REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 0051
September Term, 2013
HAVILAH REAL PROPERTY SERVICES,
LLC
v.
RONALD EARLY, ET AL.
Zarnoch,
Kehoe,
Hotten,
JJ.1
Opinion by Zarnoch, J.
Filed: March 27, 2014
1
Judge Timothy E. Meredith and Judge Kevin F.
Arthur did not participate in the Court’s
decision to report this opinion pursuant to Md.
Rule 8-605.1.
Appellant Havilah Real Property Services, LLC (“Havilah”) is a Maryland limited
liability company engaged in the business of buying, selling, and owning real estate. Havilah
filed a complaint against attorney Ronald Early and his firm, Lerch, Early & Brewer, Chtd.,
alleging that Early and the firm (collectively, “the Attorneys”) conspired with one of their
former clients to file a frivolous lawsuit against Havilah, thereby engaging in malicious use
of process. The Circuit Court for Montgomery County dismissed Havilah’s complaint with
prejudice, which Havilah now appeals. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment
of the circuit court.
FACTS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
This case is best understood as a story of three separate but related cases.
First, in 2007, Vicky Lynn Karen and VLK, LLC 1 (“VLK”) retained the Attorneys to
represent them. On November 9, 2007, the Attorneys filed a complaint2 in the Circuit Court
for Montgomery County on behalf of VLK against (1) Lamar Carlson, then a member of
VLK with whom Karen was formerly romantically involved; (2) Joan Alderman, the
principal of Havilah and Carlson’s then-current romantic partner; (3) and Havilah (the
“Maryland action”). The essence of the complaint was that Havilah, Carlson, and Alderman
had tortiously interfered with VLK’s business prospects by purchasing 48 properties in the
District of Columbia. The complaint alleged various counts of fraud, breach of contract,
1
Karen filed the Articles of Organization for VLK in December 2004. VLK is
organized for the purpose of acquiring, owning, and managing real property.
2
VLK, LLC v. Carlson, et al., No. 288768V (Md. Cir. Ct. for Montgomery Cnty. filed
Nov. 9, 2007).
breach of fiduciary duty, and interference with contractual relations, among other counts.
Within a week of filing the complaint, the Attorneys filed 48 lis pendens 3 on D.C. properties
owned by Havilah. Havilah sought to terminate the case via motions several times, though
all of its attempts were denied: (1) a motion for summary judgment filed on December 15,
2008 and argued at a hearing on January 21, 2009; (2) a motion for judgment filed on
February 19; and (3) a renewed motion for judgment filed on February 25.4 A fourteen-day
jury trial conducted from February 9 to February 27, 2009, resulted in a $10,000 jury verdict
on March 10, for VLK against Carlson.5 Havilah was not liable on any of the counts.
While the Maryland action was pending, Havilah and Alderman filed a complaint6
against VLK and Karen in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia on March 25,
2008. They alleged claims of tortious interference with prospective economic advantage and
malicious prosecution. The court later dismissed the malicious prosecution claim, holding
3
Lis pendens “means a pending lawsuit, referring to the jurisdiction, power, or control
which a court acquires over property involved in a lawsuit pending its continuance and final
judgment.” DeShields v. Broadwater, 338 Md. 422, 433 (1995). A notice of lis pendens
“warn[s] all persons that certain property is the subject matter of litigation, and that any
interests acquired during the pendency of the suit are subject to its outcome.” Black’s Law
Dictionary 950 (8th ed. 2004).
4
Havilah’s renewed motion for judgment was partially granted as to VLK’s claim for
punitive damages.
5
VLK filed a notice of appeal to this Court but later withdrew the appeal. The
judgment against Carlson was fully paid and satisfied as of May 29, 2009.
6
Havilah Real Property Servs., LLC, et al. v. VLK, LLC, et al., No. 2008-CA-2474,
(D.C. Super. Ct. filed Mar. 25, 2008).
2
that the filing of a lis pendens did not constitute a special injury required to sustain the claim.
