Filed 7/7/14 P. v. Bennett CA2/3
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE, B246567
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA372681)
v.
KENNETH BENNETT,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
William C. Ryan, Judge. Affirmed.
Jennifer Peabody, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Victoria B. Wilson and Idan Ivri,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
Defendant and appellant, Kenneth Bennett, appeals his conviction for second
degree murder with criminal street gang and firearm use enhancements (Pen. Code,
§§ 187, 186.22, subd. (b), 12022.53).1 He was sentenced to state prison for a term of
40 years to life.
The judgment is affirmed.
BACKGROUND
Viewed in accordance with the usual rule of appellate review (People v. Ochoa
(1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206), the evidence established the following.
1. The shooting.
On Memorial Day, May 31, 2010,2 Regina Robertson held a party at her home on
74th Street in Los Angeles. All the guests were friends and family whom Robertson had
personally invited. Among them were Christopher Galloway, Deandre Smith and Aaron
Loud. Robertson did not know defendant Bennett and he had not been invited to her
party.
Neither Loud nor Galloway associated with any gang. Smith was affiliated with
the Rolling 60’s Neighborhood Crips. Robertson’s house was on the borderline between
territory claimed by the Rolling 60’s and territory claimed by the 8-Tre Gangster Crips.
About 12:30 a.m. that night, Smith, Loud and Galloway were on Robertson’s front
porch while the party was still going on inside the house. Bennett and another man
approached. They were both wearing black hooded sweatshirts even though it was not
cold out. Smith testified Bennett, who did all the talking, asked if they could join the
party.3 Smith was worried Bennett and his companion intended to start trouble:
1
All further references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2
All further date references are to the year 2010 unless otherwise specified.
3
Smith testified he was not “working” the door; he was just out on the porch to get
some air.
2
“Q. [By the prosecutor]: Did you feel that you didn’t want them to go into the
party?
“A. Yes. I felt trouble.
“Q. Okay. And what else did they say that you remember?
“A. They asked to get inside the party. I asked them who they knew here, and
they couldn’t give me any names . . . .
“Q. Do you remember the tone of voice used during this conversation?
“A. Yes, real hostile.”
Loud too testified Bennett was acting very hostile: “The whole time his whole
demeanor was aggressive, and . . . just mean and as if we were his enemy.” Bennett was
saying, “[Y]eah, where are you all from? The 8-Tre gangsters? Why we can’t get in the
party, statements . . . to that effect. [¶] And then [Smith] said . . . wait a minute. This
isn’t that type of a party. It’s just kids and family . . . . [I]t’s not that type of . . . party, no
gang banging here, you know.”
Smith testified Bennett’s reference to the 8-Tre Gangster Crips constituted a gang
challenge, a declaration by Bennett that he was from the 8-Tre Gangster Crips and
everybody better know it. Smith started moving toward the front door of Robertson’s
house “[b]ecause I felt scared like I was about to get shot. There was going to be
trouble.” “Q. And why specifically did you feel that you were about to get shot? [¶]
A. Because the way the guy was standing, the gesturing, and he had his hands in his
pockets the whole time.”
Bennett kept reaching his hand in and out of the big front pocket of his hooded
sweatshirt in a suspicious manner, and Loud saw the butt of a handgun sticking out of
this pocket.4 According to Loud, Bennett remained verbally aggressive while Smith was
“hesitant, kind of nervous,” not raising his voice and not being aggressive in return.
4
“Q Okay. And did you see whether or not he had any anything in his hands? [¶]
A [Loud] No. On second thought, I did see like a butt of the gun. [¶] Q And how
3
Loud testified:
“[A]fter [Smith] told [Bennett] this isn’t . . . his party, we have to see what the
lady of the house – if you can get in, you know, see what she can do, everyone turned
around to walk towards the house.
“Q. Did you do so quickly or slowly?
“A. Slowly.
“Q. And why did you do it slowly?
“A. Just I was nervous. I didn’t want to get shot in the back of the head.”
Loud testified Smith’s conversation with Bennett had been going on for six or
seven minutes when Smith said he would check with the homeowner about letting
Bennett and his companion into the party. That was when Smith, Loud and Galloway
began moving toward the front door.
Asked, “What happened as you were entering into the house?”, Loud testified:
“As we were turning around, [Smith] led. I followed. [Galloway] was behind me, and
the other two people were behind us as we were walking. It seemed like the slowest walk
ever. The whole time, as we were walking, [Bennett] kept saying [‘]8-Tre gangsters.
