ORIGINAL
3Jn tbe Wniteb ~tates Court of jfeberal <!Claims
No. 13-642C
FILED
(Filed: July 15, 2014) JUL 1 5 2014
UNREPORTED
U.S . COURT OF
FEDERAL CLAIMS
)
BRIDGET ALLEN, )
Plaintiff, )
) Motion to dismiss for lack of subject
v. ) matter jurisdiction, RCFC 12(b)(l);
) Motion to dismiss for failure to state
THE UNITED STATES, ) a claim, RCFC 12(b)(6)
)
Defendant. )
)
~~~~~~~~~)
ORDER DISMISSING CASE
On September 4, 2013 , pro se plaintiff ("plaintiff' or "Ms. Allen") filed a
complaint in which she asserts that the United States has participated in a conspiracy to
seize her property without just compensation, in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the
United States Constitution. 1 Plaintiff has subsequently filed multiple motions to amend,
supplement, and otherwise correct her complaint to add new allegations and legal
contentions. See Docket Nos. 5 ("Notice of Errata" seeking, among other things, to add
to the complaint a request for an accounting), 17 (motion seeking leave to amend the
complaint to include certain allegations concerning the United States Department of
Veterans Affairs ("VA") and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), 21
1
Ms. Allen applied for leave to proceed in forma pauperis on October 12, 2013. Her application
is GRANTED for the purpose of filing the complaint.
(Notice of Errata alleging that the VA "Exercised Eminent Domain of the Plaintiffs
2
Property" and renaming the description of an "exhibit" to her complaint). Although her
pleadings are difficult to follow, she alleges that government and private entities have
taken her property in connection with the foreclosure of her home. In addition to the VA
and the FDIC, Ms. