Marriage of Crews CA4/1

Filed 6/24/14 Marriage of Crews CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re the Marriage of KELLY L. and
MICHAEL D. CREWS.
D060973
KELLY L. CREWS,

Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. DN147426)

v.

MICHAEL D. CREWS,

Appellant.

APPEALS from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Thomas

Ashworth III, Judge. Reversed in part and remanded with directions; affirmed in part.

Law Offices of Mary A. Lehman and Mary A. Lehman; Law Offices of David M.

Meyer and David M. Meyer for Appellant Kelly L. Crews.

Stephen Temko for Appellant Michael D. Crews.
 In this marital dissolution action between Michael D. Crews and Kelly L. Crews,

both parties appeal from a judgment on reserved issues determining the division of

property and other matters, including child and spousal support.1 Michael contends in

his appeal that (1) the support orders should be reversed because there was insufficient

evidence to support the court's imputation of income to him; (2) there was insufficient

evidence to support the court's business goodwill valuation; (3) the court abused its

discretion in valuing the parties' corporate jet airplane on the date of separation instead

of the date of trial; and (4) the court abused its discretion by dividing the community

estate unequally. In her appeal, Kelly contends the court erred by failing to enforce

certain provisions in the parties' postmarital agreement (PMA), which provided for the

division of property in the event one of the parties filed for dissolution. Kelly also

requests that this court award her attorney fees on appeal.

We conclude that the court erred in imputing income to Michael, valuing and

awarding goodwill to Michael, and dividing the community estate. We further conclude

that the court effectively found that Michael breached the PMA but did not determine

the proper remedy for the breach.

1 As is customary in family law cases, we will refer to the parties by their first
names for convenience and clarity, intending no disrespect.
2
 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Michael and Kelly were married in March 1998. They had two children during

the marriage—a daughter born in 2000 and a son born in 2003. In July 2007, Kelly filed

a petition for legal separation, and Michael filed a response in which he requested

dissolution of the marriage. The parties stipulated that retired Judge Thomas Ashworth,

III would serve as judge pro tem in the dissolution proceedings. They also stipulated to

the appointment of Tony Yip, CPA, as the court's expert under Evidence Code

section 730 to appraise their business interests and analyze their incomes for purposes of

determining child and spousal support. The court entered a status-only judgment of

dissolution in January 2008.

At the time of the marriage, Michael was a real estate developer who built homes

under the business name Michael Crews Development (MCDI). By the time of trial, he

had been in the real estate development business for 29 years. Shortly before they were

married, Michael and Kelly started and incorporated a new real estate development

company named Michael Crews Development II (MCDII). Michael and Kelly each

owned 50 percent of the shares of MCDII and were the initial directors and officers of

the corporation. They each contributed $40,000 to the new corporate entity and MCDI

loaned it another $1 million. Kelly ran MCDII's marketing department and Michael ran

the rest of the business. The company grew steadily and repaid the loan from MCDI.

MCDII's sales were about $17 million in 2002 and $39 million in 2005. Its debt

increased over the years as well, growing from $6.4 million in 1999 to $25 million in

3
2004. In 2006 MCDII owed $26 million in construction loans and its sales decreased to

$29 million.

Michael and Kelly's income also grew between 1999 and 2005. Their adjusted

gross income in 1999 was about $1.5 million. In 2004 it was $12.4 million and in 2005,

the year the real estate market in San Diego peaked, it was $18.9 million, including a

one-time capital gain of $8.6 million on the sale of a tract of land. However, in 2006

their adjusted gross income fell to $5.3 million.

Michael and Kelly lived an affluent lifestyle during their marriage. In November

2003 MCDII bought a corporate jet airplane, which Michael and Kelly frequently used

for personal travel and entertaining. In November 2010, close to the time of trial, the

broker who sold the airplane to MCDII appraised it at $650,000. Another appraisal done

in November 2010 valued the airplane at $548,533.

In February 2005, Michael and Kelly entered into a written PMA. Among other

things, the PMA provided that all of the parties' real and personal property was deemed

to be their community property, regardless of when or how it was acquired or whether

title was in the name of one party, both parties, or a business. In the event one of the

parties filed for dissolution of the marriage, the PMA specified separate property

distributions that were to "forthwith occur . . . ." The agreement provided that Michael

could unilaterally transfer $5 million from the community estate to himself as separate

property, and Kelly could unilaterally transfer $126,000 from the community estate to

herself as separate property. The PMA then stated: "Neither party shall have any other

claim for a separate property contribution to the community, nor shall either party be

4
entitled to any separate property reimbursements from the community, whether statutory

or otherwise."

After Michael filed for dissolution, he claimed the PMA was invalid. However,

through counsel in October 2008, he sent Kelly and the court correspondence stating he

had concluded the PMA was valid and designating $5 million in assets he wanted to

receive as his separate property under the PMA. The correspondence included a

declaration entitled "Abandonment of Contest of PMA Upon Payment of $5,000,000

million Plus Interest . . . ." Kelly filed a motion to restrain transfer of any assets to

Michael pending trial. The court granted the motion and ruled that distribution of

property under the PMA was an issue for trial.

In October 2007, the court ordered joint legal and physical custody of the children

to Michael and Kelly with a 50 percent time share. The court ordered that MCDII was

to pay Michael and Kelly each $60,000 per month as family support. However, the

court retained jurisdiction to "retroactively allocate support among child support and

spousal support and . . . to make a de novo determination of the support itself because

the Court . . . is uncertain what the report of Tony Yip, C.P.A., will indicate about

income."

The court further ordered that Michael was prohibited from using the parties'

personal assets "to recapitalize or infuse into the business without the informed consent

of [Kelly]." The court directed that Kelly could not arbitrarily refuse Michael's

reasonably justified requests for personal asset contributions into the business, but she

was to "be provided with the necessary disclosure concerning the request so that she

5
through her advisors [could] make a well considered and informed decision as to the

request."

At a hearing in January 2008, the court decided that giving Michael the

management and control of the parties' business interests and community estate was the

best way to maximize the community estate pending trial. At subsequent hearings the

court reiterated its view that the success of the business was "anchored in one person

only, and that is [Michael]. . . . He's either going to sink [or] swim. He's going to

succeed or fail." Thus, the court decided that it was "going to give [Michael], as long as

this case is pending, until we get to a conclusion, the benefit of the doubt in terms of

operating this business and spending money to keep it going." During the course of the

pretrial proceedings, the court authorized Michael to use community assets for various

business purposes, including paying down loans, partnership payments, and paying other

bills and expenses. On appeal, Kelly claims that Michael received approximately $14

million in community property assets between the date he filed for dissolution and trial,

in addition to the $5 million in community property assets he elected to take as his

separate property under the PMA.

