Filed 7/7/14 Young v. Daimler AG CA1/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
KIMBERLY PATRICE YOUNG et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
A135999
v.
DAIMLER AG, (County of Alameda
No. RG-10-509414)
Defendant and Respondent.
In this products liability action, the trial court granted a motion to quash service of
summons for lack of personal jurisdiction filed by specially-appearing defendant Daimler
AG, a German public stock company (Daimler). Appellants contend that the trial court’s
jurisdictional decision is erroneous, as a finding of general personal jurisdiction over
Daimler is appropriate based on the substantial California contacts of current and former
indirect subsidiaries of Daimler that are attributable to the German company under
theories of agency. Finding the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Daimler AG v. Bauman (2014) 571 U.S. ___ [134 S.Ct. 746] (Bauman II), dispositive on
the jurisdictional issue and contrary to the arguments advanced by appellants, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 29, 2008, Kimberly Patrice Young (Young) and her daughter, Keyona
Chester (collectively, appellants), were driving a 2004 Jeep Cherokee in San Joaquin
County, California, when the vehicle rolled over, causing the roof to collapse. As a result
of this incident, Young sustained catastrophic injuries, rendering her a permanent
quadriplegic. In addition, Young’s daughter allegedly suffered both physical and
1
emotional harm. On April 13, 2010, appellants filed the instant action (complaint),
claiming that the roof and restraint systems of the 2004 Jeep Cherokee were defectively
designed and caused the injuries they sustained in the 2008 rollover.
The 2004 Jeep Cherokee at issue was designed, manufactured, and distributed by
DaimlerChrysler Corporation (DCC), a former indirect subsidiary of Daimler. Thus,
among others, the complaint named both Daimler and DCC as defendants. Daimler is a
German Aktiengesellschaft (public stock company) that designs and manufactures
Mercedes-Benz vehicles in Germany and has its principal place of business in Stuttgart.
Prior to 1998, DCC was known as Chrysler Corporation. Following a 1998 agreement,
Chrysler Corporation became an indirect subsidiary of Daimler (then known as
DaimlerChrysler AG) and changed its name to DCC. DCC was at all relevant times a
Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Michigan. It ceased to be a
subsidiary of Daimler in 2007, subsequently changing its name to Chrysler LLC.
Daimler is not a successor-in-interest to either DCC or Chrysler LLC.1
Appellants personally served Daimler with the complaint in accordance with the
Hague Convention. Subsequently, on April 7, 2011, Daimler filed a motion to quash
service of summons for lack of personal jurisdiction. Specifically, Daimler asserted that
there is no basis for personal jurisdiction (either general or specific) over Daimler in
California.2 General jurisdiction is lacking, Daimler averred, because it is not qualified,
1
As is widely known, Chrysler LLC filed for bankruptcy in April 2009, becoming the
first major American automaker to seek such protection since Studebaker in 1933. (See
Rutenberg & Vlasic, Chrysler Files to Seek Bankruptcy Protection, N.Y. Times (May 1,
2009).) Although not part of our record on appeal, appellants report that DCC was
subsequently dismissed from this action as part of its planned bankruptcy reorganization.
2
Personal jurisdiction is “specific” when the suit “aris[es] out of or relates[s] to the
defendant’s contacts with the forum.” (Helicopteros Nacionales De Colombia v. Hall
(1984) 466 U.S. 408, 414, fn. 8 (Helicopteros Nacionales).) “General jurisdiction,” in
contrast, is appropriate over foreign corporations “when their affiliations with the State
are so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render them essentially at home in the forum
State.” (Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown (2011) ___ U.S. ___, ___
[131 S. Ct. 2846, 2851] (Goodyear); see also In re Automobile Antitrust Cases I and II
(2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 100, 108 (Automobile Antitrust Cases).) General jurisdiction, if
2
licensed, or authorized to do business in California; does not maintain any office, agency,
or representative in California; does not have any officers, employees or agents working
for it in California; has not appointed an agent for service of process in California; does
not conduct advertising or solicitation activities in California; does not operate any sales
or service network in California; does not have a California bank account; does not own,
use, or possess any California real estate; and does not pay California taxes. According
to Daimler, to the extent any Mercedes-Benz vehicles manufactured by Daimler in
Germany are distributed and sold in California, such distribution and sales are conducted
by companies separate and distinct from Daimler. (Compare Goodyear, supra, 131 S. Ct.
