In re Estate of Feinberg

Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

In re Estate of Feinberg, 2014 IL App (1st) 112219

Appellate Court In re ESTATE OF ERLA FEINBERG, Deceased (Michele Trull,
Caption Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. Leila Taylor, Marshall
Taylor and Michael Feinberg, Defendants-Appellees and Cross-
Appellants).–FIFTH THIRD BANK, as Trustee under the Trusts of
Erla Feinberg and Max Feinberg, Petitioner-Appellant, v. LEILA R.
TAYLOR, Individually and as Coexecutor of the Will of Erla
Feinberg, Deceased; MICHAEL B. FEINBERG, Individually and as
Coexecutor of the Will of Erla Feinberg, Deceased; and MARSHALL
TAYLOR, Respondents-Appellees.

District & No. First District, First Division
Docket Nos. 1-11-2219, 1-11-2258, 1-12-2476, 1-12-2715 cons.

Filed February 3, 2014
Rehearing denied March 14, 2014

Held In a complex set of actions arising from the distribution of trust assets
(Note: This syllabus to the settlors’ descendants, the trial court’s order approving a
constitutes no part of the distribution plan proposed by the bank acting as the trustee under the
opinion of the court but trusts at issue was affirmed, but the cause was remanded for further
has been prepared by the proceedings in accord with the reversal of the trial court’s
Reporter of Decisions determination that a small amount of assets had been misappropriated
for the convenience of from an account that belonged to one settlor and that a condominium
the reader.) belonging to that settlor was not subject to recovery.

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 04-L-7195,
Review 04-P-5093, 05-P-0173; the Hon. Susan M. Coleman, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
 Counsel on Ice Miller, LLP, of Chicago (John D. Burke, Douglas A. Henning,
Appeal Richard C. Johnson, Erin M. Eckhoff, and Nicholas A. Casto, of
counsel), for appellant Fifth Third Bank.

Ethan E. Trull, of Highland Park, and Christopher Langone, of Ithaca,
New York, for appellant Michele Trull.

Thompson Coburn, LLP, of Chicago (Robert H. Lang, of counsel), for
appellees Leila Taylor and Marshall Taylor.

Dahl & Bonadies, LLC, of Chicago (James E. Dahl and William D.
Nagel, of counsel), for appellee Michael B. Feinberg.

Panel JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justices Hoffman and Delort concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Following a bench trial in the circuit court of Cook County, the trial court entered a May
16, 2011 judgment, pursuant to a citation to recover assets filed by petitioner Fifth Third
Bank as trustee of the Erla Feinberg Trust, against respondent Michael Feinberg in the
amount of $788,957 and against respondents Leila and Marshall Taylor in the amount of
$1,911,107. The May 16, 2011 order also found that Fifth Third Bank’s recovery of assets to
the Erla Feinberg Trust was an adequate remedy to the relief sought by plaintiff Michele
Trull in an action alleging misappropriation of funds against defendants Michael Feinberg,
Leila Taylor and Marshall Taylor. On August 10, 2012, the trial court entered an order
approving Fifth Third Bank’s proposed plan of distribution of the assets in the Max Feinberg
Trust and the Erla Feinberg Trust. On appeal, Leila and Marshall Taylor challenge the trial
court’s May 16, 2011 order, which ordered them to return $1,911,107 to the Erla Feinberg
Trust, and they challenge the trial court’s August 10, 2012 order granting Fifth Third Bank’s
proposed plan of distribution of the assets. Michele Trull also appeals the May 16, 2011 and
August 10, 2012 orders. On cross-appeal, Fifth Third Bank argues that the trial court erred in
denying its request for prejudgment interest on the recovered assets. Michael Feinberg does
not appeal the trial court’s May 16, 2011 ruling, which ordered him to return $788,957 to the
Erla Feinberg Trust. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part the
judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

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¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 This case involves an extremely complex factual and procedural background, and thus,
our recitation of the facts is limited to those that are pertinent to our resolution of this appeal.
On December 4, 1986, Max Feinberg (Max) died. Max was survived by his wife, Erla
Feinberg (Erla), and their two adult children, Michael Feinberg (Michael) and Leila Taylor
(Leila). Michael is married to Marcy Feinberg (Marcy). 1 Michael has two adult children from
his prior marriage: Michele Trull (Michele) and Aron Feinberg (Aron). Leila is married to
Marshall Taylor (Marshall) (collectively, the Taylors). The Taylors, who have lived in
California since 1969, have three adult children: Jon Taylor (Jon), Aimee Taylor Severe
(Aimee) and Lisa Taylor Schroeder (Lisa).
¶4 At the time of Max’s death in 1986, Max and Erla each had a trust (collectively, the
Feinberg Trusts), and their estate plans were mirror images of one another. The Max
Feinberg Trust (the Max Trust) provided that upon Max’s death and after payment of
expenses, the trustee shall allocate the trust corpus into two separate trusts for tax
reasons–“Trust A” and “Trust B.” Both Trust A and Trust B were designed to provide for the
“support, medical care and welfare” of Erla during her lifetime. The Max Trust provided that
upon the death of Erla, the assets of Trust A and Trust B would be distributed amongst their
children and grandchildren. The Max Trust also granted Erla a limited lifetime power of
appointment to distribute the assets of Trust B to her descendants. Both the Max Trust and
the Erla Feinberg Trust (the Erla Trust) contained what the parties refer to as the “Jewish
clause,” which stated that any descendant, other than Michael and Leila, who married outside
of the Jewish faith would be deemed deceased for the purposes of the trust instrument as of
the date of the marriage. In September 1984, Max and Erla executed a first amendment to the
Feinberg Trusts, which amended the Jewish clause to permit a non-Jewish spouse to convert
to Judaism within one year of the marriage.
¶5 On June 29, 1994, Erla signed a durable power of attorney naming her children, Michael
and Leila, as her agents.
¶6 On July 23, 1997, Erla exercised her lifetime power of appointment (the 1997
appointment) over the Max Trust, directing that, upon her death, Michael and Leila and any
of her grandchildren who were not deemed deceased under the Max Trust, shall receive
$250,000 from the Max Trust. The 1997 appointment specified that “[i]f any of my
grandchildren are deemed deceased then the [$250,000 share] shall be paid equally to the
parents of that grandchild.” On that same day, July 23, 1997, Erla executed a second
amendment to the Erla Trust (the second amendment), which deleted the Jewish clause from
her own trust and directed that, immediately upon her death, a sum of $100,000 be
distributed to each of her five grandchildren–Michele, Aron, Jon, Aimee and Lisa.
¶7 On October 1, 2003, Erla died. By the time of Erla’s death, all five grandchildren had
been married for more than one year. Only Marshall and Leila’s son, Jon, met the condition
of the Jewish clause and was entitled to receive $250,000 from the Max Trust, as directed by
Erla’s 1997 appointment.

1
The spelling of Marcy’s name varies throughout the record.
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¶8 In 2004, Michele filed a lawsuit against Michael and the Taylors in the law division of
the circuit court of Cook County, alleging that they misappropriated millions of dollars in
assets from Max’s and Erla’s estates (case No. 04 L 7195). 2 In the third amended complaint,
Michele alleged counts for intentional interference with testamentary expectancy (counts I
and II), conspiracy by the Taylors and Michael to intentionally interfere with testamentary
expectancy (count III), and requested that a constructive trust be imposed against Michael
and the Taylors for assets and funds which they had misappropriated from Erla and from the
estates of Max and Erla (count IV). Michael and the Taylors sought to dismiss the lawsuit on
the basis that Michele had no interest in Max’s estate because she was deemed deceased
under the provision of the Jewish clause in the Max Trust. The trial court held that the Jewish
clause was invalid on public policy grounds. On June 30, 2008, in an interlocutory appeal,
this court affirmed the trial court and held that the Jewish clause in the Max Trust was
contrary to public policy and, thus, unenforceable. In re Estate of Feinberg, 383 Ill. App. 3d
992 (2008). On September 24, 2009, our supreme court reversed the rulings of the appellate
and trial courts, holding that Max’s estate plan, when assessed in conjunction with Erla’s
directions for distribution under the 1997 appointment, did not violate public policy. In re
Estate of Feinberg, 235 Ill. 2d 256 (2009). Specifically, the supreme court found the Jewish
clause valid.
¶9 On May 22, 2007, while the interlocutory appeal was pending, Fifth Third Bank (the
Bank), as the corporate trustee of the Feinberg Trusts, filed a petition for citation to recover
assets (the recovery citation) against Michael and Leila, as coexecutors of Erla’s estate, and
against Marshall. The recovery citation sought to recover assets and property which belonged
to the corpus of the Feinberg Trusts and which were allegedly misappropriated by Michael
and the Taylors: funds withdrawn from Erla’s various convenience bank accounts (count I);
funds to maintain and improve Erla’s condominiums (count II); funds taken from a Vanguard
investment account (count III); and cash belonging to Erla in a safe deposit box (count IV).
On August 28, 2009, the trial court granted Michele’s motion for joinder to the Bank’s
recovery citation. After joining as a party to the recovery citation, Michele sought leave of
court to amend the recovery citation to include the recovery of Erla’s Florida condominium,
funds taken from Erla’s “gifting program,” and a claim for punitive damages. The trial court
denied Michele leave to amend the recovery citation to include a claim for punitive damages,
but granted her leave to amend the recovery citation to include Erla’s Florida condominium
and funds taken from Erla’s “gifting program.”
¶ 10 On remand from the supreme court’s 2009 ruling, on February 8, 2010, the Taylors’ son,
Jon, as a beneficiary of the Feinberg Trusts, filed a motion for summary judgment on the
recovery citation. He argued that the 1997 appointment and the second amendment were
invalid because they were drafted by his nonattorney father, Marshall. On April 14, 2010, the
trial court denied Jon’s motion for summary judgment on the recovery citation.

2
Michele’s 2004 law division case was consolidated with two probate cases concerning the probate
of Erla’s estate (case No. 04 P 5093) and the probate of Max’s estate (case No. 05 P 0173).
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¶ 11 Prior to trial on the recovery citation and Michele’s tort action against Michael and the
Taylors, the trial court determined that a fiduciary relationship existed as a matter of law
between Michael, Leila and Erla as of June 29, 1994, when Erla signed a durable power of
attorney naming both Michael and Leila as her agents. From May 24, 2010 to June 3, 2010, a
bench trial was held to resolve the complaint following resolution of the interlocutory appeal.
The court heard the testimony of the Taylors; Michael; Marcy; Michele; the Bank’s expert
witness, William Thullen (Thullen); Michele’s expert witness, Scott Stringer (Stringer); the
Bank’s regional fiduciary executive, David Frye (Frye); and the Bank’s portfolio manager,
Walter Tizura (Tizura). At trial, the trial court granted a motion for a directed finding in favor
of the Taylors and Michael on Michele’s claim of conspiracy to intentionally interfere with
testamentary expectancy (count III).
¶ 12 On May 16, 2011, the trial court entered an order granting the recovery citation, filed by
the Bank, which stated that the Taylors were deemed to hold $1,911,107 plus reasonable
attorney fees and costs in “constructive trust” for the benefit of the Erla Trust, and that
Michael was deemed to hold in “constructive trust” $788,957 plus reasonable attorney fees
and costs for the benefit of the Erla Trust. The trial court found that the Taylors and Michael,
as fiduciaries to Erla, failed to rebut the presumption that the transactions by which they
benefitted were the product of fraud or undue influence over Erla. However, the court found
that Erla’s annual gifting program was “wisely implemented to take advantage of the annual
gift tax exclusions” and that Erla was aware of the program. The court further found that
evidence at trial was insufficient to subject Erla’s Florida condominium to recovery. The trial
court then denied the Bank’s request for prejudgment interest on the recovered assets. The
trial court further found that, based on its findings with regard to the recovery citation, the
remaining counts of Michele’s tort action alleging intentional interference with testamentary
expectancy need not proceed as they were duplicative of the remedy sought in the recovery
citation filed by the Bank. The trial court then allowed Michele to file a separate petition for
attorney fees. 3
¶ 13 On June 14, 2011, Michele filed a petition for attorney fees. On June 28, 2011, the trial
court denied the Taylors’ motion to reconsider its May 16, 2011 order, and clarified that the
May 16, 2011 ruling was final and appealable pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
304(b)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 2006).
¶ 14 On July 27, 2011, the Taylors filed a notice of appeal, which appealed the trial court’s
May 16, 2011 order and June 28, 2011 ruling denying the Taylors’ motion to reconsider
(appeal No. 1-11-2258). On that same day, July 27, 2011, Michele filed a notice of appeal,
which appealed the trial court’s May 16, 2011 order (appeal No. 1-11-2219). On August 3,

3
Although our supreme court, in its September 24, 2009 ruling on interlocutory appeal in In re
Estate of Feinberg, 235 Ill. 2d 256 (2009), held that the Jewish clause in the Max Trust was valid and
did not violate public policy, Michele may nevertheless remain as a party on remand in the instant
lawsuit because she is a descendant and distributee under the Erla Trust, which had eliminated the
Jewish clause by virtue of the second amendment in 1997.