We’re going to get into this party. We’re trying to get into this party[’] . . . .” Then Loud
turned around and saw Bennett’s companion pointing a small .22 or .25 caliber handgun
at Loud’s head. For some reason Loud didn’t think Bennett’s companion was about to
shoot him, so he continued into the house. After the front door slammed shut behind him
and Smith, Loud heard two or three gunshots in rapid succession. He knew Galloway
was still out on the porch, so he began warning people inside the house that Galloway
had just been shot.
Smith testified he had broken off the conversation with Bennett and started for the
front door:
much in inches or what portion of the gun did you see?” Loud answered he saw half an
inch of the gun butt.
4
“Q. Did you walk or run towards the house?
“A. Walked.
“Q. And why did you walk?
“A. Because the conversation and tension, I was feeling it, and I had decided to
walk away to avoid trouble. If I’m going to be shot, they’d shoot me in the back.
“Q. Were you the first to walk away?
“A. Yes, I was.
“Q. Do you know whether or not anyone walked away behind you?
“A. I believe [Loud] and [Galloway] both walked behind me.
“Q. And what happened next?
“A. I opened the front door, and as soon as I opened the front door, I heard shots,
and I dived inside the house.”
Smith testified he had not actually planned on asking Robertson if the two men
could join the party. Rather, he had said he would check “[j]ust to get away because . . .
I was scared so I just said anything just to try to walk away from the situation without
getting shot in the face.” Even though Bennett was asking to get into the party, Smith did
not believe he and his companion had come to Robertson’s house in order to socialize:
“They came for trouble in my mind.”
Robertson testified she heard her party guests screaming and people saying there
had been a shooting. She went outside and saw Galloway lying in a fetal position near
her front door. Galloway subsequently died of two gunshot wounds: one to his upper
left chest and one to his back. The chest wound had been caused by a medium caliber
bullet, the back wound by a small caliber bullet. It was not possible to determine which
shot had been fired first. Several days later, police found two .25 caliber cartridge
casings on Robertson’s lawn.
2. Bennett’s arrest.
On June 17, Loud identified Bennett from a photo array, writing this note:
“Nose is similar. Chin and cheek bones look the same. Suspect was the person doing all
the talking during the altercation and holding the gun.” Loud testified this final comment
5
was a reference to the fact he had seen the gun butt sticking out of Bennett’s sweatshirt
pocket. When Loud identified Bennett at trial, he testified he was “[o]ne hundred
percent” certain Bennett had been one of the two men trying to get into the party that
night.
On June 18, an officer spotted Bennett on 85th Street and saw him walk into a
residence, leave, and then go into a second residence nearby. Police surrounded the
second residence, ordered everyone out, and arrested Bennett. A search of the first
residence turned up a .25 caliber semiautomatic handgun. Forensic testing showed
conclusively this gun had fired the .25 caliber cartridge casings found on Robertson’s
lawn. In addition, it was determined that a .38 caliber bullet recovered from the crime
scene could not have been fired from the .25 caliber handgun recovered at the time of
Bennett’s arrest.
Detective Ernesto Mendoza testified that shortly after Galloway’s death, police
noticed certain gang graffiti at 85th St. and Western Ave., near the location of Bennett’s
arrest, which identified members of the local 8-Tre Gangster Crips. One of the names in
the graffiti was “G-Buk,” which police knew to be Bennett’s moniker. There was also a
derogatory reference to a rival gang, the Neighborhood Crips. Mendoza testified it
seemed this graffiti was meant to mark Galloway’s killing: “It’s sort of like this is a
trophy. They’re letting everyone know what happened.”
Following his arrest, Bennett was questioned by detectives who falsely claimed his
DNA had been found on the .25 caliber handgun. At first, Bennett claimed he had just
purchased the gun on June 14. But after a while, Bennett told a completely different
story about how he had acquired the gun. He admitted going to Robertson’s house on the
night of the shooting, but said he went alone and unarmed. He wanted to get into the
party, but people there started hassling him and then pulled out guns. Shooting erupted
and the people at the house shot one of their own friends by mistake. Someone dropped a
gun onto the ground. Bennett picked it up, in case he needed it for self-defense, and ran
away. During this interview, Bennett began to suspect the detectives had lied to him
6
about the inculpatory evidence and asked them, “Y’all aren’t lying to me right?”
Although the detectives denied it, Bennett remarked: “I think I fucked over myself.”
After the detectives left, Bennett began making telephone calls from a booking
cell. He told one person: “[O]nly my hand . . . my fingerprints and DNA was on it, bro.
You feel me? That’s where I fucked up at, cuz, but look . . . they say that all the people
that was there, cuz, they didn’t say that I did no shooting or nothing, cuz. They just said
that I was there, cuz. And on the set, cuz, I told them people the truth, my nigger.”
In another phone call, Bennett told his grandmother, “I shouldn’t have said
nothing, though, man. It’s too late now . . . . [O]h, my God, grandma, I shouldn’t have
said nothing, man. I shouldn’t have said nothing, grandma.”