A twelve-day jury trial, conducted from January 9 to January 25, 2012, resulted in a verdict
for Havilah and Alderman in the amount of $602,942, plus costs and interest, against VLK
and Karen. Both sides filed cross-appeals7 to the D.C. Court of Appeals, which are still
pending as of this writing.
Finally, we come to the case before us. On May 25, 2012, Havilah filed a complaint
in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County against the Attorneys. The complaint alleged
that the Attorneys “knew that there was no probable cause to support” 31 of the 48 lis
pendens the Attorneys had filed on Havilah-owned properties in the Maryland action.
Havilah alleged that Karen and VLK’s
intent was to tortiously and maliciously interfere with Havilah’s
business relationships in order to punish Karen’s ex-boyfriend,
Carlson, the then-current boyfriend of Havilah’s principal,
[Alderman] . . . and/or, at a minimum, to use Havilah and its
properties as leverage to achieve their goals with respect to
Carlson, in reckless disregard of the damages those unlawful
actions were likely to cause Havilah.
On October 19, the circuit court granted the Attorneys’ motion to dismiss the complaint but
also granted Havilah leave to amend.
Havilah’s amended complaint, filed October 31, included additional allegations as to
7
Havilah Real Property Servs., LLC v. VLK, LLC, et al., No. 12-CV-403 (D.C. filed
Mar. 26, 2012); VLK, LLC, et al. v. Havilah Real Property Servs., No. 12-CV-542 (D.C. filed
Apr. 16, 2012). The D.C. Court of Appeals heard oral argument in the two cases on
September 17, 2013.
3
what the Attorneys knew at the time the 31 lis pendens were filed in the Maryland action. For
example, Havilah alleged that the Attorneys knew that “Carlson was Karen’s business partner
and ex-lover” and that “Karen remained obsessed with Carlson, and clandestinely observed
him and Alderman on occasion.” Havilah also alleged that the Attorneys knew that VLK
“had no funds to purchase any of the 31 properties and was no longer actively engaged in
acquiring real estate.” Instead, according to Havilah, VLK and Karen sought “to stop Havilah
from selling the properties so they could extort money from Havilah and thereby share in the
profits despite the fact that they had done no work that would justify any payment.”
Ultimately, according to Havilah, the Attorneys “expressed no hesitation and willingly agreed
to participate in, and further, Karen’s and VLK’s malicious and tortious goal to harm Havilah
and its business interests, and thereby punish Carlson and Alderman.” Havilah sought at least
$980,301 in compensatory damages.
The Attorneys filed a motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment
on November 28, which the circuit court considered at a hearing on February 27, 2013. At
the beginning of the hearing, the judge stated “I believe that I actually remember parts of this
case, certainly not much of it, but I remember this of Ms. Karen’s case. And I remember that
they were buying properties there in Anacostia near the stadium . . . . [B]ut I do have some
familiarity with the underlying case here in the State of Maryland. And I actually have some
4
memory of it.”8 The Attorneys emphasized that Havilah could not establish that there was a
lack of probable cause to initiate the Maryland action because the circuit court had “denied
three dispositive motions in that lawsuit.” They also argued that the complaint was deficient
because there was “no proof of actual malice . . . [and] no proof of independent harm.”
Havilah conceded that it had not alleged actual malice in the complaint and argued that “the
malice is imputed by acting outside the box, knowing the facts, and taking actions not
justified by the facts.”
In an oral ruling, the court found that
[T]he court has considered the defendant’s motion to dismiss the
amended complaint. And there is only that one count of
conspiracy to commit a malicious prosecution. The court is not
satisfied that there’s been the appropriate showing in the
pleadings to justify that matter going forward. And that’s kind
of by admission of counsel . . . . And the court for the reasons
articulated in the argument, I don’t believe there’s been a
sufficient preliminary setting forth of facts for one, there are no
specific facts to show that the attorney acted with malice, bad
intent, or out of personal interest. I think the – he has to do that
to overcome the qualifying privilege . . . .