In May 2009, a bifurcated trial was held on the issues of child custody and child

sharing only, and in November 2009, the court entered judgment on those issues. The

court awarded sole legal custody of the children to Michael, but awarded Michael and

Kelly joint physical custody with a 50 percent time share.

6
 Trial on the remaining issues was held over nine days in December 2010. In

August 2011 the court filed a "Final Statement of Decision On Reserved Issues." On

September 30, 2011 the court entered judgment on the issues addressed in the statement

of decision. We will include additional relevant facts in our discussion of the legal

issues.

DISCUSSION

MICHAEL'S APPEAL

I. Determination of Michael's Income for Purposes of Support

A. Imputation of Income

Michael contends the support orders in the judgment should be reversed because

there was insufficient evidence to support the court's imputation of income to him. The

court ordered Michael to pay child support of $2,778 per month and spousal support of

$1,750 per month. It found Michael had "imputed self-employment income of $12,500

per month" and unearned taxable income of $9,000 per month from rental of the La

Terazza property, a commercial building that the court awarded to Michael from the

community estate.

The court explained its imputation of income as follows: "[Michael] was able

make a profit of approximately $1.1 million on rebuilding some fire victims' homes and

another $100,000 on [another] project, for a total of $1.2 million. Assuming a

reasonable 50% overhead cost, [Michael] generated approximately $600,000 after all

expenses. . . . The $600,000 . . . was the total net business income over the

approximately 4 years from the building recession to trial. Averaged over this period,

7
[Michael] was able to earn $150,000 annually. In the absence of any better information,

the Court finds that [Michael] has the ability to earn $150,000 annually from self

employment."

We review a child support order for abuse of discretion and, in doing so,

determine whether substantial evidence supports the factual findings made in connection

with the order. (In re Marriage of Alter (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 718, 730.) Similarly,

we review spousal support orders for abuse of discretion and "examine the challenged

order for legal and factual support. 'As long as the court exercised its discretion along

legal lines, its decision will be affirmed on appeal if there is substantial evidence to

support it.' " (In re Marriage of Blazer (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1443.)

Family Code2 section 4058, subdivision (b) provides that in determining child

support, "[t]he court may, in its discretion, consider the earning capacity of a parent in

lieu of the parent's income, consistent with the best interests of the children."

Section 4320, subdivision (a) requires the court in ordering spousal support to consider,

among other circumstances listed in the statute, "[t]he extent to which the earning

capacity of each party is sufficient to maintain the standard of living established during

the marriage . . . ." " 'It has long been the rule in this state that a parent's earning

capacity may be considered in determining spousal and child support.' " (In re Marriage

of Cheriton (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 269, 301.)

2 All subsequent statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise
specified.
8
 " 'Earning capacity is composed of (1) the ability to work, including such factors

as age, occupation, skills, education, health, background, work experience and

qualifications; (2) the willingness to work exemplified through good faith efforts, due

diligence and meaningful attempts to secure employment; and (3) an opportunity to

work which means an employer willing to hire . . . . [¶] . . . When the ability to work or

the opportunity to work is lacking, earning capacity is absent and application of the

standard is inappropriate.' " (Mendoza v. Ramos (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 680, 685.)

"[I]n the case of professionals or tradespeople who are self-employable, the 'employer

willing to hire' definition [of 'opportunity to work'] is obviously too narrow, as it

encompasses only salaried employees." (In re Marriage of Cohn (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th

923, 930.) In such cases, "a more appropriate definition of 'opportunity to work' is the

substantial likelihood that a party could, with reasonable effort, apply his or her

education, skills and training to produce income." (Ibid.)

"The party seeking to have income imputed bears the burden of demonstrating

[ability and] opportunity to earn that income: the burden 'cannot be met by evidence

establishing merely that a spouse continues to possess[] the skills and qualifications that

had made it possible to earn certain salary in the past . . . .' " (Mendoza v. Ramos, supra,

182 Cal.App.4th at p. 685.) " 'Figures for earning capacity cannot be drawn from thin

air; they must have some tangible evidentiary foundation.' [Citation.] 'To calculate

support based on the hypothetical procurement of a job which the evidence showed was

not available to [the parent] would effectively write the "opportunity" element of earning

capacity out of existence.' " (In re Marriage of Smith (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 74, 82.)

9
 We conclude the court's imputation of income to Michael was erroneous because

it was based on the unwarranted assumption that he would earn the same substantial

income in the immediate future that he was able to average over the preceding four years

by rebuilding homes destroyed in the catastrophic October 2007 fires in San Diego

County, even though the real estate development market had crashed and not yet

recovered. In In re Marriage of Riddle (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 1075, the Court of

Appeal disapproved imputation of income based on past income that the husband had

earned as a commissioned investment salesperson but was unlikely to earn in the

immediate future. The Riddle court stated: "[W]e must reject the idea that just because

there were years in the late 1990's in which Husband earned about $300,000 as a

commissioned investment salesperson . . . Husband could earn the same amount in early

2003 when [the support] order was made. This is the logical fallacy of extrapolation, in

which some series of events in the past is necessarily assumed to continue in exactly the

same way into the future. Pretty much every sentient adult in the United States knows

that the stock market did not continue to go up in the early 2000's the way it had in the

late 1990's." (Riddle, supra, at p. 1086, italics added.)

Likewise, the real estate development market had not recovered when the court

imputed income to Michael based on past projects. The court acknowledged in its

statement of decision that "[d]uring the entire pendency of this case, the building

industry was in crisis[,]" and that the drastic reduction in the community estate after

separation "was caused by the free-fall in real estate development[.]" The court also

recognized that for the preceding four years Michael had been "attempting to reduce and

10
restructure debt in a very difficult economic environment. The goal has been to bring

the parties' business interests in for a 'soft landing,' and salvage some of their assets."

The court found: "[Michael's] estimate of another year to complete this process is

realistic. Also, his estimate of another 3 to 5 years for home building to recover could

well be correct. [¶] [Michael] generally did not start new projects after separation and

either abandoned the ones in progress or completed them without a profit. Any money

received was either distributed to the parties or used to operate the businesses while they

were being wound down."

As noted, the court found that the $600,000 profit Michael earned from rebuilding

fire victims' homes "was the total net business income over the approximately 4 years

from the building recession to trial." Thus, the statement of decision shows that

Michael's prospects of earning income from home building in the immediate future were

slim. Although he had the good fortune of being able to earn money by rebuilding

homes for fire victims when the building industry was in crisis, there was no evidence or

finding that he would have future opportunities to earn money by rebuilding homes for

fire victims or performing other building contracts. Thus, the court's imputation of

income to Michael "[i]n the absence of any better information," reflects the logical

fallacy of extrapolation – i.e., the assumption that Michael would continue to earn

approximately $150,000 per year rebuilding homes for fire victims. The court's

assumption is not supported by evidence in the record. It is not appropriate to base a

support order on future income that is not guaranteed and then require the paying spouse

to file motions to modify the support when the future income is less than the court

11
assessed. (In re Marriage of Mosley (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1375, 1387.) Accordingly,

we will reverse the judgment's child and spousal support awards and direct the trial court

to recalculate the awards for the relevant time period without imputing income to

Michael.