at p. 2852.) In addition, Daimler argued that the facts do not support a finding of specific
jurisdiction over Daimler in this case as Daimler did not design, manufacture, or
distribute the 2004 Jeep Cherokee at issue.
Appellants opposed Daimler’s motion to quash, arguing that Daimler was properly
subject to both specific and general jurisdiction in California. For instance, appellants
contended that specific jurisdiction was appropriate because the accident at issue was
related to the California activities of DCC, Daimler’s indirect subsidiary. With respect to
general jurisdiction, appellants urged the trial court to follow the Ninth Circuit’s recent
decision in Bauman v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. (2011) 644 F.3d 909 (Bauman I), which
found Daimler subject to general jurisdiction in California based on the extensive
California contacts of Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA), an indirect subsidiary of
Daimler. Because of its importance to the ultimate resolution of this appeal, we review
this Ninth Circuit decision in some detail.
In Bauman I, twenty-two Argentineans filed suit against Daimler in the United
States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging that one of
Daimler’s subsidiaries—Mercedes-Benz Argentina—“collaborated with state security
forces to kidnap, detain, torture, and kill the plaintiffs and/or their relatives during
established, “may bring the defendant before California courts even if the cause of action
is unrelated to the defendant’s activities in this state.” (Automobile Antitrust Cases,
supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 109.)
3
Argentina’s ‘Dirty War.’ ” (Bauman I, supra, 644 F.3d at p. 911.) Since these claims did
not arise out of any contacts Daimler might have had with California, the sole question at
issue in Bauman I was whether the district court had general personal jurisdiction over
Daimler. (Id. at pp. 912, 919.) The Ninth Circuit concluded that it did, based on
Daimler’s relationship with MBUSA. (Id. at pp. 912, 924.)
The Bauman I court described MBUSA as follows: MBUSA is a Delaware
limited liability company and indirect Daimler subsidiary. (It is a wholly owned
subsidiary of a holding company which, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of
Daimler.) MBUSA acts as the sole distributor for all Mercedes-Benz vehicles in the
United States, purchasing those vehicles from Daimler in Germany for sale in this
country. (Bauman I, supra, 644 F.3d at pp. 913-914.) Although its principal place of
business is in New Jersey, MBUSA has multiple California-based facilities, including a
regional office in Costa Mesa, a Vehicle Preparation Center in Carson, and a Classic
Center in Irving. In fact, MBUSA is the largest supplier of luxury vehicles to the
California market, with its California sales accounting for 2.4 percent of Daimler’s
worldwide sales. (Ibid.) Based on these facts, the parties in Bauman I did not dispute
that MBUSA, itself, is subject to general jurisdiction in California. (Id. at p. 914.)
MBUSA’s distribution of Mercedes-Benz vehicles in the United States is
governed by a General Distributor Agreement (GDA). After analyzing the provisions of
the GDA “at some length,” the Ninth Circuit concluded that, under the terms of the GDA,
Daimler has “the right to control nearly every aspect of MBUSA’s operations.” (Bauman
I, supra, 644 F.3d at pp. 914-917, 920-924.) Additionally, the Bauman I court opined
that the sale of Daimler’s cars in California was “sufficiently important” to Daimler
that—if MBUSA went out of business—Daimler would continue selling its cars in
California, either by itself or through another representative. (Id. at pp. 920-922.) Under
these circumstances, the Bauman I court determined that MBUSA was Daimler’s agent
for personal jurisdiction purposes, that MBUSA’s extensive contacts with California
could therefore be imputed to Daimler, and that, as a consequence, Daimler was properly
subject to general jurisdiction in California. (Id. at pp. 912, 920, 924.) The Ninth Circuit
4
went on to conclude that the assertion of such jurisdiction over Daimler was reasonable
under the particular facts of the case. (Id. at pp. 924-931.) In the present action,
appellants argued that the trial court should “follow the example” set by Bauman I and
deny Daimler’s motion to quash.