I find that Havilah really can’t establish – even the element of
lack of probable cause required support in the conspiracy claim
against the attorneys. In this case, the court actually has already
talked about it in argument here, heard the case, denied a motion
for summary judgment, a motion for directed verdict at the close
of the plaintiff’s case, and a motion for directed verdict at the
close of the case as a whole in this case. There was certainly
more than probable cause to go forward . . . .
8
The circuit court judge who heard argument on the motion to dismiss was the same
judge who presided over the jury trial in the Maryland action.
5
The court dismissed the complaint with prejudice in a written order filed on March 4, 2013.
Havilah timely filed this appeal. Additional facts will be discussed below.
QUESTIONS PRESENTED
Havilah raises five issues9 on appeal, which we have reordered and reworded as:
I. Did the circuit court err when it found there was probable
cause to bring the Maryland action?
II. Did the circuit court err when it concluded that Havilah’s
allegations of “imputed malice” were insufficient?
III. Does Maryland or D.C. substantive law apply when
evaluating Havilah’s claim of special injury?
IV. Did the circuit court err when it concluded that the filing
of a lis pendens is not a special injury?
V. Did the circuit court err when it found that Havilah’s suit
9
Havilah asks:
1. Should the Court apply the substantive law of the District of Columbia or the State
of Maryland with respect to Plaintiff’s claim for Conspiracy (Malicious Use of
Process)?
2. Did the Circuit Court err in dismissing Plaintiff’s Complaint due to Plaintiff’s failure
to allege actual malice on the part of the attorney Defendants?
3. Whether the denial of a Motion for Summary Judgment, or a Motion for Judgment,
in the underlying action establishes probable cause as a matter of law in a subsequent
action for malicious use of process?
4. Whether Maryland law recognizes that the filing of a lis pendens constitutes a special
injury for the purposes of an action for Malicious Use of Process?
5. If this Court holds that District of Columbia law must be applied, whether collateral
estoppel bars this action based on the holding of the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia or whether this action must be stayed pending the outcome of the appeal
on that issue in the D.C. action?
6
is barred by collateral estoppel?
Because our answer of “no” to the first two questions conclusively disposes of the appeal,
we decline to reach the remaining issues. We therefore affirm the judgment of the circuit
court.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When reviewing a motion to dismiss, an appellate court must determine “whether the
trial court was legally correct” in concluding that the “alleged facts and permissible
inferences” of a complaint “nonetheless fail to afford relief to the plaintiff.” Sprenger v.
Public Serv. Comm’n of Md., 400 Md. 1, 21 (2007). The reviewing court must “assume the
truth of, and view in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, all well-pleaded facts
and allegations contained in the complaint, as well as all inferences that may reasonably be
drawn from them.” Parks v. Alpharma, Inc., 421 Md. 59, 72 (2011) (Quotations omitted).
The court is confined to “the universe of facts pertinent to the court’s analysis of the motion”
and focuses on “the four corners of the complaint and its incorporated supporting exhibits,
if any.” Id. (Quotations omitted).
DISCUSSION
Havilah alleged only one count in its complaint: conspiracy to commit malicious use
of process. Because “no action in tort lies for conspiracy to do something unless the acts
actually done, if done by one person, would constitute a tort,” we must determine whether
Havilah adequately pled that the Attorneys committed the alleged tort of malicious use of
7
process. See Alleco Inc. v. Harry & Jeanette Weinberg Foundation, Inc., 340 Md. 176, 190
(1995) (Quotation omitted). Malicious use of process10 has five required elements:
(1) a prior civil proceeding must have been instituted by the
defendant;
(2) the proceeding must have been instituted without probable
cause;
(3) the prior civil proceeding must have been instituted by the
defendant with malice;
(4) the proceedings must have been terminated in favor of the
plaintiff; and
(5) the plaintiff must establish that damages were inflicted upon
the plaintiff by arrest or imprisonment, by seizure of property,
or other special injury which would not necessarily result in all
suits prosecuted to recover for a like cause of action.
See One Thousand Fleet Ltd. P’ship v. Guerriero, 346 Md. 29, 37 (1997) (Citations omitted).