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 2011, the Bank filed a notice of cross-appeal, which appealed the portion of the May 16,
2011 order that denied its request for prejudgment interest on the recovered assets. Michael
does not appeal the trial court’s May 16, 2011 ruling which ordered him to return $788,957
to the Erla Trust. 4
¶ 15 On August 19, 2011, the Bank filed a petition for instructions, seeking instructions from
the trial court on how the assets of the Feinberg Trusts should be distributed. The petition for
instructions proposed that the trial court resolve certain issues, including whether the 1997
appointment and the second amendment to the Erla Trust were valid, before any trust assets
would be distributed. On November 30, 2011, the Taylors filed a response to the Bank’s
petition for instructions, arguing that the 1997 appointment and the second amendment to the
Erla Trust were invalid. On January 11, 2012, the trial court denied the petition for
instructions, finding that the “time for contests regarding the validity of the testamentary
documents has long since passed.” The trial court found that our supreme court’s 2009 ruling
in this case was law of the case, and that the 1997 appointment and the second amendment
were not the subject of contests before the supreme court and “they cannot be the subject of a
contest now.” See In re Estate of Feinberg, 235 Ill. 2d 256.
¶ 16 On March 9, 2012, the trial court entered an order granting the Bank, as trustee of the
Erla Trust, a total of $540,000 in attorney fees, to be imposed against Michael ($270,000)
and the Taylors ($270,000) equally. On March 26, 2012, the trial court entered an order,
nun pro tunc March 9, 2012, clarifying that the total amount of $540,000 in attorney fees
awarded to the Bank as trustee of the Erla Trust shall be apportioned severally between
Michael in the amount of $270,000 and the Taylors in the amount of $270,000. The order
specifically stated that there was “no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal or both
pursuant to Rule 304(a).” On May 17, 2012, the trial court entered an order awarding
Michele $100,000 in attorney fees from the amounts recovered pursuant to the recovery
citation.
¶ 17 On May 25, 2012, the Bank filed a petition to approve its proposed plan of distribution of
the assets (distribution plan), which proposed that, pursuant to the 1997 appointment, the
$250,000 share to each of the four grandchildren (Michele, Aron, Aimee and Lisa) who are
deemed deceased under the Max Trust, for a total of $1 million, be split equally between
Michael ($500,000) and Leila ($500,000). The distribution plan also proposed that, pursuant
to the second amendment to the Erla Trust, $100,000 be distributed to each of the five
grandchildren (Michele, Aron, Jon, Aimee and Lisa). The distribution plan proposed that, per
the terms of the Erla Trust, any remaining assets in the Erla Trust would be split into
individual trusts for the beneficiaries as follows: Michael Trust 25%; Leila Trust 25%;
Michele Trust 12.5%; Aron Trust 12.5%; Jon Trust 8.33%; Aimee Trust 8.33%; and Lisa
Trust 8.33%. The distribution plan also recommended that the funds held in trust for Michael
and Leila be distributed to them outright. It further proposed that funds distributed to Michael
as a beneficiary of the Feinberg Trusts be credited against his $788,957 judgment in this case

4
However, Michael does file a response brief before this court to address issues raised by other
parties on appeal which pertain to him.
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 until it is paid in full. On August 10, 2012, the trial court approved the distribution plan and
ordered the Bank to distribute the funds from the Feinberg Trusts accordingly. The trial court
further ordered the Bank to retain sufficient funds in the Feinberg Trusts to cover Leila’s and
Michael’s petitions for fees as coexecutors of Max’s and Erla’s estates. The August 10, 2012
order included Rule 304(a) language that there was “no just reason to delay enforcement,
appeal or both.”
¶ 18 On August 20, 2012, Michele filed a notice of appeal, which appealed the trial court’s
August 10, 2012 order (appeal No. 1-12-2476). On September 6, 2012, Leila, individually
and as coexecutor of Erla’s estate, filed a notice of appeal to the trial court’s August 10, 2012
order (appeal No. 1-12-2715). On October 17, 2012, this court consolidated the four appeals
(appeal Nos. 1-11-2219; 1-11-2258; 1-12-2476; and 1-12-2715).
¶ 19 On October 30, 2012, upon petition for fees filed by Leila and Michael as coexecutors of
Max’s and Erla’s estates, the trial court ordered the Bank to pay Michael $92,237.12 in fees
from the Erla Trust for work performed as coexecutor of Max’s and Erla’s estates. On
December 19, 2012, the trial court ordered the Bank to pay Leila $48,890.07 in fees from the
Erla Trust and $16,581.18 from the Max Trust for work performed as coexecutor of Max’s
and Erla’s estates.

¶ 20 ANALYSIS
¶ 21 This consolidated appeal by the Taylors and Michele, as well as a cross-appeal filed by
the Bank, stem from the trial court’s May 16, 2011 order. The appeal by the Taylors and
Michele also challenges the trial court’s August 10, 2012 order. This court has proper
jurisdiction over this consolidated appeal and cross-appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 304(b)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 2006), which pertains to final judgments and orders
“entered in the administration of an estate, guardianship, or similar proceeding which finally
determines a right or status of a party.” For ease of understanding, we address each party’s
arguments in turn. The facts and arguments are many.
¶ 22 On appeal, the Taylors argue that: (1) Michele lacks standing and is not a proper
beneficiary to the Erla Trust; (2) the distribution plan was invalid because it was based on a
void trust agreement; (3) evidence at trial did not establish that Marshall’s fiduciary
relationship with Erla began in 1986; (4) funds taken from the Vanguard account should not
have been returned to the Erla Trust; (5) the trial court erred in failing to apply a “missing
evidence” presumption against Michael; and (6) the trial court erred in finding that the
Taylors misappropriated $18,770 from a Morgan Stanley account.
¶ 23 As an initial matter, we address the Taylors’ argument that Michele lacks standing to
pursue a claim as well as this appeal and is not a proper beneficiary to the Erla Trust. The
basis for their argument is that the second amendment to the Erla Trust, which deleted the
Jewish clause, was void as contrary to public policy because it was drafted by a nonlawyer,
namely, Marshall. The thrust of the Taylors’ argument is that, if the second amendment was
void, the Jewish clause in the Erla Trust would again become effective, thus deeming
Michele deceased under the Erla Trust and barring her claims against the Taylors in their

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 entirety. The Taylors point to section 2BB of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business
Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/2BB (West 2008)), which provides that
a nonlawyer who drafts a trust document is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor. The Taylors
also argue that the 1997 appointment, which was also drafted by Marshall, was void for the
same reason.
¶ 24 We find that the Taylors’ challenge to the validity of the second amendment and the 1997
appointment is essentially a trust contest. Section 8-1(f) of the Probate Act of 1975 (Probate
Act) states that “[a]n action to set aside or contest the validity of a revocable inter vivos trust
agreement or declaration of trust to which a legacy is provided by the settlor’s will which is
admitted to probate shall be commenced within and not after the time to contest the validity
of a will as provided in section (a) of this [s]ection and [s]ection 13-223 of the Code of Civil
Procedure.” 755 ILCS 5/8-1(f) (West 2008). Section 8-1(a) of the Probate Act provides that
an action to contest the validity of a will must be filed within six months after the admission
of the will to probate. 755 ILCS 5/8-1(a) (West 2008); 735 ILCS 5/13-223 (West 2008) (an
action to contest the validity of a trust agreement shall commence within the time to contest
the validity of a will under the Probate Act). The six-month limitation period is a
jurisdictional limitation barring any claim to contest the validity of a will or trust filed
beyond that period. In re Estate of Luccio, 2012 IL App (1st) 121153, ¶ 20. On September 8,
2004, Erla’s will was admitted to probate (case No. 04 P 5093) and Max’s will was admitted
to probate on January 24, 2005 (case No. 05 P 0173). Thus, any action contesting the validity
of the second amendment or the 1997 appointment was required to have been filed within six
months–by March 8, 2005 or July 24, 2005, at the latest. However, no party contested these
trust instruments within the appropriate time period. As the trial court correctly noted in its
April 10, 2010 ruling denying Jon’s motion for summary judgment on the recovery citation
and the court’s January 11, 2012 order denying the Bank’s petition for instructions, this was
a “trust contest that is about five years too late.” The court also noted that the “time for
contests regarding the testamentary documents has long since passed.” Accordingly, the
Taylors’ challenges to the validity of the second amendment and the 1997 appointment are
untimely.
¶ 25 Nonetheless, the Taylors argue that they do not contest the trust instruments but, rather,
request this court to construe the second amendment as void against public policy because it
was drafted by Marshall, a nonlawyer, in violation of section 2BB of the Consumer Fraud
Act. See 815 ILCS 505/2BB (West 2008). For support, they cite Landheer v. Landheer, 383
Ill. App. 3d 317 (2008), and Herlehy v. Mary V. Bistersky Trust, 407 Ill. App. 3d 878 (2010).
¶ 26 Our supreme court has held that the General Assembly did not intend the Consumer
Fraud Act to apply to conduct which takes place outside of Illinois. See Avery v. State Farm
Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 216 Ill. 2d 100, 185 (2005). At trial, Marshall testified
that, after consulting an attorney, Marshall drafted both the second amendment and the 1997
appointment in California and that Erla signed these documents while visiting the Taylors’
home in California. None of the circumstances surrounding the drafting or signing of the
documents occurred in Illinois and, thus, the Consumer Fraud Act does not apply in this case.
We further find the Taylors’ cited cases, Landheer and Herlehy, to be factually
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 distinguishable, where the conduct which gave rise to the holdings in those cases took place
in Illinois and, thus, triggered the applicability of the Consumer Fraud Act.
¶ 27 Moreover, we find that the law-of-the-case doctrine bars the Taylors’ challenge to the
validity of the 1997 appointment. Generally, the law-of-the-case doctrine prohibits
reconsideration of issues which have been decided in a prior appeal. In re Christopher K.,
217 Ill. 2d 348, 365 (2005). “The rule is that no question which was raised or could have
been raised in a prior appeal on the merits can be urged on subsequent appeal and those not
raised are considered waived.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Preferred Personnel
Services, Inc. v. Meltzer, Purtill & Stelle, LLC, 387 Ill. App. 3d 933, 947 (2009). Where there
are no material changes in the facts since the prior appeal, such issues may not be relitigated
in the trial court or reexamined in a second appeal. In re Christopher K., 217 Ill. 2d at 365.
The purpose behind the law-of-the-case doctrine is to “protect[ ] settled expectations of the
parties, ensure[ ] uniformity of decisions, maintain[ ] consistency during the course of a
single case, effectuate[ ] proper administration of justice, and bring[ ] litigation to an end.”
Long v. Elborno, 397 Ill. App. 3d 982, 989 (2010). Here, our supreme court’s previous ruling
in this case explicitly relied upon the existence and validity of the 1997 appointment in
reaching its decision regarding the terms of the Max Trust. See In re Estate of Feinberg, 235
Ill. 2d at 281. At no time did the Taylors or any other party assert while the case was under
consideration in our supreme court, that the 1997 appointment was void. Specifically, there
were no material changes in the facts of this case since the prior appeal. To reconsider the
validity of the 1997 appointment at this juncture in the litigation after our supreme court had
previously relied upon its validity would violate the settled expectations of the parties,
undermine consistency in this case, and create an erroneous example for other cases.
Therefore, we hold that Michele has standing to pursue her claims as a proper beneficiary of
the Erla Trust.
¶ 28 Turning to the merits of the case, we examine the Taylors’ challenge to the distribution
plan, which was proposed by the Bank and approved by the trial court on August 10, 2012.
To the extent that the Taylors argue that the distribution plan was invalid because it was
based on the invalidity of the second amendment and the 1997 appointment, this argument is
defeated based on our holding rejecting the Taylors’ challenges to the validity of these trust
instruments. Likewise, we reject the Taylors’ assertion that allowing the second amendment
and the 1997 appointment to stand would be inconsistent with the trial court’s May 16, 2011
order finding another document prepared by Marshall–a “gift document”–to be invalid. The
“gift document” was not a trust instrument, but instead was a document drafted by Marshall
and signed by Erla which purportedly gifted Leila with the funds of Erla’s investment
account.
¶ 29 In the alternative, the Taylors, without citing any legal authority, challenge the
distribution plan on the basis that it did not strictly follow all of the terms of the 1997
appointment. The 1997 appointment specified that, upon Erla’s death, Michael and Leila and
any grandchildren who were not deemed deceased under the Max Trust shall receive
$250,000, and that the $250,000 share of each grandchild who was deemed deceased under
the Max Trust “shall be paid equally to the parents of that grandchild.” (Emphasis added.)
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 The distribution plan called for the $250,000 share of each “deceased” grandchild to be split
equally between Michael and Leila. According to the Taylors, Marshall (father of Lisa and
Aimee) and Marion (mother of Michele and Aron), who are parents of a “deceased”
grandchild, should also each receive $250,000. Further, the Taylors argue in the alternative,
without citing any legal authority and without any citation to the record, that the “5X5
language” in the Max Trust was not strictly followed in the distribution plan. We find these
alternative arguments to be forfeited. See In re Marriage of Wassom, 352 Ill. App. 3d 327,
332-33 (2004) (failure to cite legal authority in a party’s brief forfeits the issue for review);
Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006) (failure to cite to pages of the record relied upon in
support of the contentions in a party’s brief forfeits the arguments for review). Forfeiture
aside, paragraph 3.3(c) of the Max Trust empowered Erla to distribute the principal of the
Max Trust to his “descendants.” We find that Marshall and Marion were not descendants of
Max 5 and thus were ineligible to take under the 1997 appointment. Thus, the trial court did
not err in approving the Bank’s distribution plan to allow only Michael and Leila, as both
descendants of Max and parents to Max’s “deceased” grandchildren, to receive equal shares
of the “deceased” grandchildren’s inheritance.
¶ 30 We next determine whether the trial court erred in finding that Marshall’s fiduciary
relationship with Erla began in 1986, which we review under a manifest weight of the
evidence standard. See Kurtz v. Solomon, 275 Ill. App. 3d 643, 645 (1995). A trial court’s
finding is not against the manifest weight of the evidence unless an opposite conclusion is
clearly evident. In re Estate of Wilson, 238 Ill. 2d 519, 570 (2010). If the record contains any
evidence to support the trial court’s judgment, the judgment should be affirmed. Id.
¶ 31 The Bank’s recovery citation alleged that a fiduciary relationship existed between Erla
and each defendant, Marshall, Leila and Michael; consequently, transactions that occurred
after the formation of the fiduciary relationships in which the defendants benefitted were
presumed to be fraudulent. Prior to trial, the trial court determined that a fiduciary
relationship existed as a matter of law between Erla and Michael and Erla and Leila, as a
result of a 1994 durable power of attorney (1994 POA) which Erla signed naming them as
her agents. At trial, Michael admitted that his fiduciary relationship with his mother, Erla,
had existed since the death of his father, Max. Based on this evidence, the trial court found
that Michael’s fiduciary relationship with Erla had existed since the date of Max’s death on
December 4, 1986. As for Marshall, the trial court found that because he was not named as
an agent under Erla’s 1994 POA, a fiduciary relationship did not exist between Erla and
Marshall as a matter of law. Instead, the trial court looked to relevant factors–such as Erla’s
complete trust and confidence in Marshall’s handling of her financial matters, the disparity in
their ages, their kinship, and his drafting of various documents on behalf of Erla–in finding
that Marshall’s fiduciary relationship with Erla began when Max died in 1986 until Erla’s
death in 2003.