The trial court, however, disagreed with appellants. After allowing for
jurisdictional discovery, it granted Daimler’s motion to quash on June18, 2012. Noting
that a plaintiff has the initial burden of demonstrating facts sufficient to justify the
exercise of jurisdiction over a foreign corporation (Snowney v. Harrah’s Entertainment,
Inc. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1054, 1062; Automobile Antitrust Cases, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th
at p. 111), the trial court first stated that appellants had failed to present adequate
evidence to support the existence of specific jurisdiction in this action. In particular,
appellants had failed to show that Daimler “was directly involved in the design,
manufacture, distribution or sale of the subject 2004 Jeep Cherokee.” The trial court next
determined that no showing of general jurisdiction had been made. Specifically, citing
Sonora Diamond Corp. v. Superior Court (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 523, 541, the trial court
opined that appellants had not shown that Daimler exercised control over the day-to-day
operations of either DCC or MBUSA that was “ ‘so pervasive and continual that the
subsidiary may be considered nothing more than an agent or instrumentality of the
parent.’ ” Finally, the trial court declined to follow the Ninth Circuit’s Bauman I
decision, noting that it was not binding precedent and finding that it was factually
distinguishable.
Notice of entry of the trial court’s order was served on appellants by Daimler on
June 21, 2012, and this timely appeal followed. Thereafter, on April 22, 2013, the United
States Supreme Court granted Daimler’s petition for a writ of certiorari in Bauman I.
(Bauman I, supra, 644 F.3d 909, cert. granted sub nom. DaimlerChrysler AG v. Bauman
(2013) ___ U.S. ___ [133 S.Ct. 1995].) On November 19, 2013, we stayed proceedings
in this case pending the high court’s resolution in the Bauman matter.
5
II. THE SUPREME COURT’S BAUMAN DECISION
On January 14, 2014, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in
Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. 746, unanimously reversing the Ninth Circuit’s decision in
Bauman I.3 The Court began by noting that “California’s long-arm statute allows the
exercise of personal jurisdiction to the full extent permissible under the U. S.
Constitution.” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 753; see also Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 410.10.) It therefore framed the issue as whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction
over Daimler under the facts of the case “comports with the limits imposed by federal
due process.” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 753.)
After tracing the early history of personal jurisdiction, Justice Ginsberg confirmed
that the “ ‘canonical opinion’ ” in the area remains International Shoe Co. v. Washington
(1945) 326 U.S. 310 (International Shoe), which held that the exercise of personal
jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant is permissible “ ‘if the defendant has “certain
minimum contacts with [the State] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” ’ ” (Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct.
at p. 2853, quoting International Shoe; Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 754.) After
International Shoe, the two distinct categories of personal jurisdiction that we recognize
today—general and specific—developed, but while specific jurisdiction became “ ‘the
centerpiece of modern jurisdiction theory,’ ” general jurisdiction played “ ‘a reduced
role’ ” and has been confined to “limits traditionally recognized.” (Bauman II, supra,
134 S.Ct. at pp. 754-755, 757-758, fn. omitted.) Indeed, prior to its decision in Bauman
II, the high court had considered the application of general jurisdiction on only three
occasions in the post-International Shoe era. (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at pp. 755-
758; Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p. 2854.)
First, in Perkins v. Benguet Consol. Mining Co. (1952) 342 U.S. 437 (Perkins), a
Philippine company ceased its mining operations during the Japanese occupation of the
3
Justice Ginsberg delivered the opinion of the Court, in which seven other justices
joined. Justice Sotomayor filed a separate opinion concurring in the judgment. (Bauman
II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 750.)