The circuit judge based his decision to dismiss the complaint on two grounds: (I)
Havilah failed to show a lack of probable cause, and (II) Havilah failed to allege malice. We
address each basis in turn.
I. Probable Cause
In discussing the probable cause element in his oral ruling, the circuit judge referred
to the Maryland action and stated that “the court actually has already talked about it in
argument here, heard the case, denied a motion for summary judgment, a motion for
[judgment] at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and a motion for directed verdict at the close
10
Although modern cases distinguish between malicious use of process and malicious
prosecution for civil and criminal cases, older cases simply referred to both torts as malicious
prosecution. See, e.g., McNamee v. Minke, 49 Md. 122, 134-35 (1878) (appeal from dismissal
of “malicious prosecution of an ordinary action of ejectment”).
8
of the case . . . . There was certainly more than probable cause to go forward . . . .” Havilah
argues that the denials of its motion for summary judgment and motions for judgment in the
Maryland action do not “establish probable cause as a matter of law in a subsequent action
for malicious use of process.” It contends that the circuit court erred in reaching that
conclusion because “the evidence was voluminous” and there was no explanation of the
reasons for the denials of the motions. It also emphasizes that there was no evidence that the
circuit court, in denying the motions in the Maryland action, “parse[d] its holding as to
specific properties” and argues that “while there may have been probable cause for filing the
action and the lis pendens as to certain properties, there was no basis in law or fact to support
those actions with respect to the 31 properties at issue.”
Probable cause, in malicious use of process, “means a reasonable ground for belief
in the existence of such state of facts as would warrant institution of the suit or proceeding
complained of.” One Thousand Fleet Ltd. P’ship, 346 Md. at 37 (Quotation omitted). The
lack of probable cause is an “indispensable element[],” without which a claim of malicious
use of process must fail. Owens v. Graetzel, 149 Md. 689, 696 (1926). A plaintiff seeking
to establish a suit for malicious use of process on the ground of conspiracy between a client
and an attorney has the burden of “show[ing] such act or acts as amount to a lack of probable
cause and an agreement to bring an action understood by both attorney and client to be
groundless, and brought as such.” North Point Const. Co. v. Sagner, 185 Md. 200, 208
(1945).
9
A prior judgment against the defendant, now the plaintiff in a malicious use of process
case, is generally “conclusive proof of probable cause,” even if the judgment is later reversed
on appeal.11 Owens, 149 Md. at 696; see also Clements v. Odorless Excavating Apparatus
Co., 67 Md. 461, 463-64 (1887). Here, however, what the circuit court found in support of
probable cause was not a judgment against Havilah, but the denials of its two motions for
judgment.12 When a court denies a motion for judgment, it finds that “the evidence serves to
prove a fact or permits an inference of fact that could enable an ordinarily intelligent mind
to draw a rational conclusion therefrom in support of the right of the plaintiff to recover.”
Cavacos v. Sarwar, 313 Md. 248, 259 (1988) (Quotation omitted); see also Md. Rule 2-
519(b).
11
This is also the rule outside of Maryland. See generally L.C. Warden, Judgment in
Prior Civil Proceedings Adverse to Instant Plaintiff in Malicious Prosecution as Evidence
of Probable Cause, 58 A.L.R.2d 1422 § 3[a] (1958) (“By the great weight of authority,
unless a judgment or decree in prior civil proceedings adverse to the instant plaintiff in
malicious prosecution was obtained by fraud, perjury, or other improper means, the judgment
or decree establishes or shows conclusively the existence of probable cause for bringing the
prior action.”).
12
The circuit court also cited the prior denial of Havilah’s motion for summary
judgment as a factor in its probable cause evaluation. Denying a motion for summary
judgment means finding there was a “genuine dispute as to any material fact” and that the
party seeking judgment is not “entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Md. Rule 2-501(f).
However, a court “possess[es] discretion to refuse to pass upon, as well as discretion to
affirmatively deny, a summary judgment request in favor of a full hearing on the merits . .