To another person,5 Bennett said: “I was there. Somebody shot at me.” “That’s
the only thing that they got on me . . . is that I was just there trying to get in.” “Yeah, I
think I fucked up . . . already by just saying that I was there, though. I shouldn’t have
said nothing.”
Bennett subsequently called the detectives in an apparent attempt to recant his
admission to them that he had been present at Robertson’s house, saying: “I lied to you
all again, man,” and “I thought that maybe if I did say I was there . . . .”
Finally, there was a telephone call between Bennett and someone who was
apparently a fellow gang member. This person warned Bennett that people had been
saying he made incriminating statements to the police, and advised him to decide on a
single story and stick to it:
3. Gang evidence.
Los Angeles Police Department Officer Kevin Currie testified as a gang expert.
He explained the 8-Tre Gangster Crips were rivals of the Rolling 60’s Neighborhood
Crips in the area where Galloway was killed. Currie had stopped Bennett multiple times,
and Bennett admitted he was from the 8-Tre Gangster Crips and his moniker was G-Buk.
5
This person might have been Bennett’s father or grandfather.
7
Bennett had a gang tattoo on his arm and Currie identified him in photographs
downloaded from the Internet which depicted Bennett flashing gang signs.
Currie testified it was important for the 8-Tre Gangster Crips to instill fear in the
communities that bordered their territory. Individual gang members gained status and
respect within the gang by committing crimes.
Currie opined that, given the gang-related nature of their conversation, the
unidentified man who told Bennett to stick to one story had likely been a member of the
8-Tre Gangster Crips. This man was probably concerned about the rumor Bennett had
incriminated himself to the police because this meant there was a chance Bennett would
also implicate other gang members.
Currie testified the phrase “Where are you from?” is a common gang challenge.
If the person questioned gives the name of a rival gang or refuses to answer, the
challenger will often commit an act of violence. Given a hypothetical question based on
the evidence, Currie opined Galloway’s shooting had been carried out for the benefit of
the 8-Tre Gangster Crips. It would instill fear and respect for Bennett’s gang in the
community and show that the gang could commit crimes with impunity. If both Bennett
and his companion came to the party armed, it was highly likely they were looking for
trouble and intended to commit a violent act:
“A. Well, they’re going to a party armed with guns so most likely they’re looking
for trouble. So they’re going to this party, and they ask, ‘Where are you from?’ They’re
looking for the question (sic), is it positive or negative? And in this case it was non-
response [sic] which is negative so they shot.
“Q. Would there be any non-violent reason that you would expect an 8-Tre gang
member to approach a party in which he did not know anyone inside in Rolling 60’s
territory, would there be any non-violent reason, based on your background, training and
experience for that?
“A. No.”
8
4. Other background matters.
Bennett did not put on any evidence. There were two trials in this matter. At the
first, the jury acquitted Bennett of first degree murder and hung on second degree murder.
At the second trial, Bennett was convicted of second degree murder.
CONTENTIONS
1. There was prosecutorial misconduct.
2. The trial court erred by admitting evidence consisting of unauthenticated
photographs.
3. The trial court erred by denying Bennett’s request for disclosure of a
confidential informant’s identity.
4. There was cumulative error.
DISCUSSION
1. There was no prosecutorial misconduct.
Bennett contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by relying on false
testimony and making improper comments during closing argument. These claims are
meritless.
a. Legal principles.
“Under California law, a prosecutor commits reversible misconduct if he or she
makes use of ‘deceptive or reprehensible methods’ when attempting to persuade either
the trial court or the jury, and it is reasonably probable that without such misconduct, an
outcome more favorable to the defendant would have resulted. [Citation.] Under the
federal Constitution, conduct by a prosecutor that does not result in the denial of the
defendant’s specific constitutional rights – such as a comment upon the defendant’s
invocation of the right to remain silent – but is otherwise worthy of condemnation, is not
a constitutional violation unless the challenged action ‘ “so infected the trial with
unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.” ’ [Citations.] [¶]
‘ “[A] defendant may not complain on appeal of prosecutorial misconduct unless in a
timely fashion – and on the same ground – the defendant made an assignment of
misconduct and requested that the jury be admonished to disregard the impropriety.
9
[Citation.]” ’ ” (People v. Riggs (2008) 44 Cal.4th 248, 298.) A defendant who fails to
object at trial “waive[s] any error or misconduct emanating from the prosecutor’s
argument that could have been cured by a timely admonition.” (People v. Wrest (1992)
3 Cal.4th 1088, 1105.)
“ ‘ “[T]he prosecution has broad discretion to state its views as to what the
evidence shows and what inferences may be drawn therefrom.” ’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Welch (1999) 20 Cal.4th 701, 752.) “When we review a claim of prosecutorial
remarks constituting misconduct, we examine whether there is a reasonable likelihood
that the jury would have understood the remark to cause the mischief complained of.