B. Rental income

In addition to imputing self-employment income of $150,000 per year to Michael

for purposes of determining income available for support, the court based its support

determinations on the finding that Michael received unearned taxable income of $9,000

per month from rental of the La Terazza property. Michael contends the court erred by

not offsetting that amount by the negative cash flow or monthly "carrying costs" he

realizes from three other properties, which he identifies as Valley View Commerce

Center, LLC with "cash flow needs" of $1400 per month; MLA Partners, LLC with cash

flow needs of between $800 and $1,200 per month; and Banning Office Building, LLC

with cash flow needs of between $470 and $640 per month.3

3 Kelly argues the court was not required to deduct Michael's expenditures on other
properties from his rental income from the La Terazza property because the court
rejected the use of Michael's actual income to calculate support by expressly stating it
was imputing income to Michael. However, in its statement of decision, the court did
not impute the rental income to Michael; it imputed only the $150,000 annual income
that it found Michael had the capacity to earn, stating Michael "has the ability to earn
$150,000 annually from self employment." The court then separately found: "In
addition, [Michael] will be receiving $9,000 in net monthly rental income since he is
being awarded the La Terazza commercial property, which is the parties' only income-
producing asset."

12
 There is merit to Michael's argument that monthly rental income used to calculate

a spouse's gross income for purposes of support is properly offset by monthly losses the

spouse carries from other properties. Section 4058, subdivision (a)(1) includes rent as a

source of annual gross income, and section 4058, subdivision (a)(2) includes "[i]ncome

from the proprietorship of a business, such as gross receipts from the business reduced

by expenditures required for the operation of the business." (Italics added.) However,

on appeal Michael has not adequately established the amount of any particular offset to

which he may be entitled as a result of negative cash flow from an investment property.

Court appointed appraiser Yip's final report and the judgment identify the three

properties in question as assets partly owned by the MCDI Pension and Profit Sharing

Plan,4 and show that the properties have a negative value. Under the heading

"Retirement and Pensions," the judgment awards MCDI Pension and Profit Sharing

Plan's interest in those properties to Michael. However, neither the judgment nor Yip's

final report shows the amount of the monthly negative cash flow from these properties.

In proceedings on remand to determine the proper amount of Michael's support

obligations, Michael is entitled to present evidence of his monthly carrying costs on any

real property assets awarded to him and to argue that the court, in its discretion, should

offset his rental income from the La Terazza property in the amount of those costs.

4 The judgment states that MCDI Pension and Profit Sharing Plan owns a 33.33
percent interest in Valley View Commerce Center, LLC; a 30 percent interest in MLA
Partners, LLC; and a 50 percent interest in Banning Office Building, LLC.
13
 II. Goodwill Valuation

Michael contends there was insufficient evidence to support the court's valuation

of business goodwill at $474,000. We agree.

The family court is obligated to value and divide the community estate of the

parties equally, including the value of the goodwill of any community asset. (In re

Marriage of Greaux and Mermin (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1253.) We review the

trial court's valuation of community assets in a dissolution case for abuse of discretion.

(In re Marriage of Ackerman (2006) 146 Cal.App.4th 191, 197.) "Generally, 'the

appropriate test of abuse of discretion is whether or not the trial court exceeded the

bounds of reason, all of the circumstances before it being considered. [Citations.]'

[Citation.] To the extent that a trial court's exercise of discretion is based on the facts of

the case, it will be upheld 'as long as its determination is within the range of the evidence

presented. [Citation.]' [Citation.] Conversely, a court abuses its discretion if its findings

are wholly unsupported, since a consideration of the evidence 'is essential to a proper

exercise of judicial discretion.' " (Ibid.)

Business and Professions Code section 14100 defines the "good will of a

business" as "the expectation of continued public patronage." Because a community

interest can only be acquired during marriage, "the value of the goodwill must exist at

the time of the dissolution and that value must be established without dependence on the

potential or continuing net income of the professional spouse." (In re Marriage of King

(1983) 150 Cal.App.3d 304, 309, italics added.) "[T]he value of goodwill existing at the

time of marital dissolution is separate and apart from the expectation of the spouses'

14
future earnings." (In re Marriage of Duncan (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 617, 633-634.) It is

therefore improper to base a goodwill valuation on the expectancy of future earnings

because "community property interests may be acquired only during marriage and it

would be inconsistent with that philosophy to assign value to the postmarital efforts of

either spouse." (In re Marriage of Rives (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 138, 150.)

Although the judgment (but not the statement of decision) refers to the goodwill

the court awarded to Michael as "business goodwill," the evidence upon which the court

based its finding of goodwill reflects that the court improperly awarded Michael

personal goodwill, rather than the goodwill of any of his business entities, and, in any

event, improperly based its goodwill valuation on the expectancy of Michael's future

earnings.5

The goodwill finding in this case is analogous to the goodwill finding in

McTiernan, supra, 133 Cal.App.4th 1090. The trial court in McTiernan found there was

goodwill in the husband's business as a motion picture director and valued the goodwill

at $1.5 million. (Id. at p. 1093.) The trial court reasoned that the husband's exceptional

success as a director was "dependent upon his personal skill, experience and knowledge,

and . . . that . . . the profession which he practices is similar to that of an attorney,

5 In its statement of decision, the court referred to the goodwill as "Husband's
goodwill." Although "[g]oodwill as a divisible asset does not exist apart from the
business or professional practice to which it attaches[,]" (In re Marriage of McTiernan
& Dubrow (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 1090 (McTiernan), 1112, conc. opn. of Boland J.),
the court separately valued "Husband's goodwill" and awarded it to Michael as a distinct
asset. The goodwill is not included in the calculation of the value of MCDII or any of
the other business entities addressed in the statement of decision or in Yip's report, upon
which the court largely based its business valuations.

15
physician, dentist, accountant, editor, architect, or any other professional who has

established a successful professional practice, with quantifiable expectation of future

patronage, based upon his or her personal skill, experience and knowledge." (Id. at

p. 1094.)

Noting that Business and Professions Code section 14100 defines the "good will

of a business" as "the expectation of continued public patronage[,]" the majority opinion

in McTiernan addressed whether the term "a business" included "a person doing

business" or referred only "to a professional, commercial or industrial enterprise with

assets, i.e., an entity other than a natural person." (McTiernan, supra, 133 Cal.App.4th

at p. 1096.) The majority decided the latter meaning was the correct one, noting that

"[n]o California case has held that a natural person, apart and distinct from a 'business,'

can create or generate goodwill. In the instance of professionals, the courts have spoken

of 'the nature and duration of his business as a sole practitioner' [citation] and of the

value of a 'professional practice' [citations]. It is the business, i.e., the practice, that

generates goodwill, even if the practice is conducted by a sole practitioner . . . ." (Id. at

p. 1098.) The majority concluded: "It is clear that, from an economic perspective, the

'goodwill' in this case is based on earnings, and that 'goodwill' is an expression of

husband's earning capacity. However, there is no guaranty, especially in the arts, that

earnings will not decline or even dry up, even though expectations were to the contrary.