. even though the technical requirements for an entry of such a judgment have been met.”
Dashiell v. Meeks, 396 Md. 149, 164 (2006) (Quotation omitted). Because two motions for
judgment were denied in the prior case against Havilah, we need not address whether the
denial of a motion for summary judgment is independent evidence of probable cause for the
underlying suit.
10
Although no Maryland cases have considered whether rulings on motions for
judgment have any bearing on a later determination of probable cause, case law of other
states sheds some light on the issue. The states that have considered the question generally
fall into two camps, with the dividing line being whether a prior ruling is just one factor to
consider in a probable cause evaluation or whether it creates a presumption of probable
cause.
In Kirk v. Marcum, 713 S.W.2d 481, 485 (Ky. Ct. App. 1986), the Court of Appeals
of Kentucky rejected the contention that “probable cause was established as a matter of law
by the trial court’s failure to sustain [the defendant’s] motion for a directed verdict” in the
underlying action. The court afforded no presumption of probable cause “merely because the
defendant loses prejudgment motions” because “[i]n ruling on a defendant’s motion for
directed verdict the court must draw all fair and rational inferences in favor of the plaintiff
and grant the motion only when the evidence is insufficient to support a verdict for the
plaintiff.” Id. Arizona likewise takes a narrow view of the persuasiveness of a ruling on a
prior motion for judgment and treats the denial of such a motion as just one factor in the
probable cause inquiry.13 See Chalpin v. Snyder, 207 P.3d 666, 672 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2008)
13
Arizona and Vermont also treat the denial of a motion for summary judgment as a
factor in the probable cause inquiry. See Wolfinger v. Cheche, 80 P.3d 783, 791-92 (Ariz. Ct.
App. 2003) (“[T]he defeat of a motion for summary judgment is a factor that the court should
consider in determining whether there is or is not an objectively reasonable basis for a claim
or defense; the denial is not, standing alone, dispositive of the issue as a matter of law.”)
(emphasis in original); Bacon v. Reimer & Braunstein, LLP, 929 A.2d 723, 726 (Vt. 2007)
(continued...)
11
(denial of a motion for judgment “is not conclusive evidence that a party initiating a claim
had probable cause to bring it for purposes of a malicious prosecution action”).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit provides an example of the
alternative “presumption” approach. In Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp., 186 F.3d 1077,
1080 (8th Cir. 1999), the Court of Appeals held that the “rejection of [the plaintiff’s] motion
for judgment as a matter of law . . . fatally undermines its claims for malicious prosecution.”
The Court reasoned that because the applicable Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, Rule 50(a),
“permits dismissal when ‘there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury
to find for’ the non-moving party at the close of that party’s evidence,” 14 the denial of a
motion for judgment showed that “reasonable jurors could differ as to whether [the
defendant] should prevail.” Id. In other words, “[i]f reasonable jurors could find in [the
defendant’s] favor, it follows that there was probable cause for bringing the counterclaims,
that is they were pursued with a reasonable belief of success.” Id.
13
(...continued)
(“[T]he denial of a motion of summary judgment may provide persuasive evidence that the
case had sufficient merit to establish the element of probable cause and thereby defeat a
subsequent suit for malicious prosecution.”) (Emphasis in original).
14
Although the federal cases rely on a different formulation of the standard of review,
we do not see a substantive difference from the standard used in Maryland. See Lowery v.
Smithsburg Emergency Medical Service, 173 Md. App. 662, 683 (2007) (In reviewing the
grant of a motion for judgment, “[t]he Court assumes the truth of all credible evidence on the
issue and any inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to . . . the nonmoving parties.
Consequently, if there is any evidence, no matter how slight, that is legally sufficient to
generate a jury question, the case must be submitted to the jury for its consideration.”)
(Citations and quotations omitted).
12
Other courts that have adopted the presumption of probable cause in cases involving
the denial of a motion for summary judgment15 are California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania.
