references are to the Evidence Code.
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Defendant argued it was improper for identification evidence from The Thrift Store and
Taco Bell robberies to be “bootstrapped” with the stronger identification evidence from
the Hites Market robbery. The trial court granted the motion to consolidate the two
complaints because the People represented that they viewed each of the surveillance
videos, the robbery suspect appeared to wear the same clothes and hold the gun in a
similar manner in each of the surveillance videos, the robberies occurred on the same
date, in the same geographic area, and are the same class of crimes.
At trial, the jury found defendant guilty of three counts of second degree robbery
and two counts of attempted second degree robbery.
DISCUSSION
Defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in consolidating the two
cases prior to trial. Defendant also contends consolidation of the two cases resulted in an
unfair trial because the evidence of the three robberies was not cross-admissible. We
disagree. The trial court did not abuse its discretion and defendant received a fair trial.
I
The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Granting The Motion To Consolidate
Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion in consolidating the cases
because the identification evidence was not cross-admissible. We disagree.
Penal Code section 954 permits consolidation of separate criminal cases where the
accusatory pleadings charge “two or more different offenses connected together in their
commission” or are “two or more different offenses of the same class of crimes or
offenses.” The trial court “ ‘in the interest of justice and for good cause shown, may, in
its discretion,’ ” sever or consolidate different offenses. (People v. Gonzales and Soliz
(2011) 52 Cal.4th 254, 281.) “The party seeking severance has the burden to establish a
substantial danger of prejudice requiring the charges to be separately tried. [Citation.]
Refusal to sever may be an abuse of discretion where . . . evidence of the crimes to be
jointly tried would not be cross-admissible in separate trials . . . . If evidence on each of
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the joined crimes would have been admissible in a separate trial of the other crimes, then
such cross-admissibility ordinarily dispels any inference of prejudice.” (Gonzales and
Soliz, at pp. 281-282.)
Section 1101, subdivision (b), allows “the admission of evidence that a person
committed a crime . . . when relevant to prove some fact (such as . . . identity . . .) other
than his or her disposition to commit such an act.” “[T]here exists a continuum
concerning the degree of similarity required for cross-admissibility, depending upon the
purpose for which introduction of the evidence is sought[,] . . . the highest degree of
similarity is required to prove identity.” (People v. Soper (2009) 45 Cal.4th 759, 776.)
“For identity to be established, the uncharged misconduct and the charged offense must
share common features that are sufficiently distinctive so as to support the inference that
the same person committed both acts. [Citation.] ‘The pattern and characteristics of the
crimes must be so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature.’ ” (People v. Ewoldt
(1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 403.) “The inference of identity, moreover, need not depend on
one or more unique or nearly unique common features; features of substantial but lesser
distinctiveness may yield a distinctive combination when considered together.” (People
v. Miller (1990) 50 Cal.3d 954, 987.) We review a trial court’s decision to consolidate
separate counts for abuse of discretion “based on the record when the motion was heard.”
(People v. Gonzales and Soliz, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 281.)
At the hearing on the motion to consolidate, the People provided sufficiently
distinctive evidence to support a reasonable conclusion that the robber in both cases was
defendant. The People proffered that the robber who appeared in each of the three
surveillance footage videos wore “identical clothing,” used the same revolver gun, and
held the gun in the same manner. The People also asserted the clothes defendant wore
when he was admitted to a local hospital for a gunshot wound were taken by police as
evidence and were identical to the clothes the robber wore. In addition to the physical
evidence, the geographical proximity of the crimes and the fact the robberies occurred on
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the same date both support an inference defendant committed all of the robberies. Taken
together, the arguments presented by the People demonstrated a distinctive combination
of features regarding defendant’s identity that provided a sufficient basis for the trial
court to grant the motion to consolidate.
II
Consolidating The Cases Did Not Result In Gross Unfairness To Defendant
Defendant contends consolidation of the two cases resulted in an unfair trial
because the evidence of the three robberies was not cross-admissible. Defendant does not
point to any objection he made during trial to the cross-admissibility of the evidence. In
any event, we reject his argument -- the evidence was cross-admissible.
“[E]ven if a trial court’s ruling on a motion to sever is correct at the time it was
made, a reviewing court still must determine whether, in the end, the joinder of counts
resulted in gross unfairness depriving the defendant of due process of law.” (People v.
Gonzales and Soliz, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 281.) However, “ ‘the difficulty of showing
prejudice from denial of severance is so great that the courts almost invariably reject the
claim of abuse of discretion.’ ” (People v. Matson (1974) 13 Cal.3d 35, 39.)
Here, had the trial court severed the charges, evidence of the separate robberies
would have been admissible in separate trials pursuant to section 1101, subdivision (b), to
prove identity. Although eyewitnesses at The Thrift Store and Taco Bell robberies did
not provide as detailed testimony as the eyewitnesses in the Hites Market robbery, the
surveillance footage of the robberies, police testimony, and defendant’s inculpatory
phone calls all reasonably supported the conclusion that defendant committed all three
robberies.
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In making his argument against cross-admissibility, defendant completely fails to
mention that there was video surveillance footage corroborating eyewitness testimony for
each robbery regarding his identity. Eyewitness testimony from The Thrift Store and
Taco Bell robberies generally provided an accurate and similar description of the person
who robbed each location. The eyewitnesses also identified defendant’s bloodied hooded
sweatshirt with the light colored logo on the left breast that police recovered from the
Hites Market robbery, which police testified defendant wore in the other two robberies.
More importantly, video surveillance evidence and police testimony indicating the
perpetrator of all three robberies was defendant demonstrated that the various robberies
shared sufficiently distinctive and common features. In the surveillance footage, the gun
used in each robbery that day was a black “long barreled” revolver pistol that looked like
a “cowboy gun,” and the robber held the gun in a similar manner in each incident.
Because the surveillance footage showed the robber using the same revolver pistol and
wearing the same clothes in each of the three robberies, the evidence was sufficiently
distinctive to prove identity.
The phone calls made by defendant while in custody, which defendant also fails to
address in his brief, support the conclusion that defendant committed all three robberies
and validate the eyewitness testimony and video surveillance evidence of the crimes.
Defendant essentially admitted to being shot after he robbed Hites Market, discharging a
firearm, and anticipating the police would link the three robberies together and charge
him with crimes arising out of each robbery. When considered together with the other
identification evidence, the phone calls support the inference that defendant committed
all three robberies.
The cross-admissibility of the evidence of the three robberies dispels any inference
of prejudice, and the trial court’s consolidation of the cases did not result in any
unfairness to defendant.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
ROBIE , Acting P. J.
We concur:
BUTZ , J.
DUARTE , J.
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