6
Philippines in World War II. The company’s president moved to Ohio, where he kept the
company’s files and conducted its corporate activities. (Id. at pp. 447-448.) General
jurisdiction over the company in Ohio was appropriate in this “ ‘textbook case’ ” because
the state was “ ‘the corporation’s principal, if temporary, place of business.’ ” (Bauman
II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at pp. 755-756.) In Helicopteros Nacionales, in contrast, general
jurisdiction over a Columbian helicopter company in Texas state court was found to be
improper. That case involved a helicopter crash in Peru that killed four U.S. citizens.
The foreign helicopter operator’s contacts with Texas were limited to attending a
contract-negotiation session in Houston; purchasing helicopters, equipment, and training
services from a Texas-based company for substantial sums; accepting checks drawn on a
Houston bank; and sending personnel to Texas for training. (Helicopteros Nacionales,
supra, 466 U.S. at p. 416.) The Court concluded that “the company’s Texas connections
did not resemble the ‘continuous and systematic general business contacts . . . found to
exist in Perkins.’ ” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 757.)
Finally, in Goodyear, the high court determined that general jurisdiction over
foreign subsidiaries of a United States parent corporation was not available under the
facts of the case. Goodyear involved a bus accident outside of Paris that killed two boys
from North Carolina and allegations that a defective tire manufactured by the Turkish
subsidiary of The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Goodyear USA) was responsible
for the fatal crash. (Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p. 2850.) Although Goodyear USA
had plants in North Carolina and did not contest jurisdiction, its foreign subsidiaries had
no affiliation with the state. However, a small percentage of tires manufactured by the
foreign subsidiaries were distributed in North Carolina by other Goodyear USA affiliates.
(Id. at pp. 2850, 2852.) Writing for a unanimous Court, Justice Ginsberg rejected the
notion that placement of a product into the stream of commerce was sufficient to support
a finding of general jurisdiction. (Id. at pp. 2854-2855.) Rather, relying on International
Shoe, Justice Ginsberg opined that general jurisdiction may only be asserted “over
foreign (sister-state or foreign country) corporations to hear any and all claims against
them when their affiliations with the State are so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render
7
them essentially at home in the forum State.” (Id. at p. 2851.) Since the foreign
subsidiaries in Goodyear were “in no sense at home in North Carolina,” general
jurisdiction over them was improper. (Id. at p. 2857.)
Based on these precedents, the Bauman II Court affirmed that “only a limited set
of affiliations with a forum will render a defendant amenable to all-purpose jurisdiction
there.” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 760.) A corporation’s place of incorporation
and principal place of business, for instance, are “paradigm all-purpose forums.” (Ibid.)
Citing Perkins, the Court went on to acknowledge that “in an exceptional case” a
corporation’s operations outside of these paradigm forums “may be so substantial and of
such a nature as to render the corporation at home in that State.” (Id. at p. 671, fn. 19.)
However, it rejected as “unacceptably grasping” the plaintiff’s suggestion that general
jurisdiction be deemed appropriate in every state in which a corporation “ ‘engages in a
substantial, continuous, and systematic course of business.’ ” (Id. at pp. 760-761.)
Rather, the Bauman II Court emphasized the language of International Shoe—speaking in
terms of “ ‘substantial’ ” and “ ‘continuous corporate operations within a state’ ”—and
held that, for general jurisdiction purposes, a foreign corporation’s forum contacts must
be “comparable to a domestic enterprise in that State.” (Bauman, supra, 134 S.Ct. at
p. 758, fn. 11, 761.) Finally, the Court concluded that undertaking an analysis of general
jurisdiction “calls for an appraisal of a corporation’s activities in their entirety,
nationwide and worldwide. A corporation that operates in many places can scarcely be
deemed at home in all of them.” (Id. at p. 762, fn. 20.)