See Roberts v. Sentry Life Ins., 90 Cal. Rptr. 2d 408, 414 (Cal. Ct. App. 1999) (“denial of
[the] defendant’s summary judgment in an earlier case normally establishes there was
probable cause to sue, thus barring a later malicious prosecution suit”);16 Davis v. Butler, 522
S.E.2d 548, 550 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999) (holding that the “denial of summary judgment
constitutes a legal determination that the action has substantial justification, because it is not
groundless or frivolous and can proceed to jury trial,” thereby precluding an abusive
litigation claim); Meiksin v. Howard Hanna Co., 590 A.2d 1303, 1307 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991)
(The denial of a motion for summary judgment “suggests that there was competent evidence
of sufficient quantity and quality to demonstrate probable cause for a reasonable belief that
the action could be maintained”).17 Cf. Nobelpharma Ab v. Implant Innovations, Inc., 930 F.
15
Because a motion for judgment is held to a higher standard of scrutiny than a motion
for summary judgment, it stands to reason that states that afford a presumption of probable
cause to the denial of summary judgment would afford the same presumption to the denial
of a motion for judgment.
16
California later extended this rule to the denial of a motion to strike. See Wilson v.
Parker, Covert & Chidester, 50 P.3d 733, 739 (Cal. 2002) (“[A] trial court’s denial of a
motion to strike . . . establishes probable cause to bring the action, and precludes the
maintenance of a subsequent malicious prosecution action, unless the prior ruling is shown
to have been obtained by fraud or perjury.”). California also adheres to the rule that the
granting of summary judgment to the defense does not establish a lack of probable cause to
bring the action. Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche, 74 P.3d 737, 742 (Cal. 2003); Padres
L.P. v. Henderson, 8 Cal. Rptr. 3d 584, 601 (Cal. Ct. App. 2003).
17
Pennsylvania also holds that a jury verdict in favor of the defendant in the prior
(continued...)
13
Supp. 1241, 1255 (N.D. Ill. 1996) (The denial of a motion for summary judgment showed
that the suit could not have been “objectively baseless,” thereby precluding a later antitrust
claim).
We believe that, when faced with the denial of a motion for judgment, the
presumption approach is more in line with Maryland case law. First, the Court of Appeals
has held that the issuance of an preliminary injunction can provide evidence of probable
cause, even if the injunction is later overturned. See H.P. Rieger & Co. v. Knight, 128 Md.
189, 199 (1916). The Court emphasized that the type of injunction matters when it comes to
the evaluation of probable cause:
And as to what shall be deemed conclusive of probable cause .
. . where the injunction is issued after the court is fully informed
by proof taken and argument on both sides. The granting of the
injunction under [these] circumstances [is] held to be conclusive
of probable cause and hence prevents recovery for malicious
prosecution, but if a preliminary injunction is granted, ex parte,
on the allegations of the bill and the exhibits, without notice to
or hearing of the other side, and afterwards the injunction is
dissolved, we can see no reason why the granting of it under
those circumstances should be held to be conclusive of probable
cause.
Id. (citing Clements, 67 Md. at 463-64); see also Salvage Process Corp. v. Acme Tank
Cleaning Process Corp., 104 F.2d 105, 107 (2d Cir. 1939) (“The granting of a final
17
(...continued)
proceeding does “not conclusively establish[]” the absence of probable cause in a later action
for malicious use of process against the original plaintiff. Keystone Freight Corp. v. Stricker,
31 A.3d 967, 972 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2011).
14
injunction, despite reversal on appeal, is conclusive evidence of probable cause.”). Cf.
Bokum v. Elkins, 355 P.2d 137, 141 (N.M. 1960) (“Since an order for a temporary injunction
requires only a prima facie case, it is only prima facie evidence of probable cause.”); Butler
v. Ratner, 619 N.Y.S.2d 871, 874 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994) (holding that “the issuance of a
temporary injunction or similar judicial recognition of the merit of the underlying case
creates a presumption of probable cause and places upon the plaintiff the burden of pleading
facts sufficient to overcome it”).
A preliminary injunction is only “granted after opportunity for a full adversary hearing
on the propriety of its issuance but before a final determination of the merits of the action.”