5
The terms of the Max Trust provided that, upon Erla’s death, the assets in the Max Trust would be
distributed amongst their children and grandchildren. Because Marshall and Marion were only the
spouses of the adult children of Erla and Max, they were not “descendants” under the Max Trust.
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¶ 32 When no fiduciary relationship exists as a matter of law, the party seeking relief must
show by clear and convincing evidence the existence of such relationship. In re Estate of
Martino, 99 Ill. App. 3d 907, 910 (1981); see Simon v. Wilson, 291 Ill. App. 3d 495, 503
(1997) (where no fiduciary relationship exists as a matter of law, plaintiff must show that
“one party placed trust and confidence in the other so that the latter gained influence and
superiority over the former”). Relevant factors in determining whether a fiduciary
relationship exists include: “the degree of kinship between the parties; the disparity in age,
health, mental condition and education and business experience between the parties; and the
extent to which the ‘servient’ party entrusted the handling of [his] business affairs to the
‘dominant’ party and placed trust and confidence in the ‘dominant’ party.” In re Estate of
Bontkowski, 337 Ill. App. 3d 72, 78 (2003) (citing Gonzalzles v. American Express Credit
Corp., 315 Ill. App. 3d 199, 210 (2000)). Once a fiduciary relationship is shown to exist, the
presumption is that a transaction between the dominant and servient parties which profits the
dominant party is fraudulent. Lemp v. Hauptmann, 170 Ill. App. 3d 753, 757 (1988). “The
dominant party then has the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that the
transaction was fair and equitable and did not result from his undue influence over the
servient party.” Id.
¶ 33 The Taylors do not deny that Marshall had a fiduciary relationship with Erla in 1994,
when Marshall drafted the 1994 POA on behalf of Erla. However, they contest the trial
court’s finding that Marshall became a fiduciary to Erla dating back to Max’s death in 1986,
and argue that he owed no fiduciary duty to Erla between 1986 and 1994. Michele and the
Bank argue that evidence at trial sufficiently showed that Marshall’s fiduciary relationship
with Erla started in 1986.
¶ 34 At trial, evidence was presented that Marshall was about 25 years younger than Erla and
was married to her daughter, Leila. Marshall had a medical degree and later became a
registered investment advisor with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the
State of California. Erla’s education was limited to one year of college. Marshall testified that
he had been advising Erla regarding financial matters since 1986; that he had helped Erla
with her taxes since 1986; that, within a month after Max died, Marshall and Erla contacted
the Bank to arrange for all correspondences and monthly statements concerning investments
in the Feinberg Trusts to be sent solely to Marshall; that Erla relied on Marshall to help her
navigate matters related to the Feinberg Trusts; that, “in the wake of Max’s death,” he
familiarized himself with Erla’s various bank accounts and participated in converting Erla’s
accounts into joint tenancies with Leila and Michael; and that both Max and Erla trusted him
to look after the family’s financial affairs. Trial exhibits showed that on August 2, 1996,
Marshall wrote a letter to the family in which he explained that, between 1986 and 1996, “[i]t
fell on me to oversee the Feinberg investment and give guidance to [Erla] regarding decisions
that needed to be made with regard to the Feinberg Trusts.” A 1986 letter, which was written
by Marshall to Erla two weeks after Max died, included an explanation to Erla regarding “the
mechanics of [the Max Trust] and the money coming to [Erla].” Further, trial evidence
showed that Marshall drafted various documents for Erla after Max’s death, including the

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 1994 POA, the 1997 appointment, the second amendment, “gift letters,” and real estate
documents.
¶ 35 We find that the evidence at trial supported the trial court’s ruling that Marshall’s
fiduciary relationship with Erla began in 1986 after Max died. We find that Michele and the
Bank presented clear and convincing evidence that Erla placed trust and confidence in
Marshall to handle the family’s financial affairs so as to allow Marshall to gain influence and
superiority over Erla. Evidence regarding Marshall’s formal education, the age disparity
between him and Erla, the fact that Erla entrusted management of her assets to Marshall, and
Marshall’s position as Erla’s son-in-law, weighed in favor of finding that Marshall became
Erla’s fiduciary in 1986.
¶ 36 The Taylors, however, citing In re Estate of Rothenberg, 176 Ill. App. 3d 176 (1988),
argue that the trial court’s finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence. They
point to evidence in the record–such as the fact that Marshall was not a trustee of the Erla
Trust and that Marshall lived in California while Michael and Marcy took care of Erla’s daily
needs in Chicago–to suggest that an opposite conclusion was apparent. We disagree.
¶ 37 In In re Estate of Rothenberg, a dispute arose between two sisters over the disposition of
property made by their mother prior to her death. Id. at 178. The mother had executed a land
trust agreement which named her daughters as beneficiaries, but amended it two days later to
exclude one of the daughters. Id. at 179-80. In estate proceedings, the disinherited daughter
alleged that her sister owed their mother a fiduciary duty, that the mother’s mental condition
was such that she could not manage her own affairs and looked to the sister to do so, and that
the sister breached her fiduciary duties to the mother. Id. at 181. The trial court heard
evidence that favored both the disinherited daughter and her sister. Id. at 181-82. In finding
that the evidence did not show that a fiduciary relationship existed between the mother and
the sister, the trial court specifically referred to the testimony of two attorney witnesses who
stated that the mother had the legal capacity, sound mind and sufficient memory to make
legal decisions. Id. at 182. On appeal, the reviewing court declined to substitute its judgment
for that of the trial court and found that the trial court’s ruling was not against the manifest
weight of the evidence. Id. at 184.
¶ 38 Like the Rothenberg court, we decline to substitute our judgment for that of the trial
court. The trial court is in a superior position to hear and weigh the evidence and determine
the credibility of the witnesses. In re Estate of Teall, 329 Ill. App. 3d 83, 91 (2002). We find
that the evidence presented at trial supported the trial court’s finding that Marshall’s
fiduciary relationship with Erla began in 1986. Nor do we accept the Taylors’ argument that
Marshall owed no fiduciary duty to Erla beginning in 1986 on the basis that the status of a
“financial advisor” or “financial planner” did not create a fiduciary relationship. We find the
cases cited by the Taylors in support of this contention to be misplaced. See Joyce v. Morgan
Stanley & Co., 538 F.3d 797 (7th Cir. 2008); Quintas v. Asset Management Group, Inc., 395
Ill. App. 3d 324 (2009); Congregation of the Passion, Holy Cross Province v. Touche Ross &
Co., 224 Ill. App. 3d 559 (1991). Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s finding was not
against the manifest weight of the evidence.

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¶ 39 Next, we determine whether the trial court erred in finding that the $1,630,000 which was
misappropriated by Leila from Erla’s Vanguard account should be returned to the Erla Trust.
¶ 40 In 1993, the Vanguard investment account, in which Erla, Leila and Michael held joint
interests, was established. The Vanguard account was opened with funds from various bank
accounts (the “seed” accounts). The seed accounts consisted solely of funds which were
owned by Erla. Neither Leila nor Michael contributed any funds that were deposited into the
seed accounts or the Vanguard account. All of the seed accounts, except the one held by Old
Kent Bank, were held in joint tenancy by Erla, Leila and Michael. The Taylors received bank
statements and maintained a checkbook for the Vanguard account at their home in California.
It is undisputed that in 2002, over the course of four separate transactions, Leila transferred a
total of $1,630,000 from the Vanguard account into her own personal bank account. In the
May 16, 2011 order, the trial court found that the establishment of the Vanguard account in
1993 at Marshall’s direction and Leila’s deposit of the $1,630,000 into her own bank account
in 2002, were presumed to be fraudulent. The trial court ordered those funds to be returned to
the Erla Trust.
¶ 41 The Taylors do not challenge the trial court’s findings that the establishment of the
Vanguard account and the transfer of the $1,630,000 to Leila’s personal bank account were
fraudulent. Instead, they argue, citing Simon, 291 Ill. App. 3d 495, that the parties’ joint
tenancy in the Vanguard account should have been deemed “severed” and should have been
converted into a tenancy-in-common account held by Erla’s estate, Michael and Leila. In the
alternative, they contend that the misappropriated funds should be returned to the seed
accounts or the Max Trust, rather than the Erla Trust. Michele and the Bank counter that the
misappropriated funds from the Vanguard account should be returned to the Erla Trust.
¶ 42 We find that the trial court did not err in ordering the misappropriated funds to be
returned to the Erla Trust. In Simon, a case upon which the Taylors rely, a couple was
married for 40 years until the wife, Ruth, died. Id. at 500. During their marriage, the couple
jointly owned sizeable personal and real property. Id. Ruth’s will provided for the transfer of
property to her daughter and grandchildren upon her death. Id. at 501. While Ruth was ill, her
husband, Sam, transferred all of the couple’s jointly held securities, worth approximately
$1.34 million, into a trust he controlled. Id. at 502. After Ruth’s death, Ruth’s daughter and
grandchildren sued Sam, alleging that he benefitted from the transfer of the securities into his
trust, that he destroyed Ruth’s survivorship rights to the securities, and that he frustrated
Ruth’s desire to pass her property to them, and they sought to establish Ruth’s interest in the
property held in the trust. Id. The trial court granted Sam’s motion to dismiss the claims. Id.
at 503. On appeal, the reviewing court found that Sam owed Ruth a fiduciary duty, that his
unilateral transfer of the joint tenancy property into his trust “effectively severed the joint
tenancy,” and the transfer was presumptively fraudulent. Id. at 504. The reviewing court
stated that, on remand, Sam would be given an opportunity to rebut this presumption with
clear and convincing evidence. Id. at 504-05. If Sam is unable to overcome the presumption
of fraud, then, following the severance of a joint tenancy, “the former joint tenants hold the
property as tenants in common, each with an undivided one-half interest.” Id. at 505.