The Court also noted that it had “not yet addressed whether a foreign corporation
may be subjected to a court’s general jurisdiction based on the contacts of its in-state
subsidiary.” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 759.) In this regard, it was critical of the
agency test applied by the Ninth Circuit in Bauman I, stating—“The Ninth Circuit’s
agency finding rested primarily on its observation that MBUSA’s services were
‘important’ to Daimler, as gauged by Daimler’s hypothetical readiness to perform those
services itself if MBUSA did not exist. Formulated this way, the inquiry into importance
stacks the deck, for it will always yield a pro-jurisdiction answer: ‘Anything a
8
corporation does through an independent contractor, subsidiary, or distributor is
presumably something that the corporation would do “by other means” if the independent
contractor, subsidiary, or distributor did not exist.’ ” (Ibid.) The Court also faulted the
Ninth Circuit’s analysis of Daimler’s right to control MBUSA based on a GBA that
expressly established MBUSA as an independent contractor. (Id. at pp. 752, 760, fn. 15.)
In the end, however, the Bauman II Court did not need to reach the agency issue because
it held that—even assuming that MBUSA was at home (i.e., subject to general
jurisdiction) in California and assuming further that MBUSA’s California contacts are
imputable to Daimler—“there would still be no basis to subject Daimler to general
jurisdiction in California, for Daimler’s slim contacts with the State hardly render it at
home there.” (Id. at p. 760.) As a consequence, the Court reversed the Ninth Circuit’s
general jurisdiction finding.4 (Id. at p. 763.)
III. GENERAL JURISDCITION IN THE WAKE OF BAUMAN
In the present appeal, appellants do not argue that Daimler’s own contacts with
California are sufficient to justify the exercise of general jurisdiction over the German
corporation. Nor do they claim that specific jurisdiction over Daimler is appropriate
under the facts of this case.5 Rather, as in Bauman II, appellants’ sole contention on
appeal is that general jurisdiction over Daimler in California is proper based on Daimler’s
relationship with MBUSA and MBUSA’s contacts with California.6
4
In her concurring opinion, Justice Sotomayor stated that she would have found the
exercise of general jurisdiction over Daimler unreasonable “ ‘in the unique circumstance
of this case.’ ” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at pp. 762-764 (conc. opn. of Sotomayor,
J.).)
5
Indeed, it would be difficult to argue that this suit “aris[es] out of or relates[s] to”
Daimler’s contacts with California for purposes of specific jurisdiction, given the trial
court’s finding that Daimler was not shown to have been “involved in the design,
manufacture, distribution or sale of the subject 2004 Jeep Cherokee.” (See Helicopteros
Nacionales, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 414, fn. 8.)
6
In their opening brief, appellants argued that the California contacts of DCC should also
be imputed to Daimler under theories of agency and that such contacts further support a
finding of general jurisdiction over Daimler. Appellants appear to have abandoned this
claim in their reply brief, stating: “The only issue before the Court is whether the
9
As stated above, “California courts may exercise jurisdiction on any basis that is
not inconsistent with the state and federal Constitutions.” (Automobile Antitrust Cases,
supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 107; see also Code Civ. Proc., § 410.10.) Thus, the inquiry
in California is whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction “comports with the limits
imposed by federal due process.” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 753; Automobile
Antitrust Cases, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at pp. 107-108.) “On review, we apply our
independent judgment to the ultimate question of jurisdiction, but to the extent that the
question of jurisdiction turns on factual issues, we are bound by the trial court’s findings
of fact if they are supported by substantial evidence.” (Automobile Antitrust Cases,
supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at pp. 113-114; see also CenterPoint Energy, supra, 157
Cal.App.4th at p. 1117 [in personal jurisdiction matters “ ‘ “we review independently the
trial court’s conclusions as to the legal significance of the facts” ’ ”].)