Md. Rule 15-501(b). Motions for judgment likewise require a court to consider in detail the
available facts and applicable law, rather than a cold and undeveloped record. See Md. Rule
2-519(b). “If there was any evidence, no matter how slight, that was legally sufficient to
generate a jury question, the motion [for judgment] was properly denied.” Ayala v. Lee, 215
Md. App. 457, 467 (2013) (Quotations omitted). In the Maryland action, Havilah’s motions
for judgment were filed well into the proceedings, on the eighth and twelfth days of a
fourteen-day jury trial. Although Havilah complains now that there is no evidence that the
circuit court specifically considered the merits of 31 lis pendens when denying its motions,
these complaints cannot outweigh the fact that the circuit court evaluated the case as a whole
on two separate occasions and answered against Havilah each time.
Second, it has long been recognized in Maryland that
15
[a]ctions for the malicious prosecution of civil suits are not
encouraged, because public policy requires that parties may
freely enter the courts to seek redress and relief and to enforce
their rights, and that this may be done without the peril of a suit
for damages in the event of an unfavorable judgment by jury or
judge. If this were not the case, a large proportion of
unsuccessful civil actions would be followed by suits for
malicious prosecution, and so there would be a piling of
litigation on litigation without end.
Owens, 149 Md. at 694-95; see also State v. Rendelman, 404 Md. 500, 522 (2008)
(sanctioning litigants is “heavily disfavored because [it] discourage[s] the resort to courts”)
(quotation omitted); Supreme Lodge American Protective League of Baltimore City v.
Unverzagt, 76 Md. 104, 108 (1892) (“Litigation of this character should be discouraged
rather than promoted.”); Clements, 67 Md. at 462-63 (Malicious use of process suits are not
“encouraged, because the law recognizes the right of everyone to sue for that which he
honestly believes to be his own, and the payment of costs incident to the failure to maintain
the suit is ordinarily considered a sufficient penalty”). Cf. Piselli v. 75th Street Medical, 371
Md. 188, 205 (2002) (Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights “generally protects
two interrelated rights: (1) a right to a remedy for an injury to one’s person or property; (2)
a right of access to the courts”).
Finally, in the context of a Maryland Rule 1-341 motion for attorney’s fees, we have
previously adopted similar reasoning regarding the weight afforded to a circuit court’s denial
of a motion for judgment. In Needle v. White, Mindel, Clarke and Hill, 81 Md. App. 463,
466-67 (1990), the circuit court denied the appellees’ motion for summary judgment and two
16
motions for judgment at trial. Following the submission of the case to the jury, the court
entered judgment for the appellees. Id. at 468. The court, acting sua sponte, also scheduled
a Maryland Rule 1-34118 sanctions hearing and ultimately imposed sanctions on the appellant
and her attorneys. Id. In reviewing the award of sanctions, this Court could not “overlook
[the fact] that the court decided three times that the evidence was . . . sufficiently debatable
to deny the motions throughout the trial,” thereby justifying the filing and continued pursuit
of the underlying litigation by the appellant and her attorneys. Id. at 479-80. We thus
reversed the imposition of sanctions as clearly erroneous. Id. at 480.
Given that under Maryland common law, suits for malicious use of process are
disfavored, it is more sensible to treat the denial of a motion for judgment as a presumption
in favor of probable cause, rather than treating it as just a factor in the probable cause
evaluation. Malicious use of process defendants cannot bear the burden of proving that the
18
At the time, Maryland Rule 1-341 stated:
In any civil action, if the court finds that the conduct of any
party in maintaining or defending any proceeding was in bad
faith or without substantial justification the court may require
the offending party or the attorney advising the conduct or both
of them to pay the adverse party the costs of the proceeding and
the reasonable expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees,
incurred by the adverse party in opposing it.
The rule now limits the imposition of sanctions to instances of a “motion by an adverse
party” and does not refer to a court’s power to impose sanctions sua sponte. See Md. Rule
1-341(a).