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¶ 43 We find Simon to be factually distinguishable to the case at bar. Here, unlike Simon,
where the legitimacy of the creation of Sam’s joint tenancy in the property he shared with
Ruth was not in dispute, the Taylors never had any legitimate ownership rights in the
Vanguard account. Indeed, the trial court found that the creation of the Vanguard account
was presumptively fraudulent because it was established after the Taylors and Michael had
become Erla’s fiduciaries and they failed to rebut the presumption of fraud. Thus, there is no
legal basis to support the Taylors’ argument that the funds in the Vanguard account should be
held by Leila, Michael and Erla’s estate as tenants in common so as to allow Leila a one-third
interest in the Vanguard account funds.
¶ 44 Nor do we find persuasive the Taylors’ arguments in the alternative that the funds
misappropriated from the Vanguard account should be returned to the seed accounts or the
Max Trust. The Taylors fail to offer any legal support as to the propriety of this course of
action, where the seed accounts were funded entirely with Erla’s own money but were
converted into joint tenancy accounts during the time the Taylors and Michael owed Erla a
fiduciary duty, and where the Max Trust does not contain any provision that would allow or
require assets from Erla’s personal bank accounts to be deposited into the Max Trust. See In
re Marriage of Wassom, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 332-33 (failure to cite legal authority in a party’s
brief forfeits the issue for review). Thus, we reject the Taylors’ arguments on this issue and
hold that the trial court properly ordered the return of the misappropriated funds to the Erla
Trust.
¶ 45 Next, we determine whether the trial court erred in failing to apply a “missing evidence”
presumption against Michael for his alleged misappropriation of funds from Erla’s bank
accounts between 1987 and November 1997.
¶ 46 The Bank’s recovery citation alleged that Michael misappropriated funds from Erla’s
various bank accounts between 1998 and 2004, and that the funds rightfully belonged to the
Erla Trust for distribution to the beneficiaries of the Erla Trust. The various bank accounts
were joint accounts held by Erla, Leila and Michael at Bank One, Bank of Lincolnwood
(BOL) and Bank of Wachovia (Wachovia). However, neither Michael nor Leila contributed
any money to the accounts over the years, but instead, the funds belonged to Erla. After
Max’s death, Michael exerted complete control over the accounts and the account statements
were sent directly to him, not Erla. Bank statements dating back to November 1997 showed,
and the parties stipulated, that Michael made weekly cash withdrawals of $300 from Erla’s
BOL account and weekly cash withdrawals of $500 from the Bank One account. The trial
court found, based on trial stipulations and the evidence presented, that Michael withdrew a
total of $261,000 from the BOL account, a total of $264,000 from the Bank One account, and
a total of $39,000 from the Wachovia account. Although Michael testified at trial that Erla
had given him permission to withdraw money from her accounts at will and that some of the
withdrawn funds were spent for Erla’s benefit, the trial court found no credible corroborating
evidence to support Michael’s claim that he had permission from Erla to take these funds and
found that any such funds spent on Erla’s behalf was “de minimis.” The trial court further
found that the evidence established that Erla was completely unaware of these transactions,
that there was no adequate consideration paid to her at any time, and that Erla never had
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 independent legal or financial advice from any source other than Michael and Marshall
regarding her assets.
¶ 47 The Taylors argue that, because Michael failed to produce bank statements prior to 1997,
the trial court should have applied a “missing evidence” presumption against Michael for any
withdrawals he made between 1987 and November 1997, so as to allow the recovery of
additional funds to the Erla Trust.
¶ 48 Michael and Michele counter that the Taylors lacked standing to pursue this claim,
arguing that the Taylors did not “prosecute” any claims against Michael. Michele specifically
contends that neither she nor the Bank, as the parties suing Michael, requested that the trial
court apply a “missing evidence” presumption, and thus, the court did not err in not applying
such a presumption. Michael and Michele further argue that, even if the Taylors had standing
to pursue this issue, the issue was not properly before the trial court and is forfeited for
review on appeal. The Bank takes no position with respect to this argument.
¶ 49 We find that Leila, as a beneficiary of the Erla Trust with direct interest in any additional
funds that may be recovered from Michael, has standing to pursue this claim. See In re Estate
of Strong, 194 Ill. App. 3d 219, 225 (1990) (decedent’s nephew has standing to appeal the
circuit court’s order in proceedings of which he was not a party, where he had “direct,
immediate and substantial interest in the subject matter, which would be prejudiced by the
judgment or benefited by its reversal”). However, we find that, as Michele and Michael point
out, the Taylors have forfeited review of this argument, where it was not properly presented
to the trial court. The record shows that on June 22, 2010, 19 days after trial ended, the
Taylors filed a posttrial “proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law” (the Taylors’
proposed findings) before the trial court. The Taylors’ proposed findings included a section
entitled, “potentially applicable presumptions,” which made no mention of any applicability
of the “missing evidence” presumption. Although another section of the Taylors’ proposed
findings urged the court to “infer” that Michael had withdrawn money from Erla’s bank
accounts between 1987 and November 1997, we find that this and similar vague statements
did not properly present the issue before this court. Further, the Taylors do not cite to the
record to show that they raised this issue during trial. See Coghlan v. Beck, 2013 IL App (1st)
120891, ¶ 31 (failure to raise an issue before the trial court forfeits that issue for review on
appeal). Even if not forfeited, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to apply the “missing evidence” presumption, where neither Michele nor the Bank,
as the parties seeking to recover assets belonging to the Erla Trust pursuant to the recovery
citation, requested the trial court to apply such a presumption. See generally Tuttle v.
Fruehauf Division of Fruehauf Corp., 122 Ill. App. 3d 835, 843 (1984) (court did not abuse
its discretion in not giving jury a specific instruction allowing jury to draw adverse inference
from a party’s failure to produce evidence solely within that party’s control). Therefore, we
hold that the trial court did not err in declining to apply a “missing evidence” presumption
against Michael at trial for his alleged misappropriation of funds from Erla’s bank accounts
between 1987 and November 1997.
¶ 50 We next determine whether the trial court erred in finding that the Taylors
misappropriated $18,770 from a Morgan Stanley account that belonged to Erla.
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¶ 51 In the May 16, 2011 order, the trial court found that the Taylors and Michael fraudulently
took possession of Erla’s investment accounts at TD Waterhouse, Morgan Stanley Annuities,
Morgan Stanley, and Mesirow Financial. The trial court found that all of these investment
accounts were titled as “joint tenancy accounts” after Erla signed a durable power of attorney
naming Michael and Leila as her agents in June 1994. The trial court found that Michael took
a total of $23,333 from the Morgan Stanley Annuities account; $56,651 from the Morgan
Stanley account; and $18,811 from the Mesirow Financial account. The trial court further
found that the Taylors took a total of $94,081 from the TD Waterhouse account; $23,333
from the Morgan Stanley Annuities account; $18,811 from the Mesirow Financial account;
and $18,770 from the Morgan Stanley account. 6
¶ 52 The Taylors argue that the trial court’s erroneous ruling that they had taken $18,770 from
Erla’s Morgan Stanley account was not supported by the evidence; thus, they should not be
liable for this amount.
¶ 53 The Bank acknowledges that the trial court mistakenly attributed the origins of the
$18,770 to the Morgan Stanley account, but argues that it had originated in the Mesirow
Financial account. The Bank explains that the trial court’s mistake can be traced to a report
created by its trial expert, Thullen, who mistakenly stated that the $18,770 derived from the
Morgan Stanley account instead of the Mesirow Financial account. The Bank, however,
argues that the trial court’s mistaken reference to the Morgan Stanley account rather than the
Mesirow Financial account did not change the fact that the Taylors took $18,770 from Erla
which did not belong to them. In reply, the Taylors assert that the evidence did not support
the Bank’s explanation. Michele and Michael’s response briefs are silent on this issue.
¶ 54 The parties’ trial stipulations showed that, after Erla died, Leila received $23,333 from
the Morgan Stanley Annuities account and $18,811 from the Mesirow Financial account. The
record shows that a report created by the Bank’s trial expert witness in forensic accounting,
Thullen, stated that Leila received $18,770 from the Morgan Stanley account in November
2003. At trial, Thullen clarified that the $18,770 sum was actually withdrawn from the
Mesirow Financial account, not the Morgan Stanley account, and was made payable to Leila
in November 2003. Based on our thorough review of the records, we find that the evidence
supports only one disbursement of funds to the Taylors from the Mesirow Financial account
in November 2003. That amount was stipulated by the parties to be $18,811, for which the
trial court found the Taylors to be liable. The Bank’s arguments before this court suggest that
there were two improper distributions made to the Taylors from the Mesirow Financial
account–one for $18,811, and another for $18,770. However, we can find no support for this
in the record and conclude that there is no support in the record for a finding that the Taylors
received two disbursements from the Mesirow Financial account in November 2003 or at any
other time. Thus, we find that only the amount stipulated by the parties to have been
improperly taken by the Taylors from the Mesirow Financial account–$18,811–will stand.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s ruling that the Taylors improperly took an additional
$18,770 from the Morgan Stanley (or Mesirow Financial) account.