In such an event, a person would find him- or herself saddled with a massive liability

without the means of satisfying it. Putting it another way, endowing directly persons

16
with the ability to create goodwill would create an 'asset' predicated on nothing other

than predictions about earning capacity." (Id. at p. 1099, fn. omitted.)6

Yip's testimony about his goodwill analysis shows that his goodwill

determination was essentially predicated on his predictions about Michael's future

earning capacity as a real estate developer. Yip testified that he determined there was

goodwill to be appraised based on Michael's reputation in the quality of houses that he

had built in the past, his vendor relationship with the subcontractors, and his "know-

how" and contacts. Yip stated that "all these would put him into a position such that at

the time when the market rebound[s], he would be able to leverage and capitalize on that

to again get back into the business and generally profit." (Italics added.) Yip assumed

Michael would capitalize future business and invest $523,000 per year, but testified: "I

cannot . . . say I know for sure as of a certain time in the future when [Michael] would

have the amount available." (Italics added.) Yip's goodwill calculation also assumed

Michael would be able to attract an unidentified equity partner, and that "90 percent of

the equity capital that's required will be kicked in by the financial partner who returned it

at 50 percent profit. So [Michael's] contribution to the capital . . . at the level that we're

using, which is the average over a long period of time in terms of the number of houses

to be built in, say, the given year, is 10 percent of that equity capital plus some seed

money to secure loans."

6 A concurring justice in McTiernan separately concluded that as a matter of law,
the husband did not own a business or professional practice to which goodwill could
attach because goodwill is transferable as property and the husband could not "sell or
otherwise transfer his 'professional practice' or 'business' to a third party." (McTiernan,
supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1111-1112, 1114, conc. opn. of Boland, J.)
17
 The court questioned the "Goodwill of Crews Entities" heading in Yip's report

and observed, "These entities aren't going to exist. There are no entities. So you're

really talking about his personal goodwill, are you not?" The court later said it was

"having trouble conceptually with this because it seems like we're talking about

[Michael] personally[,]" and suggested that Yip's goodwill valuation was subject to

reversal under McTiernan. Yip responded that he viewed Michael and his businesses as

the same, stating that "whether we have MCDII that is going out of business but later on

when the market rebounds we have an MCDIII, in my mind it's a continuation of a

business that [Michael] has been in for . . . 20, 30 years." (Italics added.)

In its statement of decision, the court referred to Yip's report as valuing

"Husband's goodwill at $474,000." (Italics added.) The court accepted Yip's goodwill

valuation "and the underlying calculations[,]" and awarded the goodwill to Michael.

The court found that "[Michael] will again be able to generate excess earnings when the

real estate development industry recovers. His history also indicates that he will be able

to obtain the necessary capital for this purpose." (Italics added.)

It is clear from the above italicized language in Yip's testimony and the statement

of decision that the court's goodwill valuation was based entirely on the expectancy of

Michael's earnings at some unknown time in the future when the real estate development

industry will have recovered to the point where Michael can earn the same income he

was earning before the severe downturn in that industry. The court's assumption that he

would be as successful in the future as he had been in the past was based on the evidence

of his skill, reputation, and experience as a real estate developer. However, a spouse's

18
"skill, reputation and experience are not community property and may not be divided in

a dissolution . . . ." (In re Marriage of Rives, supra, 130 Cal.App.3d at p. 153.) The

court's goodwill finding contravenes the principle that "the value of the goodwill must

exist at the time of the dissolution and that value must be established without

dependence on the potential or continuing net income of the professional spouse"—i.e.,

the expectancy of the spouse's future earnings. (In re Marriage of King, supra, 150

Cal.App.3d at p. 309; In re Marriage of Duncan, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at pp. 633-634.)

Kelly contends substantial evidence presented at trial supports the finding that the

goodwill the court awarded to Michael was business goodwill and not personal

goodwill. Specifically, she asserts that both Yip and his forensic expert Karen Kaseno

testified that the goodwill was attributable to the "Crews Entities." Although Yip

testified that he viewed Michael and Michael's businesses as being the same, as we

discussed above, his goodwill determination was fundamentally based on the future

income he expected Michael would earn as a real estate developer given his personal

skill, reputation, and experience, which are not subject to division in a dissolution. (In

re Marriage of Rives, supra, 130 Cal.App.3d at p. 153.)

As for Kaseno, we note the court did not base its goodwill finding on her

testimony. Rather, the court in its statement of decision noted Yip's goodwill value and

stated: "The Court accepts this value and the underlying calculations." In any event,

Kaseno's testimony shows that her goodwill determination, like Yip's, was based on the

expectancy that Michael would earn future income through his personal skill, reputation,

and experience as a real estate developer. When the court asked Kaseno if the goodwill

19
she valued was Michael's personal goodwill, she responded that the goodwill was "in the

form of several entities at the moment," but she added that "[Michael] is capable of

doing all of these tasks and all of these things that he clearly has been doing over the last

few years in a bad market, and he has maintained relationships. He has . . . the

knowledge and expertise to be able to in the future earn money at a level most people

can't." (Italics added.) The court asked, "So it's a personal goodwill?" Kaseno replied,

"It is." The court said, "Him as an individual." Kaseno then stated, "Well, and I don't

want you to use that term because I know that there's . . . case law that says personal

goodwill versus other types. This is in an entity right now." The court responded:

"Well, but I know the entity has no goodwill. I mean, I can look at that and see—what

goodwill does an entity have that is defaulting on its debts, that is in trouble with the

banks, and so forth? It clearly doesn't—to my way of looking at goodwill, it doesn't

have it."7

Thus, Kaseno's testimony regarding the nature of the goodwill was ambiguous at

best. Notwithstanding her conclusory assertions that the goodwill was in one or more

business entities, like Yip, she based her goodwill determination on the expectancy that

Michael would earn substantial income in the future through his personal skill,

reputation, and experience as a real estate developer. Neither Yip's nor Kaseno's

7 Kaseno later agreed when the court observed: "[Y]ou're not really defining what
type of goodwill this is. You're just saying he's demonstrated that he can make money
above whatever average you want to use, and therefore, there's our excess earnings you
can capitalize and use that model."

20
testimony constitutes substantial evidence that there was goodwill in any of the

community business entities at the time of trial.8

Moreover, even if the expectancy of Michael's future earnings were a proper basis

for valuing his business goodwill, Yip based his calculation of Michael's future earning

capacity on assumptions that were too speculative to constitute substantial evidence.