[Citation.]” (People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 689.) “To prevail on a claim of
prosecutorial misconduct based on remarks to the jury, the defendant must show a
reasonable likelihood the jury understood or applied the complained-of comments in an
improper or erroneous manner. [Citations.] In conducting this inquiry, we ‘do not lightly
infer’ that the jury drew the most damaging rather than the least damaging meaning from
the prosecutor’s statements.” (People v. Frye (1998) 18 Cal.4th 894, 970, disapproved on
another ground in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22.)
One particularly egregious form of misconduct occurs when a prosecutor relies on
false testimony. “ ‘Under well-established principles of due process, the prosecution
cannot present evidence it knows is false and must correct any falsity of which it is aware
in the evidence it presents, even if the false evidence was not intentionally submitted.’
[Citation.] Put another way, the prosecution has the duty to correct the testimony of its
own witnesses that it knows, or should know, is false or misleading. [Citation.] This
obligation applies to testimony whose false or misleading character would be evident in
light of information known to the police involved in the criminal prosecution [citation],
and applies even if the false or misleading testimony goes only to witness credibility
[citations]. Due process also bars a prosecutor’s knowing presentation of false or
misleading argument. [Citation.] As we recently summarized, ‘a prosecutor’s
knowing use of false evidence or argument to obtain a criminal conviction or sentence
10
deprives the defendant of due process.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Morrison (2004)
34 Cal.4th 698, 716-717.)
b. Discussion.
(1) Prosecutor did not commit misconduct by relying on
false testimony.
(a) Background.
During the testimony of Kevin Currie, the prosecution gang expert, the following
colloquy occurred:
“Q. What does . . . Buk mean?
“A. Buk – well, per the Urban [D]ictionary, it means to kill someone without
care.”
Asked if the online Urban Dictionary was something he referred to in the course of
his anti-gang work, Currie explained he sometimes consulted the Internet when faced
with slang terms he did not understand.
During closing argument, the prosecutor referred to this testimony on two
occasions. The first time, while pointing out how strongly gang-identified Bennett was,
the prosecutor said: “Everything that he says, you can’t get one line out without swearing
on the gang, saying on gangster, derogatory racial terms.6 Everything that he says is
about the gang, and his moniker – he’s not an individual that’s given the moniker of
something innocuous like Football. You’ve heard that . . . his moniker that he’s known
by in his gang is G-Buk, and what that means, according to Officer Currie . . . , G-Buk is
a person that . . . kills without regard, and that’s exactly what happened in this case.
He killed without regard.”
6
The prosecutor was referring to the way Bennett talked, as exemplified by this
excerpt: “They . . . were telling me all kinds of shit I’ve been doing, my nigger. On
movement, cuz. On the set, they’ve been – that’s when they’ve been following us and all
that, but on gangsters, my nigger, but — but look, cuz, on gangsters, they — the only
thing they really got on me, cuz, I’m going say is the burner, cuz.”
11
Then, the prosecutor ended the rebuttal portion of her closing argument by saying:
“This case is very simple if you just use your common sense and don’t speculate. There
is a smoking gun in this case. There is a person who has committed his life to being an
individual, G-Buk, someone who kills without regard, and Christopher Galloway paid the
price, and what really happened to him that day was a picture of the greater gang violence
that’s going on.”
(b) Discussion.
Bennett contends Currie’s testimony and the prosecutor’s closing argument
violated due process because “the Urban Dictionary does not ‘define’ the term ‘Buk’ as
‘to kill someone without care.’ Currie’s testimony was false and misleading. The
prosecution made no attempt to correct this false and misleading testimony and, in fact,
capitalized on it in her closing argument, called it her ‘smoking gun’ and argued that
appellant did just what his moniker states he does, ‘kill without regard.’ The introduction
of this false testimony, the failure to correct the testimony and the use of the testimony to
secure appellant’s conviction was prosecutorial misconduct and violated appellant’s
Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to a fair trial and due process of law.”
The seminal case establishing this sub-category of prosecutorial misconduct is
Napue v. Illinois (1959) 360 U.S. 264 [79 S.Ct. 1173], which gave rise to the following
rule: “To establish prosecutorial misconduct for the use of false testimony, a defendant
must show the prosecutor knowingly used perjured testimony, or failed to correct what he
subsequently learned was false testimony, and that the falsehood was material.
[Citations.] Perjury is defined as testimony ‘given with the willful intent to provide false
testimony and not as a result of a mistake, confusion, or faulty memory.’ [Citation.]”