6
The Morgan Stanley Annuities account is separate from the Morgan Stanley account.
- 16 -
¶ 55 We now turn to Michele’s arguments on appeal. On appeal, Michele argues that: (1) the
trial court abused its discretion in declining to award punitive damages; (2) the trial court
erred in ruling that funds disbursed by Erla’s “gifting program” were not subject to recovery;
(3) the trial court erred in declining to impose constructive trusts against Michael and the
Taylors; (4) the trial court erred in finding that evidence at trial was insufficient to subject
Erla’s Florida condominium to recovery; (5) the trial court erred in finding that the remaining
counts of Michele’s tort action alleging intentional interference with testamentary expectancy
need not proceed as they were duplicative of the remedy sought in the recovery citation; (6)
the distribution plan contradicted the express terms of the Feinberg Trusts; and (7) she was
entitled to more than $100,000 in reasonable attorney fees.
¶ 56 We first determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in declining to award
punitive damages to Michele. See Franz v. Calaco Development Corp., 352 Ill. App. 3d 1129,
1137-38 (2004) (for a bench trial, whether punitive damages should be awarded is reviewed
under an abuse of discretion standard; the trial court’s finding that defendant’s conduct was
not willful or malicious is reviewed under a manifest-weight standard).
¶ 57 In its May 16, 2011 order, the trial court found that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to rebut the presumption of undue influence against the Taylors and Michael
during the relevant times they owed a fiduciary duty to Erla. The trial court, however, found
that neither the Taylors nor Michael willfully or maliciously exercised undue influence over
Erla. The trial court specifically noted that they “acted purely out of greed for themselves and
their respective children,” but that there was no evidence that they ever acted to the detriment
of Erla nor was there ever any malicious action directed toward her. The trial court stated that
Erla was well cared for, that her bills were always paid, and that Erla possessed sufficient
funds to maintain her standard of living and care at all times.
¶ 58 Michele argues that the trial court’s refusal to impose punitive damages against the
Taylors and Michael was erroneous, where they breached their fiduciary duties to Erla and
acted with wanton disregard of the beneficiaries by misappropriating a substantial amount of
money from Erla. She contends that the trial court ignored uncontroverted evidence that the
Taylors and Michael committed “multiple serious felony crimes,” which warranted the
imposition of punitive damages against them. Further, Michele proffers that imposing
punitive damages against them is the only way to deter similar conduct in the future.
¶ 59 The Taylors counter that Michele has forfeited review of this issue on appeal because it
was only raised in her lawsuit against the Taylors and Michael, but was not sought in the
recovery citation. They contend that, regardless of forfeiture, the trial court’s findings that
neither the Taylors nor Michael acted willfully or maliciously against Erla were not against
the manifest weight of the evidence, and the trial court’s ultimate decision to deny punitive
damages was not an abuse of discretion.
¶ 60 Michael argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to impose
punitive damages against him. He contends that the trial court was in the best position to
assess the character of his conduct, and that it was undisputed he devoted an enormous
amount of time to Erla’s care during the last 15 years of her life. Michael further argues that
the trial court’s decision not to impose punitive damages was proper, where it had already
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 assessed $270,000 of attorney fees against him in favor of the Bank. He asserts that Michele
had not pointed to any aggravating circumstances that would allow her to collect punitive
damages.
¶ 61 The purposes of punitive damages are to punish a specific defendant and to deter similar
conduct in the future. Franz, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1137. Such damages will be awarded “only
where the defendant’s conduct is willful or outrageous due to evil motive or a reckless
indifference to the rights of others.” Id. “Because punitive damages are not favored in the law
[citation], they are available only in cases where the wrongful act complained of is
characterized by wantonness, malice, oppression, willfulness, or other circumstances of
aggravation [citation].” Id.
¶ 62 We first address the Taylors’ argument that Michele had forfeited her claim for punitive
damages on appeal. The record shows that after Michele joined as a party to the recovery
citation in August 2009, she sought leave of court to amend the recovery citation to include
the recovery of the following: Erla’s Florida condominium; funds taken from Erla’s “gifting
program”; and a claim for punitive damages. The trial court only granted Michele leave to
amend the recovery citation to include Erla’s Florida condominium and the “gifting
program” funds, but denied her leave to amend as to the claim for punitive damages.
However, a request for punitive damages was contained in Michele’s separate lawsuit
alleging misappropriation of funds against the Taylors and Michael. As noted, claims in both
the recovery citation and Michele’s lawsuit were heard by the court at the 2010 bench trial.
While Michele did not specifically challenge on appeal the trial court’s denial to include a
claim for punitive damages in the recovery citation, her appeal of the trial court’s May 16,
2011 final judgment drew into question all interlocutory orders that produced the final order.
See Pace Bus Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 337 Ill. App. 3d 1066, 1069 (2003). Further, because
a request for punitive damages was made in Michele’s lawsuit against the Taylors and
Michael, which was properly before the trial court in the bench trial, we find this issue to be
properly before us on appeal.
¶ 63 However, we find that the trial court’s decision to deny punitive damages was not
erroneous. Michele claims that the trial court acted inconsistently in finding that the Taylors
and Michael failed to rebut the presumption of undue influence by clear and convincing
evidence, while also finding that they did not act willfully or maliciously toward Erla. We
reject this contention. While the Taylors and Michael failed to rebut the presumption of
undue influence by clear and convincing evidence, the record does not show that any of their
conduct was borne of an evil motive or a complete reckless disregard for others. Rather, the
evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the parties “acted purely out of greed for
themselves and their respective children,” but that there was no evidence whatsoever of any
malicious actions toward Erla. Michele also makes various arguments that the Taylors and
Michael committed “multiple serious felony crimes,” which warranted the imposition of
punitive damages, by pointing to Marshall’s drafting of legal documents in violation of the
Consumer Fraud Act, Michael’s alleged forgery of Max’s dividend checks after Max died,
and the Taylors and Michael’s alleged exploitation of an elderly person under state statutes.
We decline to make any findings as to whether the parties’ actions amounted to criminal
- 18 -
 conduct, where such criminal issues were not before the trial court and there was no evidence
that the parties were even charged with any crimes. Thus, we reject Michele’s claim for
punitive damages on this basis. Nor do we find persuasive Michele’s arguments that the
Taylors’ financial status as high net-worth individuals should be considered in determining
whether they would be sufficiently deterred from committing similar conduct in the future.
We find that the Taylors’ financial status bears no relevance to the trial court’s findings that
there was no evidence that the parties acted maliciously toward Erla. Further, Michele
speculates that neither the Taylors nor Michael has been deterred from committing similar
conduct in the future. While we do not condone the Taylors’ and Michael’s conduct at issue,
we decline to engage in speculation as to whether they were sufficiently deterred from
committing similar actions in the future where the trial court was in the best position to
evaluate the parties’ conduct in this case. See Franz, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1149 (“[e]ven if we
may not agree with the trial court’s decision not to impose punitive damages, we cannot
substitute our judgment for that of the trial court”). Because the evidence supports the trial
court’s findings that the Taylors and Michael were motivated by greed, not maliciousness
toward Erla, we find that a reasonable person could have ruled the way the trial court did.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ultimately declining to
impose punitive damages. See id. (declining to impose punitive damages despite the court’s
finding of bad faith).
¶ 64 We next determine whether the trial court erred in finding that funds disbursed by Erla’s
“gifting program” were not subject to recovery. We review this issue under a manifest weight
of the evidence standard. See Lozman v. Putnam, 379 Ill. App. 3d 807, 820 (2008) (factual
findings made by a trial court during a bench trial are reviewed under a manifest weight of
the evidence standard).
¶ 65 Prior to Max’s death in 1986, Max and Erla started a program of annual gifting to their
descendants (the gifting program). This program took advantage of tax laws. Initially, the
gifting program transferred $10,000 annually to each of Max and Erla’s children and five
grandchildren. Following Max’s death, in a letter dated August 20, 1987, Jerry Kaplan
(Attorney Kaplan), as counsel for Max and Erla, informed Erla that the Bank’s in-house
counsel, Stan Richards, “suggested that I advise you to continue the program of gifts to the
children and grandchildren started by Max with a view toward diminishing your assets for
tax purposes.” At trial, Marshall testified that he was aware of Attorney Kaplan’s August
1987 letter to Erla, and that between 1987 and 1997, Marshall had a series of conversations
with Erla regarding the gifting program. During these conversations, Marshall and Erla
discussed the amounts she would need to gift at different times because “more great
grandchildren came about.” Marshall testified that, at all times, Erla told him that she
understood the nature of the gifting program and wanted to continue making these annual
gifts. Trial exhibits show that, on April 29, 1996, Marshall wrote a letter to Michael and his
wife, Marcy, “to share with [them] both some thoughts [Marshall] [had] regarding [Erla’s]
assets and the distribution of same.” Marshall’s letter suggested that they “embark on a
program to maximize the transfer of assets to the grandchildren,” that they annually gift
$10,000 to each of Erla’s great grandchildren, and that gifting $10,000 annually to Marcy
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 and Marshall each would “effectively legally transfer[ ] an extra $10,000 to Michael and
Leila.” The letter further stated that this program would “maximize getting money out of the
estate *** [i]t either goes to each family member or it goes to the government.” Marshall
testified that in 1996, Erla continued to fill out all of the gifting program checks on her own.
Marshall’s and Leila’s testimony showed that, however, in later years, Marshall and Michael
helped Erla fill out the checks that Erla signed because “the number of checks got to be so
large [that] she asked for secretarial help.” Trial exhibits showed that on July 23, 1997, Erla
signed an updated durable power of attorney that Marshall drafted, which again named Leila
and Michael as her agents (the 1997 POA). The 1997 POA resembled the terms of the 1994
POA, with the exception of an added paragraph regarding the gifting program. The relevant
portions of the 1997 POA directed that annual gifts to Erla’s “children, their spouses, [her]
grandchildren and [her] great grandchildren including those not yet born be continued in an
amount to each equal to the maximum permitted by law to be transferrable free of any gift
tax.” At trial, Marshall testified that, after drafting the 1997 POA, he presented it to Erla and
explained the added language to her. Erla, who read over the added language, agreed to the
language terms and signed the 1997 POA without asking Marshall any questions. In May
1999, Michael and Leila exercised the 1997 POA to include Aunt Frieda (Max’s sister) as a
recipient of the gifting program, who received $10,000 annually from the Max Trust until her
death in 2005.
¶ 66 The trial court found that funds disbursed by the gifting program were not subject to
recovery:
“[S]uch program was wisely implemented to take advantage of the annual gift tax
exclusions and that all of the Feinberg family members benefitted from the program.
The evidence established that Erla was aware of the gift-giving program, she signed
all the checks, and the gifts were given to her children, grandchildren and great
grandchildren and all shared equally as a result of the program.”
¶ 67 Michele argues that the trial court’s ruling was erroneous because “wise tax planning”
was not a valid defense to financially exploiting the elderly or tortiously interfering with her
testamentary expectancy. She contends that, even if it were a valid defense, there was no
evidence that the gifting program saved any estate taxes and that Erla’s estate “probably lost
[money]” as a result of Marshall’s expanded gifting program. Michele argues that there was
no evidence that Erla understood the expansion of the gifting program, and that the Taylors
and Michael did not rebut the presumption that the expanded gifting program was the product
of fraud. Michele further contends that, contrary to the trial court’s factual finding, the
descendants did not share equally under the expanded gifting program because she was
unmarried and had no children at the time it was implemented.
¶ 68 The Taylors counter that Michele’s arguments should be stricken for failure to cite the
relevant standard of review, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h) (eff. Sept. 1,
2006). They argue that, even if not stricken, the trial court’s finding was not against the
manifest weight of the evidence because the expanded gifting program sought to distribute
wealth to as many family members as possible without tax consequences. The Taylors point
out that Michele herself received a total of $170,000 from the gifting program over 17 years,
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 and that Michele had endorsed the family’s goals to “decrease the inheritance tax burden.”
Michael adopts the arguments proffered by the Taylors on this issue.
¶ 69 As discussed, once a fiduciary relationship is established, any transaction between the
parties which benefits the dominant party is presumed to be fraudulent. Lemp, 170 Ill. App.
3d at 757. The dominant party then has the burden of proving by clear and convincing
evidence that the transaction was fair and equitable, and did not result from his undue
influence over the servient party. Id. Factors in meeting the burden of proof to rebut the
presumption of fraud include: “(1) showing that, before the transaction, the fiduciary made a
frank disclosure of all relevant information; (2) the fiduciary paid adequate consideration for
the transaction; and (3) the principal had competent and independent legal advice.” In re
Estate of Teall, 329 Ill. App. 3d at 88.
¶ 70 We examine this issue on its merits and decline the Taylors’ invitation to strike Michele’s
arguments for failing to cite the relevant standard of review. Based on our review of the
record, we find no basis to question the trial court’s assessment of the evidence. The record
shows that the gifting program began prior to Max’s death in 1986 and was later expanded to
include gifting to Erla’s great grandchildren around 1996 or 1997, at a time when the Taylors
and Michael had a fiduciary relationship with Erla. While it is true that the gifting program
expanded to include an annual gifting of $10,000 to Marcy and Marshall, Marshall explained
that doing so would “effectively legally transfer[ ] an extra $10,000 to Michael and Leila.”
The most dramatic aspect of the expanded gifting program was the inclusion of Erla’s great
grandchildren (the Taylors’ and Michael’s grandchildren) as recipients under the gifting
program. Indeed, Michele’s reply brief clarifies that she only sought to recover the
approximately $440,000 disbursed to these great grandchildren under the gifting program.
Because Michele only sought to recover the funds given to the great grandchildren, but not
those disbursed to the Taylors or Michael as Erla’s fiduciaries, she cannot now argue that the
presumption of fraud was triggered as to them. Thus, the Taylors and Michael need not
provide any evidence to rebut the presumption.
¶ 71 Even assuming, arguendo, that the Taylors and Michael somehow personally profited
from the disbursement of funds to Erla’s great grandchildren under the gifting program, that
does not negate the underlying reason for expanding the gifting program, specifically as a
way to diminish the estate’s tax burdens. The gifting program was implemented prior to
Max’s death in 1986, and Attorney Kaplan had advised Erla to continue making annual gifts
to her descendants after Max’s death. There was no evidence that Erla was mentally deficient
when Marshall explained to her the benefits of expanding the gifting program, nor was there
any indication of her failure to understand the gifting program when she executed the 1997
POA. Indeed, evidence was presented to the trial court that Erla was filling out the checks on
her own until at least 1996. While the circumstances surrounding Erla’s signing of the 1997
POA primarily stemmed from Marshall’s testimony, it was within the trial court’s province
to weigh and determine the credibility of his testimony. In re Estate of Teall, 329 Ill. App. 3d
at 91 (it is within trial court’s province to hear and weigh the evidence and determine the
credibility of the witnesses). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s finding was
consistent with the manifest weight of the evidence.
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¶ 72 We next determine whether the trial court erred in declining to impose constructive trusts
against the Taylors and Michael, which we review under an abuse of discretion standard. See
Dealer Management Systems, Inc. v. Design Automotive Group, Inc., 355 Ill. App. 3d 416,
419 (2005) (whether to award relief from a judgment lies within the sound discretion of the
trial court).
¶ 73 In the May 16, 2011 order, the trial court granted the Bank’s recovery citation, stating
that “[t]he total amount that [the Taylors] [were] deemed to hold in constructive trust for the
benefit of [the Erla Trust] [was] $1,911,107 plus the [Bank’s] reasonable attorney fees and
costs,” and that “[t]he total amount that Michael [was] deemed to hold in constructive trust
for the benefit of [the Erla Trust] [was] $788,957 plus the [Bank’s] reasonable attorney fees
and costs.” Thereafter, the Bank issued postjudgment citations to discover assets
(postjudgment citations) against the Taylors and their financial institutions, in an attempt to
trace the assets that the Taylors had misappropriated from the Erla Trust; to determine the
current value of those funds; and to recover any returns on investments made on the
misappropriated funds. Subsequently, on August 5, 2011, the Taylors satisfied the
$1,911,107 judgment against them. The Bank then dismissed the postjudgment citations
against the Taylors’ financial institutions, but refused to dismiss the postjudgment citations
against the Taylors personally. On August 9, 2011, the Taylors filed a motion to quash the
remaining postjudgment citations, arguing that they had already paid the face value of the
judgment against them. In response, on August 10, 2011, the Bank argued that the trial
court’s May 16, 2011 order imposed a constructive trust against the Taylors, which
“creat[ed] a new obligation on [the Bank] to determine the current value of those trust assets
taken by the Taylors and restore them to the Erla Trust,” along with any gains in investments
that the Taylors may have earned as a result of retaining the misappropriated funds. On
August 12, 2011, the trial court granted the Taylors’ motion to quash the postjudgment
citations, clarifying that its May 16, 2011 order “entered a money judgment as to a fixed
dollar amount.”
¶ 74 Michele argues on appeal that the trial court’s August 12, 2011 order granting the
Taylors’ motion to quash the Bank’s postjudgment citations, directly contradicted its May 16,
2011 order which imposed constructive trusts against the Taylors and Michael. She further
contends that the trial court’s August 12, 2011 order was grossly inequitable.
¶ 75 The Taylors counter that the trial court did not err in declining to impose constructive
trusts against them. They argue that the trial court’s August 12, 2011 order confirmed that the
May 16, 2011 order entered only a money judgment, rather than a constructive trust, against
the Taylors. The Taylors further contend that this court need not resolve this issue because
the imposition of constructive trusts was not a remedy pursued in the recovery citation at
trial, and that the remedy was only pursued in Michele’s separate tort action for intentional
interference with a testamentary expectancy against the Taylors and Michael. Neither the
Bank nor Michael raised any arguments pertaining to this issue on appeal.
¶ 76 The purpose of a constructive trust is to prevent unjust enrichment. A.T. Kearney, Inc. v.
INCA International, Inc., 132 Ill. App. 3d 655, 665 (1985). “Where a defendant has obtained
money to which he is not entitled, under such circumstances that in equity and good
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 conscience he ought not to retain it, the rightful owners of the money can claim it through a
constructive trust to avoid unjust enrichment.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Norton v.
City of Chicago, 293 Ill. App. 3d 620, 628-29 (1997).
¶ 77 We find Michele’s arguments to be without merit. Although the court’s May 16, 2011
order, in granting the Bank’s recovery citation, used the term “constructive trust” to describe
the misappropriated funds held by the Taylors and Michael, the imposition of constructive
trusts was not a remedy pursued by the Bank’s recovery citation at trial. Rather, it was a
remedy pursued only by Michele in her separate tort action against the parties at trial, which
the court found to be “duplicative” of the recovery citation. Indeed, the trial court’s August
12, 2011 order, which granted the Taylors’ motion to quash, clearly confirmed that the court
had only entered a “money judgment as to a fixed dollar amount” against the Taylors and
Michael in its previous May 16, 2011 order. Thus, we find that the court’s usage of the term
“constructive trust” was a matter of semantics used to describe the process by which the
Taylors and Michael diverted funds from the rightful owner, rather than a specific remedy
imposed by the court. Even had the trial court actually imposed constructive trusts against the
Taylors and Michael for the amounts specified in the court’s May 16, 2011 order, we find no
reason to disturb the trial court’s decision not to increase the judgment amounts by the then
present value of the funds and any profits made by the Taylors and Michael as a result of
those funds. See generally A.T. Kearney, Inc., 132 Ill. App. 3d at 665 (constructive trust
imposed against defendant for $106,452, the exact amount of money defendant actually
received); Sadacca v. Monhart, 128 Ill. App. 3d 250, 257 (1984) (constructive trust imposed
against defendant for the exact amount of money she wrongfully received). In fact, in the
May 16, 2011 order, the trial court rejected Michele’s claim that she was entitled to a
judgment against the Taylors and Michael for the present value of the misappropriated funds,
finding that the testimony of Michele’s trial expert witness, Stringer, was unclear, “based on
conjecture” and unpersuasive with regard to the present day value of the funds taken by the
Taylors and Michael. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to impose constructive trusts against the Taylors and Michael.
¶ 78 We next determine whether the trial court erred in finding that evidence at trial was
insufficient to subject Erla’s Florida condominium to recovery, which we also review under a
manifest weight of the evidence standard. See Lozman, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 820.
¶ 79 In 1972, Erla purchased a condominium in Aventura, Florida (the Florida condominium),
which she solely owned until 1990. In June 1990, Erla executed a warranty deed transferring
her sole ownership interest in the Florida condominium to joint tenancy between Erla,
Michael and Leila. The warranty deed was drafted by Marshall and signed by Erla. The terms
of the warranty deed specified that Erla had received “good and valuable” consideration from
Michael and Leila. The parties stipulated that on July 1, 1990, the warranty deed transferring
the Florida condominium to Erla, Michael and Leila as joint tenants was recorded with the
county recorder of deeds. Marshall testified that no attorney was involved in the deed
transfer, and that, to his knowledge, Erla did not consult any legal or financial advisors in
connection with the transaction. In 1996, Michael and Leila entered into an agreement in
which they agreed to pay equally all expenses required for the maintenance of the Florida
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 condominium and to sell the property either upon Erla’s death or when she could no longer
live independently on the property.
¶ 80 The trial court held that the evidence at trial was insufficient to subject the Florida
condominium to recovery under the recovery citation.
¶ 81 Michele argues that the trial court’s ruling was against the manifest weight of the
evidence because Marshall and Michael, who were Erla’s fiduciaries since 1986, failed to
rebut the presumption that the 1990 deed transfer of the Florida condominium was
fraudulent.
¶ 82 Marshall argues that the trial court’s ruling was not against the manifest weight of the
evidence, where Erla was indisputably competent at the time she executed the warranty deed
and no party provided any valuation of the Florida condominium at trial. Michael adopts
Marshall’s arguments pertaining to this issue on appeal.
¶ 83 We find that the trial court’s ruling was not supported by the manifest weight of the
evidence. At the time Erla transferred ownership of the Florida condominium into a joint
tenancy between herself, Michael and Leila, Marshall and Michael had fiduciary
relationships with Erla. Additionally, Marshall, the drafter of the deed which transferred the
property, was Leila’s husband. Thus, we find that the transaction is presumptively fraudulent.
See Lemp, 170 Ill. App. 3d at 757. The burden was upon Michael, Leila and Marshall to
prove by clear and convincing evidence that the transaction was fair and equitable and did
not result from their undue influence over Erla. See id. Although Erla was competent at the
time that she executed the deed which transferred the property and the deed states that she
received “good and valuable” consideration, clear and convincing evidence did not exist
establishing that the transaction was fair and equitable and that it was not the result of undue
influence. Such scant evidence is grossly insufficient to overcome the presumption of fraud
which arose from the transfer. Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s refusal to subject the
Florida condominium to recovery was against the manifest weight of the evidence and we
reverse its determination on the issue.
¶ 84 Next, we determine whether the trial court erred in finding that the remaining counts of
Michele’s tort action alleging intentional interference with testamentary expectancy need not
proceed as they were duplicative of the remedy sought in the recovery citation.
¶ 85 In 2004, Michele filed a lawsuit against Michael and the Taylors in the law division of
the circuit court, alleging that they misappropriated millions of dollars in assets from Max’s
and Erla’s estates (case No. 04 L 7195). In the third amended complaint, Michele alleged
counts for intentional interference with testamentary expectancy (counts I and II), conspiracy
by the Taylors and Michael to intentionally interfere with testamentary expectancy (count
III), and requested that a constructive trust be imposed against them for assets which they had
misappropriated from Erla and the estates of Max and Erla (count IV). In 2007, the Bank, as
corporate trustee of the Feinberg Trusts, filed the instant recovery citation to recover assets
against Michael and the Taylors. Both the recovery citation and Michele’s tort action were
the subject of the instant trial. At trial, the trial court granted a motion for directed finding in
favor of the Taylors and Michael on count III of Michele’s third amended complaint. In the
May 16, 2011 order, in granting the recovery citation, the trial court found that the remaining
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 counts of Michele’s tort action for intentional interference with testamentary expectancy
need not proceed as they were duplicative of the remedy sought in the recovery citation. The
trial court, citing In re Estate of Roeseler, 287 Ill. App. 3d 1003 (1997), noted that Michele
had not been “additionally damaged by the tortious conduct” of Michael and the Taylors, and
that the remedy sought in the recovery citation under the Probate Act (755 ILCS 5/16-1
(West 2010)) was sufficient and adequate to grant Michele the relief to which she was
entitled.
¶ 86 Michele argues that she should have been allowed to proceed with her tort action alleging
intentional interference with expectancy, arguing that the remedy provided in the recovery
citation was inadequate to grant her relief. She contends that In re Estate of Roeseler was
inapplicable and that her tort action was not “duplicative” of the Bank’s recovery citation
because her tort action was filed prior to the Bank’s filing of the recovery citation. Michele
further asserts that the trial court had in fact ruled on the merits of some claims found only in
Michele’s tort action, such as the claim of conspiracy (count III), but that the court had
ignored her allegation that she was injured by Marshall’s “manipulation of Max and Erla[’s]
estate plans to benefit the Taylor family at Michele’s expense.”
¶ 87 The Taylors counter that the trial court properly found that the recovery citation provided
Michele with a sufficient and adequate remedy. They contend that Michele’s tort claim for
intentional interference with testamentary expectancy was based on her alleged 12.5% share
of the Erla Trust, which was identical to the share percentage Michele was entitled to receive
pursuant to the recovery citation. The Taylors note that in fact, Michele had already received
her full distribution from the Erla Trust. Thus, they argue, Michele’s alleged damages
pursuant to her tort action were entirely duplicative of her share of recovery pursuant to the
citation. The Taylors further argue that the recovery citation’s probate remedies were not
only available to Michele, but that she had actively joined as a party to the recovery citation.
The Taylors argue, in the alternative, that even if Michele’s tort claim was not duplicative of
the recovery citation, the record was replete with evidence to deny it.
¶ 88 Michael argues that the trial court properly determined that Michele’s claim of intentional
interference with testamentary expectancy was duplicative of the recovery citation, where
Michele sought exactly the same recovery as the Bank did in its citation–that is, the funds
which were misappropriated from Erla. Michael points out that the Bank’s recovery citation,
“secured for Michele, and all other beneficiaries of Erla’s [T]rust and estate, exactly the same
amounts from Michael which had been sought by way of Michele’s interference with an
expectancy claim.” Michael further contends that the mere fact that punitive damages might
have been recoverable under Michele’s tort claim, but not under the recovery citation, did not
justify maintaining a separate claim for intentional interference with testamentary
expectancy.
¶ 89 In In re Estate of Roeseler, the decedent’s stepdaughter, who was omitted from the
decedent’s final will, brought a will contest against the respondents alleging lack of
testamentary capacity and undue influence, as well as a tort action for intentional interference
with her economic expectancy under the decedent’s will. In re Estate of Roeseler, 287 Ill.
App. 3d at 1005. The respondents filed a motion for summary judgment as to the
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 stepdaughter’s will contest petition, which the trial court granted. Id. Thereafter, the trial
court dismissed the stepdaughter’s tort action for intentional interference, on the ground that
the wrongful conduct alleged therein was identical to the conduct alleged in her petition for
will contest which had been defeated on summary judgment. Id. On appeal, the reviewing
court found that fact questions as to whether the decedent lacked testamentary capacity or
whether the beneficiaries exerted undue influence over him precluded summary judgment.
Id. at 1015, 1019. The reviewing court further held that the dismissal of the stepdaughter’s
tort action for intentional interference was premature, stating that “the availability of probate
relief [was] only speculative pending the consideration of the decedent’s prior wills by the
probate court.” Id. at 1021. The reviewing court stated in general that where “a will contest is
available and would provide an adequate remedy to the petitioner, no tort action will lie,” but
that “if no adequate remedy is available through probate proceedings, a tort action is
permissible.” Id. The reviewing court noted that, if on remand the stepdaughter succeeds in
her will contest, then dismissal of her tort claim would be appropriate because the probate
proceedings would provide an adequate remedy to her. Id.
¶ 90 We find that the trial court did not err in finding that the remaining counts of Michele’s
tort action for intentional interference with testamentary expectancy need not proceed as they
were duplicative of the remedy sought in the recovery citation. While In re Estate of Roeseler
dealt with the probate remedy afforded by way of a will contest, we find that the recovery
citation in the instant case is likewise a probate remedy under the Probate Act (755 ILCS
5/16-1 (West 2010)). Thus, applying the principles of In re Estate of Roeseler, we find that a
probate remedy was made available to Michele pursuant to the recovery citation, to which
she was a party, and that the remedy sought in the recovery citation was adequate to grant
Michele proper relief in recovering assets from the Taylors and Michael. The mere fact that
punitive damages were alleged in Michele’s tort claim, but not in the recovery citation, could
not provide a basis for the tort action to proceed. See In re Estate of Roeseler, 287 Ill. App. 3d
at 1021 (“[i]n determining the adequacy of the relief, an award for punitive damages is not
considered a valid expectation”).
¶ 91 Nonetheless, Michele argues that the recovery of assets to the Erla Trust pursuant to the
recovery citation did not afford an adequate remedy because they did not encompass the
“inter vivos transfers” made during Erla’s lifetime. In support of this argument, Michele
points to count I of her tort action, which alleged that Marshall improperly manipulated
Erla’s estate plans. We disagree.
¶ 92 In count I of Michele’s tort action for intentional interference with testamentary
expectancy, she alleged that Marshall manipulated the Feinberg estate plans by drafting
Erla’s 1997 appointment over the Max Trust and the second amendment to the Erla Trust,
which in effect allowed the Taylor family to receive more money from the estates at the
expense of the Feinberg family, including Michele. We find Michele’s argument to be
unpersuasive. Erla’s exercise of her power of appointment over the Max Trust pursuant to the
1997 appointment, and her execution of the second amendment which deleted the Jewish
clause from the Erla Trust, could not be considered “inter vivos transfers” of property

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 because Erla was free to execute subsequent amendments to her trust and retained the power
of appointment over the Max Trust until her death in 2003.
¶ 93 Even assuming, arguendo, that the 1997 appointment and the second amendment were
lifetime transfers of Erla’s property, we find that Michele stood to inherit money from the
Erla Trust as a direct result of the deletion of the Jewish clause in the Erla Trust by the
second amendment. As the trial court noted, Michele had not been “additionally damaged”
by the conduct of the Taylors and Michael so as to warrant maintaining a separate tort action
against them. Michele further argues that her tort action was not duplicative of the recovery
citation on the basis that her tort action was filed prior to the recovery citation. We reject this
contention. Both the recovery citation and Michele’s tort action were before the court at the
same time at trial. We further find Michele’s cited cases to be misplaced, where the issues at
the heart of those cases pertained to the statute of limitations applicable to bringing a claim
for intentional interference with expectancy, rather than a determination on whether the tort
claim was duplicative of other available probate relief. See Bjork v. O’Meara, 2013 IL
114044 (tortious interference with testamentary expectancy claim was governed by statute of
limitations for claims to recover personal property); In re Estate of Luccio, 2012 IL App (1st)
121153 (whether the six-month limitation on trust challenges applied to a claim for
intentional interference with inheritance expectancy); In re Estate of Ellis, 236 Ill. 2d 45
(2009) (six-month limitation period did not apply to charitable hospital’s tort claim for
tortious interference with an inheritance expectancy); but see DeHart v. DeHart, 2012 IL
App (3d) 090773, ¶ 34 (remanding case to determine whether will contest pending before
probate court would be successful). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in
finding that the remaining counts of Michele’s tort action for intentional interference with
testamentary expectancy need not proceed as they were duplicative of the remedy sought in
the recovery citation.
¶ 94 We next determine whether the trial court erred in approving the terms of the distribution
plan as proposed by the Bank.
¶ 95 On August 19, 2011, three months after the trial court granted the Bank’s recovery
citation, the Bank filed a petition for instructions seeking guidance from the trial court on
how the assets of the Feinberg Trusts should be distributed. The petition for instructions
proposed that the trial court resolve certain issues, including whether the 1997 appointment
and the second amendment to the Erla Trust were valid, before any trust assets would be
distributed. In response, the Taylors argued that the 1997 appointment and the second
amendment were invalid. On January 11, 2012, the trial court denied the petition for
instructions, finding that the “time for contests regarding the validity of the testamentary
documents has long since passed.” The trial court found that our supreme court’s 2009 ruling
was law of the case, and that the 1997 appointment and the second amendment were not the
subject of contests before the supreme court and “they cannot be the subject of a contest
now.” See In re Estate of Feinberg, 235 Ill. 2d 256. Thereafter, on May 25, 2012, the Bank
filed a proposed distribution plan, which set forth the terms for distributing the Feinberg
Trusts’ assets to the beneficiaries. On August 10, 2012, the trial court approved the Bank’s