Yip speculated that Michael would capitalize future business and invest $523,000 per

year but could not say when he would actually be able to do so. Yip also speculated that

Michael would be able to attract an unidentified equity partner who would contribute

"90 percent of the equity capital that's required," and that the real estate development

market would recover in two to three years. However, the court acknowledged in its

statement of decision that Michael's "estimate of another 3 to 5 years for home building

to recover could well be correct[,]" and Yip testified that his goodwill number would be

much smaller if he assumed a five-year period before the real estate market recovered,

and would be "significantly reduced" if he assumed a 3-4 year period." "The court may

not consider speculative factors when valuing community assets." (In re Marriage of

Duncan, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th p. 634.) Because the court's goodwill finding is not

supported by substantial evidence, it was an abuse of discretion to award goodwill to

Michael as a community asset.

8 Kelly argues the goodwill awarded to Michael was business rather than personal
goodwill because there was evidence that some of the Crews business entities were still
operating and employing staff at the time of trial. However, evidence that a business
entity was still operating at the time of trial is not evidence that the business had
goodwill. Yip's goodwill determination, which the court adopted, was based on the
expectancy of Michael's future earnings through his personal effort; not the ongoing
operation of the businesses he was winding down at the time of trial.
21
 III. Valuation of the Jet Airplane

Michael contends the court abused its discretion in valuing the parties' corporate

jet airplane on the date of separation instead of the date of trial. In its statement of

decision, the court addressed the value of the airplane as follows: "The Court finds that

the parties' airplane had a value of $775,000 at the time [Kelly] was awarded its

management.[9] This is based on a later offer to purchase that the parties did not accept.

The debt against the airplane is approximately $340,000, for a net value of $435,0090.

[Michael] is awarded the airplane at this net value . . . . [¶] The Court agrees with

[Michael's] testimony that the airplane has lost over $200,000 in value. The Court has

used the higher value because of [Michael's] lack of cooperation in promptly paying

maintenance invoices when they were presented as well as his delay in confirming the

validity of the PMA."

Earlier in the statement of decision the court elaborated on Michael's failure to

"forthwith" make his separate property election under the PMA, which the court found

"troubling." The court stated: "The real estate development market was in free-fall

between the date of filing [for dissolution] in July 2007 and [Michael's] election in

October 2008. Accordingly, the community estate was greatly reduced in value during

this period and [Michael's] $5.0 million election arguably consumes all or nearly all of

9 The statement of decision earlier noted that "[f]ollowing a hearing on April 1,
2008, [Kelly] was given management and control of the day-to-day operations of the
parties' airplane as well as marketing it for sale. The airplane has still not been sold.
[Michael] claims that [Kelly] did not properly manage, maintain or insure the airplane.
The total damages claimed by [Michael] are $342,500 for loss of charter revenue and
damage to the plane by not keeping it in a [hangar]."
22
the community estate based on the reduced asset values. [Michael] should not be

permitted to select the date of valuation in a decreasing market and, in addition, pick

particular assets with the benefit of hindsight. . . . The court finds that this is neither fair

nor reasonable. Under these circumstances, certain assets assigned to [Michael] as part

of his $5.0 million allocation were assigned at values favorable to [Kelly]. As

hereinafter provided in more detail, the Court awarded Emerald Crest [Development II,

GP and its principal asset (225 acres of undeveloped mitigation land known as Brook

Forest)] to [Michael] at [Kelly's] value and the airplane at an earlier value that was

considerably greater than its present value."

In the section of the statement of decision addressing the parties' claims for

breach of fiduciary duty, the court agreed "with [Kelly's] claims relating to Brook Forest

and the airplane. [Michael] did not timely, accurately and completely disclose the

interest CalTrans had shown in a possible purchase of Brook Forest. Also, he did not

cooperate with [Kelly's] management of the airplane. For these reasons the Court is

awarding the parties' interest in Brook Forest to [Michael] at the value placed on it by

[Kelly's] appraisers, and is awarding the airplane to [Michael] at a fair market value of

$775,000, rather than the reduced value he is claiming due to [Kelly's] alleged

mismanagement."

In short, the court valued the airplane at a higher value than its value at the time

of trial for three reasons: (1) Michael's failure to disclose CalTrans's interest in Brook

Forest property to Kelly; (2) his delay in electing his separate property under the PMA;

and (3) his delayed payment of invoices regarding the plane and lack of cooperation

23
with Kelly in her management of the plane. Michael contends the first two reasons are

invalid because he had no duty to disclose a mere interest in the Brook Forest property

that never ripened into negotiations or an offer to purchase the property, and there is no

connection between the PMA and the airplane. Regarding the third reason, Michael

argues that he delayed paying invoices because he had to review them for mistakes, and

even if the delayed invoices were a sufficient reason for the court's valuation of the

airplane, the matter should be remanded for redetermination because two of the court's

three reasons for the valuation are erroneous. Michael cites In re Marriage of Abrams

(2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 979 (Abrams), in which the Court of Appeal remanded the issue

of attorney fee sanctions because it decided that only one of the trial court's three reasons

for imposing the sanctions had merit and could not "say with any certainty that the court

necessarily would have exercised its discretion in the same fashion based only on the

one valid reason." (Id. at p. 993, disapproved on another point in In re Marriage of

LaMusga (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1072, 1097.)

Notwithstanding Abrams, we conclude the court acted within its discretion in

valuing the parties' corporate airplane based on its finding that Michael breached his

fiduciary duty by delaying payment of invoices and not cooperating with Kelly in her

management of the plane.10 Section 2552, subdivision (a) provides that "[f]or the

purpose of division of the community estate upon dissolution of marriage or legal

separation of the parties, . . . the court shall value the assets and liabilities as near as

10 Michael disagrees with the finding that he was uncooperative in the management
of the airplane but does not contend it is not supported by substantial evidence.

24
practicable to the time of trial." However, section 2552, subdivision (b) provides that

"[u]pon 30 days' notice by the moving party to the other party, the court for good cause

shown may value all or any portion of the assets and liabilities at a date after separation

and before trial to accomplish an equal division of the community estate of the parties in

an equitable manner."11 The court has considerable discretion under section 2552,

subdivision (b) "to divide community property in order to assure an equitable settlement

is reached." (In re Marriage of Geraci (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1278, 1290-1291.) "As

long as the court exercised its discretion along legal lines, its decision will be affirmed

on appeal if there is substantial evidence to support it." (In re Marriage of Duncan,

supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at p. 625.)