(United States v. McNair (11th Cir. 2010) 605 F.3d 1152, 1208, fn. omitted.)
“[A] Napue violation – a presentation to a fact-finder of false testimony knowing
it to be false – results in the reversal of a conviction if ‘the false testimony could . . . in
any reasonable likelihood have affected the judgment of the jury . . . .’ [Citation.] [¶]
In Napue, the prosecutor elicited and did not correct what he knew to be false testimony –
that the state’s principal witness had not been promised any consideration by the State in
12
exchange for his testimony. [Citation.] . . . [¶] The Court reversed Napue’s conviction
on the ground that the false testimony ‘may have had an effect on the outcome of the
trial.’ [Citation.] As explained in subsequent opinions applying the Napue standard,
‘a new trial is required if “the false testimony could . . . in any reasonable likelihood have
affected the judgment of the jury . . . .’ [Citations.]7 [¶] . . . [¶] In short, prosecutorial
misconduct of the kind that occurred here violates the constitutional rights of the
defendant and requires a reversal of the conviction if (1) the testimony was actually false,
(2) the prosecutor knew it was false, and (3) the false testimony was material (i.e., there is
a reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could have affected the judgment).
[Citation.]” (Dow v. Virga (9th Cir. 2013) 729 F.3d 1041, 1047-1048, fn. omitted.)
Bennett argues: “In this case, misconduct occurred when Currie falsely testified
that ‘per the Urban Dictionary,’ the term ‘Buk’ mean[s] ‘to kill someone without care.’
Here, there was no dispute that appellant’s moniker was spelled ‘G-Buk.’ Contrary to
Currie’s testimony, the Urban Dictionary defines the term ‘Buk’ as used in appellant’s
moniker, as ‘a Polish word meaning King, or other person of great power.’ ” Bennett
then argues that, even assuming Currie reasonably altered the spelling of “Buk” to the
more common “Buck,” the Urban Dictionary’s closest definitions, which range from
“feeling angry” to “getting wild and uncontrollably crazy” to “killing someone,” fall well
short of the extreme callousness denoted by “to kill someone without care.”
Bennett asserts: “A review of the Urban Dictionary reveals that Currie’s
testimony about the meaning of appellant’s moniker ‘G-Buk,’ was false and misleading.
7
“Although the government’s knowing use of false testimony does not
automatically require reversal, courts apply a less demanding materiality standard to
Napue errors: whether ‘there is any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could
have affected the judgment of the jury.’ [Citation.] This materiality standard is, in effect,
a form of harmless error review, but a far lesser showing of harm is required under
Napue’s materiality standard than under ordinary harmless error review. [Citations.]
Napue requires us to determine only whether the error could have affected the judgment
of the jury, whereas ordinary harmless error review requires us to determine whether the
error would have done so.” (Dow v. Virga, supra, 729 F.3d at p. 1048, fn. omitted.)
13
There is not a single entry in the Urban Dictionary defining either ‘Buk’ or ‘Buck’ as
‘to kill someone without care.’ Thus, it can only be assumed that Currie falsified or
created the definition in order to comport with the prosecution’s theory of the case,
namely, that appellant shot at Galloway ‘without regard,’ thereby committing a second
degree murder.” “Currie had to know that the definition he proffered was false. Either
Currie did not consult the Urban Dictionary, which would make his testimony indicating
that he did false, or, if he did look the term up in the Urban Dictionary, he would know
that the definition ‘to kill someone without care’ was not contained in the list of
definitions, and thus, he would know his testimony was false. Under either scenario,
Currie had to have known his testimony was false.”
We disagree. There is a necessary distinction between intentional falsehoods and
testimony that may be merely mistaken, inaccurate, inconsistent, or accidentally untrue.
The two cases Bennett cites involved actual perjury. In Napue, the principal prosecution
witness testified he had not been given any promises in return for his testimony. This
was untrue. The prosecutor knew it was untrue but failed to correct it. In Dow, a police
detective testified Dow had asked each participant in an identification lineup to wear a
band-aid under his right eye, just where Dow happened to have a small scar. In truth, it
had been the defendant’s attorney who made the request. Despite knowing the testimony
was false, the prosecutor told the jury that, by asking for the band-aids to hide his scar,
Dow had demonstrated his consciousness of guilt.
But here there was no evidence Currie committed perjury as opposed to merely
giving mistaken testimony. Just because he miscited the Urban Dictionary’s definition
does not prove he was committing perjury. (See People v. Vines (2011) 51 Cal.4th 830,
874 [because “[m]ere inconsistencies between a witness’s testimony and her prior
statements do not prove the falsity of the testimony,” defendant “fail[ed] to establish that
the prosecutor presented false testimony or failed to correct such testimony”]; Henry v.