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 proposed distribution plan and ordered the Bank to distribute the funds from the Feinberg
Trusts accordingly.
¶ 96 Michele argues that the trial court erred in approving the terms of the distribution plan, on
the grounds that the 1997 appointment was unenforceable because it exceeded the power of
appointment bestowed upon Erla by Max in his trust. The 1997 appointment specified that,
upon Erla’s death, the $250,000 share of each grandchild who was deemed deceased under
the Max Trust “shall be paid equally to the parents of that grandchild.” (Emphasis added.)
However, the terms of the Max Trust only granted Erla the power to appoint assets from his
trust to his descendants, which only included Max’s children and grandchildren, but not the
spouses of his children. Michele argues that, because Marshall (father of Lisa and Aimee)
and Marion (mother of Michele and Aron, and ex-wife of Michael) were the parents of
Max’s “deceased” grandchildren under his trust but were not Max’s descendants, the 1997
appointment exceeded the scope of Erla’s power of appointment and was thus invalid.
¶ 97 As discussed in our ruling on the Taylors’ appeal, the time for challenging the validity of
the 1997 appointment has long passed. Further, the law-of-the-case doctrine bars Michele’s
challenge to the validity of the 1997 appointment, where neither Michele nor any other party
made any assertions during their prior appeal to our supreme court that the 1997 appointment
was invalid. Rather, our supreme court’s previous ruling in this case explicitly relied upon
the existence and validity of the 1997 appointment in reaching its decision regarding the
terms of the Max Trust. See id. at 281. To reconsider the validity of the 1997 appointment at
this juncture in the litigation after our supreme court had specifically relied upon its validity
would violate the settled expectations of the parties and undermine consistency in the court’s
rulings. Thus, we reject Michele’s assertion that the 1997 appointment was unenforceable.
¶ 98 Michele argues in the alternative, and the Taylors agree, that if the 1997 appointment is
upheld, it must be strictly enforced according to its exact terms. Michele posits that the trial
court erred in approving the distribution plan because it allowed each of the $250,000 shares
belonging to the four “deceased” grandchildren (Michele, Aron, Lisa and Aimee) to be
distributed equally to Michael and Leila, but not to Marshall and Marion, even though they
were all parents to these “deceased” grandchildren. As discussed in our ruling on the
Taylors’ appeal, we find that Marshall and Marion were not descendants of Max and thus
were ineligible to take under the 1997 appointment. 7 While the 1997 appointment used the
plural term “parents” instead of the singular term “parent” in describing who may inherit the
“deceased” grandchildren’s $250,000 shares, Marshall testified at trial that it was a drafting
“typo” and that Erla did not have the power under the Max Trust to appoint its assets to
anyone other than Max’s descendants. See Whittaker v. Stables, 339 Ill. App. 3d 943, 946-47
(2003) (a court’s main concern in construing a trust is to determine the intent of the creator of
the instrument when it was executed). Therefore, we reject Michele’s argument on this basis.

7
The terms of the Max Trust provided that, upon Erla’s death, the assets in the Max Trust would be
distributed amongst their children and grandchildren. Because Marshall and Marion were only the
spouses of the adult children of Erla and Max, they were not “descendants” under the Max Trust.
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¶ 99 Nonetheless, Michele further contends that the trial court erred in approving the
distribution plan, which had deemed her “deceased” under the Max Trust, by arguing that the
Jewish clause in the Max Trust was unenforceable because it violated Illinois public policy.
Michele posits that, after making the distributions as specified by the 1997 appointment,
approximately $373,893 remained in the Max Trust which should be distributed to Max’s
descendants without regard to the Jewish clause in the Max Trust. In support of this
contention, Michele asserts that this court’s holding in the prior appeal (In re Estate of
Feinberg, 383 Ill. App. 3d 992), in which we held that the Jewish clause in the Max Trust
violated public policy, should be considered the “law of the case” because our supreme court
reversed this court’s holding on other grounds. See In re Estate of Feinberg, 235 Ill. 2d 256.
Thus, Michele argues, the trial court erred in approving the distribution plan because it called
for the distribution of assets consistent with the terms of the Jewish clause of the Max Trust.
¶ 100 The Taylors counter that the issue regarding the Jewish clause in the Max Trust was
resolved by our supreme court in the prior appeal, and that Michele’s attempt to relitigate our
supreme court’s decision must be rejected. The Bank argues that the validity of the Jewish
clause in the Max Trust remained the law of the case by our supreme court’s decision in the
prior appeal. Michael adopts the Bank’s position as to the validity of the final distribution
plan.
¶ 101 We find that our supreme court’s decision in the prior appeal regarding the issue of the
Jewish clause in the Max Trust is law of the case and it cannot be reexamined on a second
appeal before this court because there have been no material changes in the facts since the
prior appeal. See In re Christopher K., 217 Ill. 2d at 365. While Michele argues that our
supreme court never validated the Jewish clause in the Max Trust, and cites to certain
language in our supreme court’s opinion to suggest that it had never determined whether the
Jewish clause was enforceable, we find that our supreme court’s ruling regarding the Jewish
clause’s impact upon distributions made pursuant to the 1997 appointment also applied to the
remaining assets in the Max Trust. Moreover, there is no legal authority to support Michele’s
assertion that an appellate court decision resolving a single interlocutory issue, which has
been reversed by our supreme court, albeit on more narrow grounds, holds any precedential
value on remand and on a second appeal. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in
approving the distribution plan as proposed by the Bank.
¶ 102 We next determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in awarding no more than
$100,000 in reasonable attorney fees to Michele. See Shoreline Towers Condominium Ass’n
v. Gassman, 404 Ill. App. 3d 1013, 1024 (2010) (the dollar amount of the attorney fee award
is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard).
¶ 103 Michele argues that the trial court improperly awarded only $100,000 to her for
reasonable attorney fees. She points out that the recovery of assets to the Erla Trust would
not have been possible without her efforts to investigate the misconduct that ultimately led to
the Bank’s filing of its recovery citation. She contends that the relief sought in her separate
lawsuit against the Taylors and Michael pertained to all of the assets that they had
misappropriated from the Erla Trust, not just the portion of assets that Michele was entitled
to receive. Michele asserts that she is entitled to additional reasonable attorney fees and that
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 the trial court should have applied either the “percentage of the fund method” or the “lodestar
method” in calculating her fee award.
¶ 104 The Taylors counter that Michele was not entitled to additional attorney fees, arguing that
she did not prevail in her separate lawsuit against them at trial, and that Michele did not act
in the interest of all of the alleged beneficiaries so as to trigger the application of the common
fund doctrine. They contend that Michele should have joined the Bank’s recovery efforts
sooner rather than pursuing recovery on her own behalf through her separate lawsuit against
the Taylors and Michael. The Taylors posit that the trial court’s award of $100,000 in
attorney fees to Michele, combined with the $540,000 in attorney fees awarded to the Bank
for its recovery of the misappropriated assets, was reasonable because it represented
approximately 24% of the recovered funds. They further contend that Michele could have
assisted the Bank with the recovery efforts without incurring unnecessary legal fees, that she
failed to prove that the lodestar method governs in calculating attorney fees, and that
Michele’s own misconduct in prolonging the instant litigation should be considered by the
court. Michael adopts the Taylors’ position that Michele is not entitled to additional attorney
fees.
¶ 105 The Bank argues that the trial court acted within its discretion in awarding Michele
$100,000 in attorney fees, where the record supports the trial court’s finding that the Bank, as
trustee of the Feinberg Trusts, was well-equipped to litigate its recovery citation and
Michele’s lawsuit against the Taylors and Michael were largely duplicative of the actions
taken by the Bank. The Bank asserts that although Michele was helpful in uncovering many
facts that led to the filing of the Bank’s recovery citation, Michele pursued additional claims,
such as a claim for punitive damages, which would have benefitted her alone.
¶ 106 On June 14, 2011, Michele filed a petition for attorney fees before the trial court, alleging
that she incurred a total of $765,737.50 in legal fees and $12,352.15 in costs relating to her
efforts to recover the assets that the Taylors and Michael had misappropriated from Erla. On
May 17, 2012, the trial court entered an order awarding Michele $100,000 in attorney fees.
Specifically, the court said:
“From this court’s extensive and years-long experience with both the Max and
Erla Feinberg estates, it is clear that [Michele] initiated the investigation of the claims
that ultimately led to a recovery herein. Moreover, her efforts contributed to the
discovery of facts and evidence that ultimately led [the Bank] to issue citations to
discover and later to convert its discovery citations to recovery citations which were
issued by this court on or about May, 2007. The court finds that the actions of
[Michele’s] attorneys conferred a compensable benefit on the Feinberg estate.
***
However, Michele was ultimately not successful in prosecuting her [c]omplaint.
After trial, this court found in favor of the [c]itation [p]etitioner and against [Michele]
on her claim of tortious interference. This court determined that she failed to succeed
on her cause of action primarily because it was duplicative of the [Bank’s] [recovery]
[c]itation and the law in Illinois prohibits recovery in such circumstance. The [Bank]
was well able and well-equipped to litigate its citations and if the [Bank] needed
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 assistance in prosecuting its citations, then [Michele’s] counsel could have filed an
additional [a]ppearance on behalf of the [Bank]. That did not occur. Instead,
[Michele] pursued her own cause of litigation for her benefit, a benefit which she
hoped would result in the award of punitive damages for her alone. Moreover, this
court ultimately awarded a determinate money judgment against the citation
respondents.
This court cannot additionally burden the estate with the payment of [Michele’s]
attorneys’ fees for work that the [Bank] [was] duty-bound to perform in prosecuting
the citation. And this court cannot additionally burden the estate with payment of
[Michele’s] fees for pursuing an action that she believed would ultimately benefit her
alone.
With regards to the compensable benefit that [Michele’s] lawyers conferred on
this estate, this court has reviewed the fee petition and detailed billing records
submitted in support. The court finds that [Michele’s] attorneys are entitled to receive
from the ‘common fund’ those reasonable fees incurred from the date they were
retained through the date the [Bank’s] [recovery citation] was issued. The court finds
that the fair and reasonable amount for such fees to be $100,000.00, said amount to be
paid *** from the amounts recovered pursuant to the [c]itation.”
¶ 107 Based on our review of the record, we find that the trial court acted within its discretion
in awarding $100,000 to Michele in attorney fees. As discussed, Michele filed a complaint
for intentional interference with testamentary expectancy against the Taylors and Michael in
2004. In 2005, the Bank filed a discovery citation against the Taylors and Michael, which
was later converted into the instant recovery citation in 2007. Rather than joining the Bank’s
recovery efforts immediately, Michele chose to maintain her separate lawsuit against the
Taylors and Michael and waited until 2009 before joining as a party to the Bank’s recovery
citation. Although Michele’s complaint sought the return of the misappropriated funds to the
Erla Trust, we find that it was largely duplicative of the actions taken by the Bank. As the
trial court correctly noted, the Bank was “well able and well-equipped to litigate its
citations,” and Michele’s counsel could have assisted the Bank as needed. We find that the
trial court’s determination that Michele’s attorneys should only be compensated for fees
incurred from the date they were retained through the date the Bank’s recovery citation was
issued, was not an abuse of discretion. We cannot conclude that no reasonable person could
take the view adopted by the trial court. For these reasons, we reject Michele’s argument that
she was entitled to additional attorney fees and that the trial court should have calculated her
attorney fees based on the “percentage of the fund method,” which reflects a percentage of
the recovered funds, or the “lodestar method,” which reflects the amount of work performed
by the attorney. As the trial court noted, Erla’s estate should not be additionally burdened by
the payment of Michele’s attorneys fees for work that the Bank was duty-bound to perform
in prosecuting the recovery citation. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in awarding $100,000 in reasonable attorney fees to Michele.
¶ 108 We now turn to the Bank’s arguments on cross-appeal. On cross-appeal, the Bank’s sole
argument is that the trial court erred in denying its request for prejudgment interest on the
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 recovered assets that were returned to the Erla Trust. The decision to award prejudgment
interest is a matter left to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed
absent an abuse of discretion. Santa’s Best Craft, L.L.C. v. Zurich American Insurance Co.,
408 Ill. App. 3d 173, 191 (2010). However, questions of fact such as whether a party’s
conduct was “unreasonable and vexatious” will not be disturbed unless it is contrary to the
manifest weight of the evidence. Charles Selon & Associates, Inc. v. Estate of Aisenberg, 103
Ill. App. 3d 797, 801 (1981).
¶ 109 On May 16, 2011, the trial court granted the Bank’s recovery citation but denied its
request for prejudgment interest on the recovered assets, finding that “[t]his court has
reviewed the Illinois Interest Act with regards to the requested award of pre-judgment
interest and finds *** the Act to be inapplicable to the factual circumstances presented here.
The court declines to find that the failure to remit the funds taken from Erla was
‘unreasonable and vexatious.’ ”
¶ 110 The Bank argues that the trial court erred by not awarding prejudgment interest to the
Erla Trust, arguing that the trial court improperly failed to consider whether prejudgment
interest was warranted by equitable considerations and that the court’s application of the
Illinois Interest Act was erroneous. Michele does not appeal the issue of prejudgment
interest.
¶ 111 The Taylors counter that the trial court properly denied the Bank’s request for
prejudgment interest, arguing that the Illinois Interest Act was inapplicable to non-contract
claims and that the Bank forfeited any right to claim prejudgment interest based on equitable
considerations. They contend that, forfeiture aside, the record supported the court’s decision
to deny prejudgment interest. Further, they argue that there was sufficient evidence to
support the trial court’s findings that they did not act unreasonably or vexatiously under the
Illinois Interest Act.
¶ 112 Michael argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to award
prejudgment interest, arguing that the Illinois Interest Act was inapplicable and that the Bank
forfeited any claim to prejudgment interest based on equitable considerations. Michael
contends that the court’s decision should be viewed in light of the fact that it had imposed
substantial attorney fees upon him; that its decision was based on equitable considerations;
and that the trial court, in making its ruling, did not misapply the Illinois Interest Act.
¶ 113 Section 2 of the Illinois Interest Act (the Act) provides in pertinent part that:
“Creditors shall be allowed to receive at the rate of five (5) per centum per annum for
all moneys after they become due on any bond, bill, promissory note, or other
instrument of writing; on money lent or advanced for the use of another; on money
due on the settlement of account from the day of liquidating accounts between the
parties and ascertaining the balance; on money received to the use of another and
retained without the owner’s knowledge; and on money withheld by an unreasonable
and vexatious delay of payment.” 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2010).
¶ 114 First, the Bank argues that the trial court erred in failing to consider equitable
considerations in declining to award prejudgment interest, stating that equity required that the