Section 1100, subdivision (e) provides, in relevant part: "Each spouse shall act

with respect to the other spouse in the management and control of the community assets

and liabilities in accordance with the general rules governing fiduciary

relationships . . . until such time as the assets and liabilities have been divided by the

parties or by a court."12 Section 1101, subdivision (g) provides, in relevant part:

11 Kelly's trial brief reveals that in August 2009 she filed a motion to use an
alternative valuation date under section 2552, subdivision (b) instead of the date of trial.
The court deferred the motion to trial. Although the trial brief does not state which
assets the motion addressed, the trial brief itself gave notice that Kelly sought an
alternative valuation date for the airplane, stating: "The Court could also apply an
alternative date of valuation to the airplane, or various other assets." Michael does not
contend on appeal that the statutory notice requirement was not satisfied.

12 Section 1101, subdivision (a) provides: "A spouse has a claim against the other
spouse for any breach of the fiduciary duty that results in impairment to the claimant
spouse's present undivided one-half interest in the community estate, including, but not
limited to, a single transaction or a pattern or series of transactions, which transaction or
25
"Remedies for breach of the fiduciary duty by one spouse . . . shall include, but not be

limited to, an award to the other spouse of 50 percent, or an amount equal to 50 percent,

of any asset undisclosed or transferred in breach of the fiduciary duty . . . . The value of

the asset shall be determined to be its highest value at the date of the breach of the

fiduciary duty, the date of the sale or disposition of the asset, or the date of the award by

the court." (Italics added.)

Reading section 2552, subdivision (b) and section 1101, subdivision (g) together,

we conclude the court had discretion to use an alternative valuation date for the airplane

as a remedy for Michael's breach of fiduciary duty regarding the management of the

airplane. Although the valuation-date provisions in subdivision (g) of section 1101

concern the valuation of assets that were undisclosed or transferred in breach of a

spouse's fiduciary duty, they provide guidance to the trial court in crafting remedies for

other breaches of fiduciary duty that affect or relate to the value of a community asset.

The court stated in its statement of decision that it assigned the airplane its value "at the

time [Kelly] was awarded its management." Kelly testified at trial that she had ongoing

problems with Michael concerning the airplane from the time she began managing the

airplane and throughout the year following July 2008 when she hired a new company to

manage it. Thus, the value the court assigned the airplane comported with the spirit of

section 1101, subdivision (g) because it was the airplane's highest value at the time

transactions have caused or will cause a detrimental impact to the claimant spouse's
undivided one-half interest in the community estate."

26
Michael began breaching his fiduciary duty by not cooperating in its management. We

conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in valuing the airplane.

IV. Division of the Community Estate

Michael contends the court abused its discretion by not dividing the community

estate equally.

Section 2550 requires the trial court in a marital dissolution action to value and

equally divide the parties' community property estate, unless the parties have agreed

otherwise.13 " '[T]he court must distribute both the assets and the obligations of the

community so that the residual assets awarded to each party after the deduction of the

obligations are equal.' " (In re Marriage of Walrath (1998) 17 Cal.4th 907, 924.) The

trial court has broad discretion in discharging its duty to divide community property in a

way that is not only mathematically equal but practical and equitable as well. (In re

Marriage of Fink (1979) 25 Cal.3d 877, 885; §§ 2550, 2010, subd. (e).) Accordingly,

we review the trial court's division of marital property for an abuse of discretion. (In re

Marriage of Sivyer-Foley & Foley (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 521, 526).

If the amount of the community debt exceeds the total value of the community

assets, the court may assign the excess debt as it "deems just and equitable, taking into

account factors such as the parties' relative ability to pay." (§ 2622, subd. (b).)

13 Section 2550 provides: "Except upon the written agreement of the parties, or on
oral stipulation of the parties in open court, or as otherwise provided in this division, in a
proceeding for dissolution of marriage or for legal separation of the parties, the court
shall, either in its judgment of dissolution of the marriage, in its judgment of legal
separation of the parties, or at a later time if it expressly reserves jurisdiction to make
such a property division, divide the community estate of the parties equally."

27
However, if the community assets exceed the community liabilities, the court has "no

discretion to adjust the division of the residual assets to reflect equitable considerations."

(In re Marriage of Schultz (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 846, 854.)

Michael complains that the court omitted from its statement of decision a number

of business interests that Yip valued in his final report. Yip assigned some of these

"omitted" assets positive values and others negative values.14 Michael points out that

the net value of the excluded assets is a negative $1,442,679, and argues that excluding

them resulted in an unequal division of the community estate. According to his

calculations, a correct division of the residual community estate, including the excluded

assets, would result in Kelly owing him $721,590. Michael invites us to amend the

judgment by substituting his calculations for the trial court's calculations.

Preliminarily, Michael's characterization of the assets and debt in question as

having been "omitted" from the statement of decision and judgment is inaccurate. Each

of the 18 business entities in question is listed in an attachment to the statement of

decision and in the body of the judgment, and the court awarded all of them to Michael

14 Michael lists 14 business entities that Yip appraised at either a positive or zero
value, and four entities that Yip assigned a negative value. The positive-value entities
are MCD, Inc. valued at $17,161; MGP Murrieta, LP valued at $263,050; Seadrift
Ranch Partners valued at $527,086; Musket Oil valued at $24,000; Seadrift Harbor
Partners, LP valued at $81,600; and Tyson Crews Land Holdings, Inc. valued at
$30,561. The negative-value entities are Riverwood Hollow, LLC valued at negative
$917,051; MCCD, GP, valued at negative $96,257; MCCD, Inc. valued at negative
$1,370,988; and Michael Crews Realty, Inc. valued at negative $1,841.

28
at a net value of zero.15 In its statement of decision under the heading "Remaining

Business Interests and Debt" the court ruled: "These remaining business assets are

awarded to [Michael] at no net value. [Michael] is given the exclusive authority to

negotiate and restructure the outstanding business debt. The Court is aware that these

businesses could arguably have an overall negative value if [Michael] is unsuccessful in

obtaining a write-down and restructuring of at least the two largest remaining

unresolved creditor claims. The Court finds, however, that [Kelly] has no realistic

ability to satisfy these claims. The parties have consistently demonstrated that they

cannot work effectively together. Under these circumstances, [Michael] should be

afforded his best opportunity to negotiate a debt reduction that could result in a positive

net value for the remaining business interests. That would be fair compensation for his

continuing efforts. If he is unsuccessful, and there is as negative estate value after the

PMA allocations, [Michael] is assigned that negative value pursuant to In re Marriage of

Eastis (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 459[, 464] and Family Code section 2622(b)." (Italics

added.) This language is substantially repeated in the judgment.

15 In addition to the 14 positive and zero-value business entities that Michael claims
were omitted from the statement of decision, he inexplicably lists "one-half of Mission
Oaks Bank stock divided equally" as one of the omitted zero-value assets, and cites to
the portion of the statement of decision that divides that stock.
29
 We conclude that in dividing the community estate, the court erred by awarding

all of the "remaining" business interests to Michael at zero value rather than making

findings as to their present value, whether based on Yip's appraisal or other evidence.