Ryan (9th Cir. 2013) 720 F.3d 1073, 1084 [although detective’s testimony about his own
actions at the crime scene was contradicted by defense experts, defendant “provided no
evidence that [the detective] knew his testimony was inaccurate at the time he presented
14
it, rather than [his] recollection merely being mistaken, inaccurate or rebuttable.
[Defendant’s] conclusory assertion that, because [the detective] must have known where
he stepped while investigating the crime scene, any testimony inconsistent with the truth
must be not only inaccurate but also perjured does not constitute evidence sufficient to
make out a Napue claim.”].)
Bennett has not cited any case demonstrating that the kind of testimony Currie
gave about the definition of “Buk” constituted Napue error. We conclude the
prosecutor’s introduction of, and reliance on, Currie’s testimony did not amount to the
knowing use of perjured testimony.
(2) Prosecutor did not commit misconduct by making improper
comments during closing argument.
(a) Background.
Bennett’s second set of prosecutorial misconduct claims stems from the following
portion of the prosecutor’s closing argument:
“In deciding whether the People have proved the case beyond a reasonable doubt,
you must impartially compare and consider all of the evidence. Don’t disregard evidence
like the defense is asking you to that was received throughout the entire trial.
................
“You have to trust it. If there was an inconsistent statement or something in the
police report provided to the defense that’s recorded, their position, you would hear from
them. They have the same subpoena power of the court. They have the discovery
provided. They have the recorded statements. They have the telephone calls.
“You have to trust that the defense is doing their job, and if there was evidence
that was favorable to them, that it would have been presented in court, but you didn’t hear
any of that –
“[Defense counsel]: Objection.
................
“The Court: Ground?
“[Defense counsel]: Burden shifting.
15
“The Court: Okay. The burden of proof always remains with the prosecution,
Ladies and Gentlemen.”
(b) Discussion.
Bennett argues: “The prosecutor’s comments constituted misconduct. Not only
did the prosecutor vouch for its [sic] evidence by suggesting that there was nothing
outside the evidence presented which would benefit the defense, but also vouched for the
fact that defense counsel was competent, was doing her job and would have brought in
evidence that was favorable if it existed. The prosecutor’s comments also impermissibly
shifted the burden of proof to the defense by suggesting that appellant had the burden to
bring forth evidence that would have supported their position and undermined the
prosecution’s case.”
It is improper for a prosecutor to imply there is additional evidence outside the
record because this amounts to unsworn testimony violative of a defendant’s rights to
confrontation and effective counsel. (People v. Bolton (1979) 23 Cal.3d 208, 212-213;
see People v. Herring (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 1066, 1076-1077 [prosecutor’s implication
he knew facts not in evidence amounted to unsworn testimony and required reversal].)
However, a prosecutor may argue inferences that are based on what happened at trial as
opposed to facts outside the record (People v. Edelbacher (1989) 47 Cal.3d 983, 1030),
and “the prosecutor may comment on the state of the evidence, including the failure of
the defense to introduce material evidence or to call witnesses.” (People v. Mincey
(1992) 2 Cal.4th 408, 446.)
Bennett says he recognizes all of this but, nevertheless, he argues that “[a]
distinction clearly exists between the permissible comment that a defendant has not
produced any evidence, and on the other hand an improper statement that a defendant has
a duty or burden to produce evidence, or a duty or burden to prove his or her innocence.
[¶] Here, the prosecutor first committed misconduct when she went beyond the evidence
presented and offered that there were no inconsistent statements or favorable facts in the
police reports or recorded statement that were not presented to the jury. . . . The
prosecutor then impermissibly vouched for the competency of defense counsel by
16
arguing that ‘you have to trust that the defense is doing their job, and if there was
evidence that was favorable to them, that it would have been presented.’ These
comments by the prosecutor went beyond the evidence presented and amounted to
conclusive testimony that there was nothing in the materials outside the evidence
presented . . . .”
Not only did the prosecutor’s statements not amount to “conclusive testimony” of
anything, but there was no misconduct. The prosecutor was fairly commenting on the
fact the defense had failed to bring forth any evidence contradicting the People’s version
of events. Hence, for example, People v. Jasso (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1354, found
nothing wrong with the following prosecutorial argument: “ ‘Once again, if that evidence
was there, if there actually was evidence of an accident, [defense counsel], as good an
attorney as he is, would have presented it, but there is no evidence. We [don’t] hear any
evidence that there was an accident, because it was not there, because it was not an
accident.’ ” (Id. at p. 1370.)
In sum, we conclude Bennett has failed to establish either that the prosecution
relied on false testimony, or that the prosecutor’s closing argument was improper.
2. Admission of unauthenticated photographs from the Internet was at most only
harmless error.