17
prior action had probable cause. Rather, plaintiffs must prove that “the prosecution
complained of was without ‘probable cause,’ and unless that burden be met there can be no
recovery.”19 North Point Const. Co., 185 Md. at 207 (Emphasis added).
Accordingly, we hold that the denial a motion for judgment “is a sound indicator of
probable cause” that “normally establishes there was probable cause to sue, thus barring” a
subsequent malicious use of process suit.20 Roberts, 90 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 413-14. Havilah filed
two motions for judgment in the Maryland action; both were denied. Havilah’s complaint in
this action focused on what the Attorneys allegedly knew at the time the lis pendens were
filed against Havilah’s properties in the Maryland action. It did not, however, allege any
deficiencies in the circuit court’s denials of Havilah’s motions for judgment. Havilah has not
rebutted the presumption of probable cause that those denials afford to the underlying lawsuit
and thus, as a matter of law, cannot now establish that the Maryland action was initiated
without probable cause. We therefore affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
19
Further, when the defendant in a malicious use of process had legal representation
in the prior case, the attorney’s advice typically provides evidence of probable cause. See
Siegman v. Equitable Trust Co., 267 Md. 309, 317 (1972) (“The fact that an attorney acting
in good faith in presenting and prosecuting a claim for his client had reasonable grounds to
believe his client had a valid claim is sufficient to show probable cause on the part of the
client.”). Plaintiffs seeking to challenge their former adversary’s attorney arguably face an
even higher burden, because attorneys have a qualified privilege protecting them from civil
liability. See Fraidin v. Weitzman, 93 Md. App. 168, 236-37 (1992).
20
Of course, that presumption can be rebutted when confronted with evidence of fraud
or false facts in the prior court proceedings. See Roberts, 90 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 414.
18
II. Malice
The circuit court also dismissed Havilah’s complaint for its failure to allege malice,
stating that “there are no specific facts to show that the attorney acted with malice, bad intent,
or out of personal interest. I think the – he has to do that to overcome the qualif[ied]
privilege . . . .” Havilah argues that “when an attorney knowingly aids a client in the
commission of an unlawful act, the [c]ourts have held malice is implied and the attorney may
be held liable.”
Attorneys have a qualified privilege that protects them from potential civil liability to
their clients’ litigation adversaries, except where the attorneys act with actual malice, bad
intent, or for the attorneys’ personal benefit. Fraidin v. Weitzman, 93 Md. App. 168, 236-37
(1992). In its complaint, Havilah alleged only that VLK’s malice was “imputed to” the
Attorneys and did not allege any facts of actual malice. The circuit court correctly found that,
because Havilah did not allege actual malice, its complaint could not establish this element
of malicious use of process.
Further, in focusing only on the meaning of malice in the context of an attorney’s
qualified privilege, Havilah ignored the principles defining malice for the purposes of
malicious use of process. In this tort, malice “means that the party instituting proceedings
was actuated by an improper motive” and “may be inferred from a lack of probable cause.”
One Thousand Fleet Ltd. P’Ship, 346 Md. at 37. Improper motive is narrowly defined to
mean there was no legal basis for the assertion of the claim. See Owens, 149 Md. at 697
19
(“[A] sinister and malicious motive does not make an act wrongful so long as the act is
within the party’s legal rights.”). But where probable cause exists, “malice, however strong,
will not constitute a cause of action.” Walker v. American Sec. & Trust. Co. of Washington,
D.C., 237 Md. 80, 89 (1964). Havilah’s allegations as to the Attorneys’ knowledge and
motive thus cannot show malice because there was probable cause to initiate the Maryland
action.
Finally, in this case, Havilah sought to hold the Attorneys liable in addition to VLK
and Karen, in the amount of at least $980,301 in compensatory damages. It already won a
$602,942 jury verdict, plus costs and interest, against VLK in its D.C. case. Havilah seeks
to satisfy the D.C. judgment against VLK by filing a suit in Maryland over VLK’s former
legal representation. Maryland law does not recognize such a collateral action.
For all these reasons we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY
AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY
APPELLANT.
20