As to the interests that Yip assigned either a positive or negative value, there is no

substantial evidence to support the court's assignment of zero value. The quoted

language from the statement of decision and judgment shows that the court awarded the

remaining businesses to Michael at zero value even though the court acknowledged they

had a net negative value and that Michael may not be able to restructure the debt on the

negative assets and turn them into positive assets. The court lacked discretion to award

a negative-value asset to Michael at zero value based on the speculation that he might be

able to turn the business into a positive-value asset in the future.

Kelly argues that it was appropriate to award MCCD, Inc. (valued at negative

$1,370,988) and Riverwood Hollow, LLC (valued at negative $917,051) to Michael at

zero value because there is substantial evidence that the debt against MCCD, Inc. would

never be collected and there was no personal liability arising out of the debt against

Riverwood Hollow. She contends that after removing the MCCD, Inc. debt from the list

of omitted assets, the difference Michael presents is only $71,691, which Kelly views as

an immaterial amount "within the scope of the $7-7.5 million residual community

assets." Michael argues the community is liable for the MCCD, Inc. debt by personal

guarantee and an alter ego theory. Whether Yip correctly valued the "remaining" assets

and whether the debt he assigned to the negative-value assets is properly factored into

the division of the community estate are factual issues that are not appropriately decided

30
by this court. Accordingly, we decline Michael's invitation to amend the judgment by

substituting his calculations (based on Yip's appraised values for the "remaining

business interests and debts") for those set forth in the portion of the judgment dividing

the community estate. We will reverse that portion of the judgment and remand the

matter for a redetermination of the proper division of the community estate under section

2550 based on evidence of the actual value of each community property asset.

KELLY'S APPEAL

I. Michael's Breach of the PMA

Kelly contends the court erred by failing to enforce the provisions in the PMA

regarding the division of property in the event of a dissolution action. The PMA

provided that all of the parties' real and personal property was deemed their community

property, and that if one of the parties filed for dissolution of the marriage, "the

following property division and/or distribution shall forthwith occur . . . : [¶] 1.

MICHAEL shall unilaterally be permitted to transfer from the community property

assets into his name alone five million dollars ($5,000,000). . . . [¶] 2. KELLY shall

unilaterally be permitted to transfer from the community property assets into her name

alone $126,000." As noted, Michael did not make his separate property election under

the PMA "forthwith" after he filed for dissolution in July 2007 because he claimed the

PMA was invalid. He changed his position in October 2008 and attempted to make his

election then, but Kelly successfully moved to restrain transfer of any assets to Michael

pending trial.

31
 In its statement of decision, the court ruled that the PMA was a valid

transmutation agreement, and that Michael was "entitled to change his position on the

validity of the [PMA] as the case evolve[d] and he develop[ed] more factual and legal

knowledge." The court found that Michael's "final position was known more than two

years before trial and the change did not prejudice [Kelly's] ability to present her case."

However, the court stated that Michael's failure to forthwith make his separate property

election was "more troubling to the Court." As we noted in our discussion regarding the

airplane valuation, the court found the value of the community estate was greatly

reduced between the date Michael filed for dissolution and October 2008 when he first

attempted to make his separate property election under the PMA. The court further

found that Michael's $5 million election at the time of trial "arguably consumes all or

nearly all of the community estate based on the reduced asset values[,]" and that it would

be unreasonable and unfair to Kelly for him to "select the date of valuation in a

decreasing market and, in addition, pick particular assets with the benefit of hindsight."

The court compensated Kelly for Michael's failure to make his separate property election

forthwith by (1) awarding Michael the Brook Forest property at $4.5 million, the value

Kelly claimed, instead of $2.75 million, the adjusted value that Yip and another court

appointed appraiser determined, and (2) awarding him the jet airplane "at an earlier

value that was considerably greater than its present value."

Kelly contends that the court's language in the statement of decision describes a

breach of the PMA, and that Michael's failure to make his separate property election

"forthwith" allowed him to receive over $14 million in distributions of community assets

32
during the pendency of the litigation to operate businesses that the court ultimately

awarded to him. Therefore, she argues, Michael's breach of the "forthwith" provision

resulted in damages to her in an amount equal to one half of the community assets

distributed to Michael before he made his election, or $7 million.16

We agree with Kelly that the court impliedly, although not expressly, found both

that Michael breached the PMA by not making his separate property election "forthwith"

and that Kelly suffered damages as a result of the breach. We also agree that the remedy

the court provided Kelly for the breach was not a proper remedy for breach of the PMA.

A marital agreement regarding the character and division of property is enforceable as a

contract absent proof it was procured by fraud, constructive fraud, duress, or undue

influence. (In re Marriage of Bonds (2000) 24 Cal.4th 1, 13 [premarital agreement]; In

re Marriage of Davis (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 1007, 1018 [a marital settlement

agreement is governed by the legal principles applicable to contracts generally]; In re

Marriage of Benjamins (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 423, 429 [agreements between spouses

are construed under the statutory rules governing the interpretation of contracts generally

unless a statute provides otherwise]; Rosson v. Crellin (1949) 90 Cal.App.2d 753, 755

[agreement for support in property settlement agreement held enforceable in the same

manner as any other agreement]; In re Marriage of Woolsey (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th

881, 897-898 [property settlement agreement between spouses is valid and binding on

16 Kelly arrives at the same damages figure by a different path by arguing that the
$14 million in community assets Michael received before trial should be deemed to
include his $5 million separate property election under the PMA, and that the remaining
$9 million, plus the $5 million he ultimately elected to take as separate property under
the PMA should be divided equally as community property.
33
the court unless it is tainted by fraud or compulsion or violates the fiduciary relationship

between the parties].)

" 'The basic object of damages is compensation, and in the law of contracts the

theory is that the party injured by breach should receive as nearly as possible the

equivalent of the benefits of performance.' " (Lisec v. United Airlines, Inc. (1992) 10

Cal.App.4th 1500, 1503.) Civil Code section 3300 provides that the measure of

damages for a breach of contract "is the amount which will compensate the party

aggrieved for all the detriment proximately caused thereby, or which, in the ordinary

course of things, would be likely to result therefrom." "[T]he correct measure of

damages in any given case must always be [the measure provided by Civil Code section

3300.]" (Pacific Scientific Co. v. Glassey (1966) 245 Cal.App.2d 831, 842, italics

added.)