Bennett contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence photographs
downloaded from the Internet which showed him flashing gang signs and wearing a
sweatshirt identical to the perpetrator’s sweatshirt. Bennett asserts these photographs
should have been excluded because they were insufficiently authenticated, and that their
admission requires the reversal of his conviction. We disagree.
17
a. Background.
The prosecution put into evidence three gang photographs (People’s exhibits 37,
38 and 41), two of which showed Bennett flashing gang hand signs. At the first trial in
this matter, the defense did not dispute Bennett’s gang membership, but argued the
photographs were not properly authenticated because they had been downloaded from an
unidentified Facebook page. The prosecutor argued the photographs were admissible
because it was obviously Bennett in the pictures and, moreover, the gang expert would
testified he could recognize Bennett and other gang members shown in the pictures.
The trial court overruled the defense objection, finding that so long as the expert could
recognize people in the photographs there was no foundation problem.
At the second trial, Currie testified exhibit 37, which showed Bennett wearing a
black hooded sweatshirt with a pocket in the front and flashing a gang sign, had been
downloaded from the Internet by his partner at some point after Bennett’s arrest.
Exhibit 38 showed Bennett and three other members of the 8-Tre Gangster Crips flashing
gang signs. Currie testified he was unsure when this photograph had been taken, but he
believed it was sometime in 2010. Exhibit 41 showed numerous 8-Tre Gangster Crips
members flashing gang signs; Bennett did not appear in this photograph.
b. Legal principles.
“No photograph or film has any value in the absence of a proper foundation. It is
necessary to know when it was taken and that it is accurate and truly represents what it
purports to show. It becomes probative only upon the assumption that it is relevant and
accurate. This foundation is usually provided by the testimony of a person who was
present at the time the picture was taken, or who is otherwise qualified to state that the
representation is accurate. In addition, it may be provided by the aid of expert testimony
[even if] there is no one qualified to authenticate it from personal observation. When
authenticated by a witness from personal observation its admission into evidence
presumes confidence in that witness’ veracity” (People v. Bowley (1963) 59 Cal.2d 855,
862.)
18
Applying this traditional rule to the modern world of computers and the World
Wide Web, People v. Beckley (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 509, held “the prosecution’s
failure to authenticate a photograph and ‘gang roster’ downloaded from Internet Web
sites should have barred their admission . . . .” (Id. at p. 511.) In Beckley, in order to
rebut testimony from defendant’s girlfriend Fulmore “that she did not associate with the
Southside Compton Crips and that she insisted Beckley stop his association with the
gang, the prosecution offered a photograph purportedly showing Fulmore flashing the
Southside Compton Crips gang sign. Detective Schoonmaker testified that he
downloaded the photograph from Beckley’s home page on the Internet Web site
MySpace.” (Id. at p. 514.) “Although defendants conceded that the face in the MySpace
photograph was Fulmore’s, the record does not contain the kind of evidence described in
Bowley or any other evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that it is the photograph that
the prosecution claims it is, namely, an accurate depiction of Fulmore actually flashing a
gang sign. Schoonmaker could not testify from his personal knowledge that the
photograph truthfully portrayed Fulmore flashing the gang sign and . . . no expert
testified that the picture was not a ‘ “composite” or “faked” ’ photograph. Such expert
testimony is even more critical today to prevent the admission of manipulated images
. . . . Recent experience shows that digital photographs can be changed to produce false
images. [Citation.] Indeed, with the advent of computer software programs such as
Adobe Photoshop ‘it does not always take skill, experience, or even cognizance to alter a
digital photo.’ [Citation.] Even the Attorney General recognizes the untrustworthiness of
images downloaded from the internet, quoting the court’s warning in St. Clair v. Johnny’s
Oyster & Shrimp, Inc. (S.D.Tex.1999) 76 F.Supp.2d 773, 775, that ‘[a]nyone can put
anything on the Internet. No web-site is monitored for accuracy and nothing contained
therein is under oath or even subject to independent verification absent underlying
documentation. Moreover, the Court holds no illusions that hackers can adulterate the
content of any web-site from any location at any time.’ ” (Id. at p. 515-516)
19
On the other hand, People v. Valdez (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1429, concluded
Internet photographs downloaded from the defendant’s own MySpace page were properly
admitted: “[W]hile all writings must be authenticated before they are received into
evidence [citation], the proponent’s burden of producing evidence to show authenticity
[citation], is met ‘when sufficient evidence has been produced to sustain a finding that the
document is what it purports to be. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] The author’s testimony is not
required to authenticate a document [citation]; instead, its authenticity may be established
by the contents of the writing [citation] or by other means [citation]. ‘As long as the
evidence would support a finding of authenticity, the writing is admissible. The fact
conflicting inferences can be drawn regarding authenticity goes to the document’s weight
as evidence, not its admissibility. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘ “[L]ike any other material
fact, the authenticity of a [document] may be established by circumstantial
evidence. . . .” ’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1435.)
c. Discussion.