relationship between Daimler and its distributor subsidiary MBUSA, Inc. gives rise to
general jurisdiction . . . .” However, even if the argument was still properly before us, we
would find it unavailing. Unlike specific jurisdiction, general jurisdiction is determined
no earlier than at the time a suit is filed. (See DVI, Inc. v. Superior Court (2002) 104
Cal.App.4th 1080, 1101 [exercise of general jurisdiction comports with due process when
defendant “has substantial, continuous, and systematic contacts with the forum at the time
the complaint is served on that defendant”]; Serafini v. Superior Court (1998) 68
Cal.App.4th 70, 78-80 [where defendant’s contacts with California arose solely out of his
corporation’s contacts with the state and he had ceased working for the corporation prior
to being served, defendant “absented himself and terminated any general jurisdiction of
California over him”]; see also CenterPoint Energy, Inc. v. Superior Court (2007) 157
Cal.App.4th 1101, 1123-1124 [where subsequent to a corporate reorganization defendant
succeeded only to the assets and liabilities of its predecessor’s regulated businesses,
evidence of forum contacts by agent related to the predecessor’s unregulated businesses
insufficient to support general jurisdiction over defendant] (CenterPoint Energy);
Bauman I, supra, 644 F.3d at p. 914, fn. 7, citing Wells Fargo & Co. v. Wells Fargo Exp.
Co. (9th Cir. 1977) 556 F.2d 406, 422 [to support a finding of general jurisdiction,
agency must be shown at the time suit was filed].) This makes sense as a finding of
general jurisdiction is essentially a finding that a foreign defendant’s contacts with a
forum are “ ‘so wide-ranging that they take the place of physical presence’ ” for purposes
of service of process. (Serafini, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 78.) Since DCC ceased to be
affiliated with Daimler long before the complaint in this action was filed or served,
DCC’s contacts with California are irrelevant to our general jurisdiction inquiry.
10
After the Supreme Court issued its decision in Bauman II, we requested
supplemental briefing from the parties regarding the impact of that decision on the
continued viability of these proceedings. Unsurprisingly, Daimler argues that Bauman II
is indistinguishable from the present case and requires this court to affirm the trial court’s
order quashing service. Specifically, Daimler points to multiple statements in the
Bauman II opinion which indicate that—as a matter of due process under the United
States Constitution—California courts do not have general personal jurisdiction over
Daimler. (See, e.g., Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 751, 763 [“subjecting Daimler to
the general jurisdiction of courts in California would not accord with the ‘fair play and
substantial justice’ due process demands”]; id. at p. 760, fn. 16 [“California is not an all-
purpose forum for claims against Daimler”]; id. at p. 761, fn. 17 [although “a
corporation’s operations in a forum other than its formal place of incorporation or
principal place of business may be so substantial and of such a nature as to render the
corporation at home in that State[,] . . . Daimler’s activities in California plainly do not
approach that level”].) Appellants, in contrast, attempt to distinguish Bauman II in
several ways, none of which we find persuasive.
First, appellants argue that Bauman II should be confined to its particular facts—
that is, to cases involving foreign parties “based on events occurring entirely outside of
the United States.” (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 750; see also id. at p. 751 [noting
the question presented in Bauman II is “whether the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment precludes the District Court from exercising jurisdiction over
Daimler in this case, given the absence of any California connection to the atrocities,
perpetrators, or victims described in the complaint”].) Here, in contrast, the plaintiffs are
from California, the accident occurred in California, the product was purchased in
California, and a United States subsidiary of Daimler manufactured the product. Under
such circumstances, appellants contend, it would not offend notions of due process to
find Daimler “at home” in California for general jurisdictional purposes.
In our view, appellant’s argument impermissibly “elide[s] the essential difference
between case-specific and all-purpose (general) jurisdiction.” (Goodyear, supra, 131
11
S.Ct. at p. 2855.) It is true that Justice Ginsburg does emphasize the entirely foreign
nature of both the parties and the events underlying the Bauman II litigation. (Bauman II,
supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 750; see also id. at p. 751.) She highlights these facts, however, not
to create exceptions to the broadly applicable test ultimately adopted by the Court, but
rather to point out the inadequacies of the expansive jurisdictional approach advocated by
the plaintiffs. (See id. at pp. 760-761 [plaintiff’s suggested test “unacceptably
grasping”]; id. at p. 754, fn. 5 [plaintiff’s would find Daimler amenable to suit in
California for a Polish car accident that injured Polish plaintiffs].) Indeed, the test
endorsed in Bauman II—whether a foreign defendant is “ ‘essentially at home in the
forum state’ ”—focuses on the defendant’s significant corporate presence in the forum.