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 Erla Trust be awarded prejudgment interest for the Taylors’ and Michael’s retention of Erla’s
money long after her death in 2003. The Bank posits that the Taylors and Michael continued
to enjoy the benefits of the misappropriated funds after Erla’s death, and that simply
returning the principal amounts to the Erla Trust did not adequately compensate the Erla
Trust as a whole. The Taylors and Michael counter that the Bank forfeited review of its
equity arguments on appeal.
¶ 115 We find that the Bank forfeited review of its equity arguments on appeal. The record
shows, in the trial court, the Bank’s recovery citation generically sought “prejudgment
interest” and that the Bank relied exclusively on the Act as the sole basis for its claim for
prejudgment interest. At trial, the Bank presented the testimony of its expert witness,
Thullen, who testified that in calculating the amount of prejudgment interest due to the Erla
Trust, he applied a 5% interest rate–the exact same rate specified by the Act. Further, the
Bank’s posttrial “proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law” before the trial court
specifically requested prejudgment interest pursuant to the Act and made no mention of
equity considerations as grounds for warranting prejudgment interest. Because the Bank
never presented its claim for prejudgment interest to the trial court on the basis of equity, but
chose only to prove the claim pursuant to the Act, the trial court had no opportunity to
address this issue or to give this court the benefit of the trial court’s observations with regard
to any equitable considerations or arguments. See In re Shauntae P., 2012 IL App (1st)
112280, ¶ 93 (failure to raise an argument before the trial court results in forfeiture of that
argument on appeal); Kamelgard v. American College of Surgeons, 385 Ill. App. 3d 675, 681
(2008) (“[a] primary purpose of the waiver rule is to ensure that the trial court has the
opportunity to correct the error” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Carson Pirie
Scott & Co. v. State of Illinois Department of Employment Security, 131 Ill. 2d 23, 49 (1989)
(where plaintiff’s posttrial motion relied solely on the alleged invalidation of an
administrative rule but failed to seek relief in the trial court on the basis of other alleged rule
invalidations, any such claim was forfeited for purposes of appeal).
¶ 116 Nonetheless, the Bank argues that its claim for prejudgment interest based on equitable
considerations was not forfeited for review on appeal, arguing that Michele presented the
testimony of her expert witness, Stringer, who testified to using treasury rates, rather than the
Act, to calculate the possible amount of prejudgment interest owed to the Erla Trust. The
Bank asserts that, once Stringer’s testimony was presented to the trial court and became part
of the record, the Bank was entitled to rely on it as evidence in support of its claim for
prejudgment interest based in equity. While we agree with the general proposition that
“evidence admitted into a case is available for all purposes, and every party is entitled to the
benefit of all evidence whether produced by him or his adversary,” we find that this in no
way excused the Bank’s failure to raise equity arguments at trial or in posttrial pleadings so
as to give the trial court an opportunity to consider those arguments and to preserve the issue
for review on appeal. Dudanas v. Plate, 44 Ill. App. 3d 901, 909 (1976). We further reject the
Bank’s assertion that this argument was not forfeited on the basis that Michele’s posttrial
“proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law” referenced case law that pertained to
prejudgment interest based on equitable considerations. Michele does not appeal the issue of
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 prejudgment interest and the Bank cannot now adopt Michele’s posttrial pleading arguments
as its own, where, as discussed, the Bank had ample opportunity to address this argument in
its own posttrial brief before the trial court but nevertheless failed to do so. Therefore, we
find that the Bank forfeited review of its equity arguments on appeal. Accordingly, we need
only determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying prejudgment interest
pursuant to the Act.
¶ 117 Turning our attention to the trial court’s decision in denying prejudgment interest
pursuant to the Act, the Bank argues that the trial court erred in declining to find that the
Taylors’ and Michael’s conduct was unreasonable and vexatious. The Bank contends that the
record supports the finding that their conduct in withholding assets belonging to the Erla
Trust was unreasonable and vexatious, arguing that how they had treated Erla during her
lifetime was irrelevant to the proper application of the Act. The Bank posits that, had the
Taylors and Michael simply returned the assets to the Erla Trust after Erla’s death in 2003,
instead of putting forth “bogus defenses” in an attempt to retain these assets,
seven-and-a-half years of litigation could have been avoided. The Bank further argues that
prejudgment interest was warranted because the misappropriated funds were retained by the
Taylors and Michael without Erla’s knowledge.
¶ 118 The Taylors counter that the Bank’s claim for prejudgment interest based on the Act fails
as a matter of law because the Act was inapplicable to non-contract claims. They argue that,
even if the Act applied in the instant case, sufficient evidence in the record supports the trial
court’s finding that they did not act willfully and vexatiously. The Taylors contend that the
Bank failed to prove that they acted maliciously or willfully, and that judgment was entered
against them only because they failed to overcome the presumption of fraud by clear and
convincing evidence.
¶ 119 Michael argues, like the Taylors, that the Act does not permit an award of prejudgment
interest on non-contract claims such as those brought by the Bank in the instant case. Michael
further contends that the trial court did not misapply the Act and that the court properly
considered the totality of the circumstances in finding the absence of unreasonable and
vexatious conduct. Michael further asserts that the mere filing of an appearance before the
court and conducting a defense in the litigation did not constitute unreasonable and vexatious
conduct, where legitimate questions existed as to the amounts that were subject to recovery
pursuant to the Bank’s recovery citation.
¶ 120 We find that the trial court properly denied prejudgment interest pursuant to the Act.
Generally, prejudgment interest is recoverable only when it is contracted by the parties or
authorized by statute. Continental Casualty Co. v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 286 Ill. App.
3d 572, 577 (1997). The disputing parties did not enter into an agreement providing for the
award of prejudgment interest; thus, a potential award of prejudgment interest is only
available to the Bank pursuant to the Act. Under the Act, the Bank would be entitled to
interest in the event of an “unreasonable and vexatious delay of payment” by the Taylors and
Michael. See 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2010). Whether a party’s conduct is “unreasonable and
vexatious” is a question of fact and will not be disturbed unless it is contrary to the manifest
weight of the evidence. Charles Selon & Associates, Inc., 103 Ill. App. 3d at 801. As noted,
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 the trial court declined to find that the Taylors’ and Michael’s failure to remit funds taken
from Erla was unreasonable and vexatious. We find that the trial court’s finding was
supported by the manifest weight of the evidence at trial. The Bank asserts that had the
Taylors and Michael returned the assets to the Erla Trust after Erla’s death in 2003, instead
of putting forth “bogus defenses” in an attempt to retain these assets, over seven years of
litigation could have been avoided. Although the Bank points to parts of the record, and the
Taylors’ and Michael’s inability to rebut the presumption of fraud or undue influence at trial,
to suggest that their delay in returning the funds was unreasonable and vexatious, we find
that the evidence equally supports a finding that the delay in payment was a result of
litigation. See id. at 802 (“[m]erely conducting a defense, where there is an honest dispute as
to the existence of a legal obligation, does not constitute an unreasonable and vexatious delay
unless the plaintiff can establish conduct by a litigant which approximates actual fraud”);
accord Hamilton v. American Gage & Machine Corp., 35 Ill. App. 3d 845, 853 (1976) (“in
order to collect interest on a theory of unreasonable and vexatious delay, the evidence must
show that the debtor had thrown obstacles in the way of collection or by some circumvention
or management of his own had induced the collector to delay taking proceedings to collect
the debt longer than he would have otherwise done” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Indeed, following the trial, the trial court ruled in favor of the Taylors and Michael on the
issues of the Florida condominium and the gifting program funds. The Bank does not identify
what “bogus defenses” the Taylors and Michael advanced in an attempt to delay the return of
the funds, nor has it demonstrated any actual fraud to establish their conduct as unreasonable
and vexatious. Thus, we cannot conclude that an opposite conclusion is clearly evident, or
that the trial court’s finding that there was no unreasonable and vexatious delay, was
arbitrary or not based on evidence. See Continental Casualty Co., 286 Ill. App. 3d at 576.
Likewise, we reject the Bank’s assertion that prejudgment interest was warranted under the
Act because the Taylors and Michael retained funds “without the owner’s knowledge” (815
ILCS 205/2 (West 2010)), where the record reveals that Erla was aware of, and signed
documents pertaining to, some of the transactions at issue in this case–including those
relating to the gifting program, the June 1990 warranty deed for the Florida condominium,
the second amendment to the Erla Trust, the 1997 appointment related to the Max Trust, the
1994 POA and the 1997 POA. Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s findings were not
against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the Bank’s request for prejudgment interest on the recovered assets. But
cf. In re Estate of Burren, 2013 IL App (1st) 120996, ¶¶ 47-48 (finding no abuse of discretion
by the trial court’s decision to award prejudgment interest to the estate under the
circumstances of the case).
¶ 121 In summary, we reverse the trial court’s finding that the Taylors misappropriated $18,770
from the Morgan Stanley account that belonged to Erla, reverse the trial court’s finding that
Erla’s Florida condominium should not be subjected to recovery, remand the matter solely
for further proceedings in accordance with the reversals, but affirm all other aspects of the
court’s May 16, 2011 judgment. We affirm the trial court’s August 10, 2012 order approving
the Bank’s distribution plan.

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¶ 122 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

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