Bennett contends the trial court erred by admitting the downloaded photographs
because no foundation had been laid and they could not be authenticated: “In this case,
like in Beckley and unlike in Valdez, the record fails to contain the kind of evidence
described in Bowley or any other evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that Exhibits 37,
38 and 41 accurately portray what the prosecution claims they portray, namely, an
accurate depiction of appellant and fellow gang members, who are purportedly throwing
gang signs associated with the 8 Trey gang.”
The Attorney General replies: “But here, officer Currie was qualified as an expert
on [the 8-Tre Gangster Crips], meaning he could identify the meaning of the gang signs;
he also testified that, given his personal knowledge of the men depicted, one of the
photographs appeared to have been taken around 2010. The People did not seek to admit
the photographs for any purpose requiring authentication beyond what officer Currie
could provide.”
20
We need not decide whether these Internet photographs were properly
authenticated, however, because any error was clearly harmless.8 There is no doubt
Bennett was a member of the 8-Tre Gangster Crips. He had admitted his membership to
Currie, and his jailhouse phone call showed him to be quite concerned about the gang
ramifications of having talked to the police. As the Attorney General points out, the
photographs were not “particularly damaging to the defense. For example, appellant is
not depicted holding a gun or committing any violent acts.”
In response, Bennett asserts “[t]he picture was more damaging to appellant’s case
than had he simply been holding a gun because the prosecution was able to argue that he
was, in fact, the person wearing that identical sweatshirt on the night of the shooting.”
But there was overwhelming evidence showing Bennett was one of the two men who
approached Robertson’s house that night and demanded entrance to the party. Loud
made an extremely positive identification based on having observed Bennett during a
confrontation lasting six or seven minutes, in which Bennett did all the talking and his
companion said nothing. Bennett’s presence at Roberson’s house was corroborated by
his jailhouse conversations, in which he repeatedly acknowledged having made a big
mistake by admitting to the police he had been there that night. Indeed, the question of
Bennett’s identity as one of the two interlopers was so far from dispute that defense
counsel’s closing argument essentially conceded this fact.
We conclude that any error in admitting this evidence was harmless.
8
Bennett argues that, “[s]ince the admission of the evidence violated appellant’s
federal constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial,” the proper harmless error
standard is Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 [87 S.Ct. 824]. But Bennett never
demonstrates this; he merely assumes it without citing any authority showing why People
v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, does not apply. (See People v. Chism (2014) 58 Cal.4th
1266, 1298 [erroneous admission of evidence is reviewed under the Watson standard].)
21
3. Trial court did not err by denying disclosure of confidential informant.
Bennett contends the trial court erred by denying disclosure of a confidential
informant’s identity. This claim is meritless.
Prior to trial, Bennett moved for an order requiring the prosecution to disclose the
identity of a confidential informant who had given the police information used to support
a search warrant. After reviewing the sealed portion of the search warrant affidavit, the
trial court ruled there was “no possibility that the informant could give information on the
issue of guilt or innocence which might tend to exonerate Mr. Bennett.”
The parties agree the question whether access to the confidential informant’s
identity was properly denied should be resolved by having this court review the sealed
portion of the search warrant affidavit. This is the correct procedure. “[T]he prosecution
must disclose the name of an informant who is a material witness in a criminal case or
suffer dismissal of the charges against the defendant. [Citation.] An informant is a
material witness if there appears, from the evidence presented, a reasonable possibility
that he or she could give evidence on the issue of guilt that might exonerate the
defendant. [Citation.] The defendant bears the burden of adducing ‘ “ ‘some
evidence’ ” ’ on this score. [Citation.]” (People v. Lawley (2002) 27 Cal.4th 102, 159-
160.)
We have reviewed this material and, based on that review, we conclude the trial
court properly determined the confidential informant “could not have provided any
evidence that, to a reasonable possibility, might have exonerated defendant.” (People v.
Lawley, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 160.)
4. Cumulative error.
Bennett contends his conviction must be reversed for cumulative error. “Because
we identified only one harmless error, the claim of cumulative error is without merit.”
(People v. Vieira (2005) 35 Cal.4th 264, 305; see also People v. Richie (1994)
28 Cal.App.4th 1347, 1364, fn. 6 [“Since we have found only one error properly
preserved for appeal, we need not address appellant’s contention that cumulative error at
trial requires reversal.”].)
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
KLEIN, P. J.
We concur:
KITCHING, J.
ALDRICH, J.
23