(Id. at pp. 751, 758 & fn. 11, 760-761 & fn. 19, 762 & fn. 20.) Thus, under Bauman II,
the domicile of the plaintiffs and the location of the incident sued upon are essentially
non-factors in the general jurisdiction calculus. (See also Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. at
p. 2857, fn. 5 [“ ‘[g]eneral jurisdiction to adjudicate has in [United States] practice never
been based on the plaintiff’s relationship to the forum’ ”].)
Appellant’s second contention—that Bauman II did not consider California’s
representative services doctrine which would permit the assertion of general jurisdiction
over Daimler in this case—is equally unpersuasive. As we have recognized, the
representative services doctrine is “a species of agency.” (F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd. v.
Superior Court (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 782, 798.) As such, the result of its application is
that “the contacts of a local agent through which a foreign principal acts may be imputed
to that foreign defendant,” thereby conferring general jurisdiction over the foreign
defendant under “agency principles.” (Automobile Antitrust Cases, supra, 135
Cal.App.4th at pp. 119-120.) While the Bauman II Court questioned the formulation and
application of the Ninth Circuit’s agency test, in the end it assumed agency and still
concluded that MBUSA’s California contacts were insufficient to confer general
jurisdiction over Daimler in California. (Bauman II, supra, 134 S.Ct. at pp. 758-760
[“we need not pass judgment on invocation of an agency theory in the context of general
jurisdiction, for in no event can the appeals court’s analysis be sustained”].) Thus, the
12
specifics of the agency test applied are irrelevant to the Bauman II holding, as the result
would be the same under any theory of agency.7
In sum, appellants cannot escape the fact that the Bauman II decision controls with
the instant action and mandates the conclusion that, barring the development of new
facts, “California is not an all-purpose forum for claims against Daimler.” (Bauman II,
supra,134 S.Ct. at p. 760, fn. 16.) We therefore decline to disturb the trial court’s order
granting Daimler’s motion to quash service of summons for lack of personal jurisdiction.8
IV. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Each party to bear their own costs.
7
Appellants’ final argument—that “any remaining factual issues relative to jurisdiction
should be construed against Daimler” due to Daimler’s failure to cooperate in the
jurisdictional discovery process—does not help them. We agree with the trial court that
appellants have waived any issues regarding inadequate discovery by failing to raise them
in a timely fashion in the court below, either through appropriate motions to compel or
otherwise. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 2025.480, subd. (b) [60-day deadline for motion to
compel with respect to inadequate deposition testimony]; see also id., §§ 2030.300, subd.
(c) [45 day waiver of right to compel further response for written interrogatories],
2031.310, subd. (c) [same for document inspection], 2033.290, subd. (c) [same for
requests for admission].) Regardless, given the holding in Bauman II and the outcome of
this case, additional discovery into the “intricate and detail-rich relationships between
[Daimler] and its subsidiaries” would hardly have been likely to lead to the production of
facts establishing general jurisdiction over Daimler in California. (Automobile Antitrust
Cases, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 127.)
8
We do not, by our decision in this matter, mean to discount in any way the very real
suffering Young has endured and will continue to endure as a result of the August 2008
accident. We cannot, however, in our sympathy for Young, ignore the very clear
boundaries for the exercise of general jurisdiction established by the Supreme Court in
Bauman II, boundaries which were, themselves, erected to protect fundamental due
process rights.
13
_________________________
REARDON, ACTING P. J.
We concur:
_________________________
RIVERA, J.
_________________________
HUMES, J.
14