Although the court did not expressly state that Michael "breached" the PMA, by

finding that Michael's failure to make his separate property election "forthwith" caused

detriment to Kelly warranting some remedy, the court effectively found that Michael

breached the PMA and that Kelly suffered damages as a result. However, the court

fashioned its own equitable remedy for the breach without regard to the proper measure

of damages under Civil Code section 3300—i.e., the court did not consider the amount

that would compensate Kelly for all the detriment proximately caused by the breach or

that, "in the ordinary course of things, would be likely to result therefrom." (Civ. Code,

§ 3300.) Although we have decided that awarding the airplane to Michael at its higher

pretrial value was a proper remedy for Michael's breach of fiduciary duty concerning the

34
management of the airplane, it was not a proper remedy for Michael 's breach of the

PMA. Nor was the court's acceptance of Kelly's claimed value of the Brook Forest

property a proper remedy for Michael's breach of the PMA because there is no finding

that awarding the Brook Forest property (or the airplane) to Michael at Kelly's value

compensated Kelly for any detriment proximately caused by Michael's breach of the

PMA. Consequently, we will remand the matter for determination of the damages, if

any, that Kelly suffered as a result of Michael's breach of the PMA and direct the trial

court to redetermine the value of the Brook Forest property for purposes of dividing the

community estate.17

Kelly suggests that we direct the trial court on remand to deem the $14 million

distributed to Michael from the community estate during the dissolution proceedings to

include his $5 million separate property election, and to find that her damages for his

breach of the PMA are one half of all the post-separation community assets distributed

to him. We decline to do so because the amount of Kelly's damages caused by Michael's

breach of the PMA is a factual issue that must be resolved through further proceedings

in the trial court. (Gersick v. Shilling (1950) 97 Cal.App.2d 641, 645; Quality Wash

Group V, Ltd. v. Hallak (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1687, 1695, fn. 3.)

17 As noted, the trial court valued the Brook Forest property at the higher amount
Kelly claimed based both on Michael's breach of the PMA and its finding that Michael
breached his fiduciary duty by not disclosing CalTrans's interest in the property to Kelly.
We will not sustain the court's valuation based on the breach of fiduciary duty finding
because we cannot say the court likely would have accepted Kelly's valuation of the
property based solely on Michael's failure to disclose CalTrans's interest in the property,
had Michael's compliance with the PMA not been an issue.
35
 Further, we reject Kelly's argument that the trial court must deem the community

assets that Michael received before trial to include his $5 million separate property

election. In its statement of decision, the court expressly found that "the drastic

reduction in [the parties'] community estate after separation was caused by the free-fall

in the real estate development market and not [Michael's] claimed mismanagement or

[Kelly's] claimed inability to make timely, intelligent decisions[,]" and that Michael had

used the community funds distributed to him during the pendency of the litigation "in an

attempt to salvage the businesses and only minimally for his own benefit." The court

stated, "[Michael's] efforts have been not just reasonable but monumental."

The court noted that at the time of trial, Michael had been working to salvage and

wind down the community businesses for approximately 41 months, and that it would

"take another 12 months to complete the wind down, for an overall total of 53 months to

completion." Michael's services for that total period had a value of $2,054,068

according to Yip's calculations, and had a value of $4.875 million according to the

testimony of Michael's expert. Although the court found that either figure "may be

reasonable compensation in the abstract," it denied Michael's request for compensation,

in part because it found that "[t]he real benefits to [Michael] for performing these

services is to protect the $5 million he is entitled to receive under the PMA and to

protect his reputation as a builder so that he can return to his chosen field when the

market recovers." However, in finding that Michael properly used the community funds

he received during the pendency of the litigation to wind down and salvage the

community businesses, the court stated that "[t]he reasonable value of his services, for

36
which he is largely not being compensated, greatly exceed any personal benefit he

received [from the pretrial distributions of community funds to him]."

In light of the court's findings that Michael properly used the community funds he

received before trial to preserve the community estate and not for his own benefit, that

his efforts were "monumental," and that he was not compensated for his services, we

conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that Michael was entitled to

make his separate property election from the community assets that remained at the time

of trial. However, as we discussed, Kelly is entitled on remand to a determination of the

amount of damages, if any, that were proximately caused by or likely to result from

Michael's breach of the PMA in failing to make his $5 million separate property election

"forthwith."18

18 Kelly also complains that the court erred by failing to enforce its October 2007
order that required Michael to obtain her informed consent before infusing any of the
parties' assets into their businesses. However, Kelly has not shown that she was
prejudiced by the court's failure to enforce this order—i.e., she has not explained how
the court's failure to enforce the order affected the judgment in a way that could be
remedied on appeal. In its statement of decision, the court rejected Kelly's claim that
Michael breached his fiduciary duty and disclosure requirements relating to "violating
[automatic temporary restraining orders] by liquidating assets in order to inject funds
into the businesses and continu[ing] operations." It was in the context of rejecting this
claim that the court found that Michael's efforts to restructure community debt were "not
just reasonable but monumental," and that the reasonable value of his services greatly
exceeded any personal benefit he received.

37
 II. Request for Attorney Fees

Kelly contends we should require Michael to contribute to her attorney fees on

appeal under section 2030 in an amount the trial court deems just and proper.19

Michael correctly responds that Kelly's request for attorney fees on appeal must first be

made in the trial court. (§ 2030, subd. (c); In re Marriage of Schofield (1998) 62

Cal.App.4th 131, 140-141; In re Marriage of Brown (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 785, 791-

792, fn. 8.)20 The trial court's October 9, 2012 order shows that Kelly made her request

for attorney fees on appeal in the trial court and the court reserved jurisdiction to decide

the matter later. Accordingly, we will not further address the issue.

19 In connection with her request for attorney fees, Kelly filed an unopposed request
for judicial notice of an order entered on October 9, 2012, in which the trial court
declined to rule on Kelly's request for additional attorney fees under section 2030 and
reserved jurisdiction "for Kelly to renew her request at a future date once funds become
available from . . . tax returns." Kelly seeks judicial notice of the order because it shows
that the court denied her request for additional fees without prejudice. We grant the
request for judicial notice, and note that Michael has acknowledged in this appeal that
the trial court denied Kelly's request for additional fees without prejudice.

20 Section 2030, subdivision (c) provides: "The court shall augment or modify the
original award for attorney's fees and costs as may be reasonably necessary for the
prosecution or defense of the proceeding, or any proceeding thereto, including after any
appeal has been concluded." (Italics added.)
38
 DISPOSITION

The portions of the judgment on reserved issues awarding child and spousal

support, valuing and awarding goodwill, and dividing the community property are

reversed. The matter is remanded with directions to redetermine child and spousal

support for the relevant time period without imputing income to Michael. The court is

further directed to redetermine the value of the Brook Forest property for purposes of

determining the value of Emerald Crest Development II, GP, and to redetermine the

division of community property based on the actual values of all community assets

identified in the judgment, including those listed in paragraph J., entitled "Remaining

Business Interests and Debts," of section 14, entitled "VALUATION AND DIVISION

OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY AND DEBTS." The court is also directed to determine

and award Kelly damages, if any, that were proximately caused or likely to result from

Michael's breach of the PMA. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed. The

parties shall bear their own costs, other than attorney fees, on appeal.

IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

McDONALD, Acting P. J.

O'ROURKE, J.

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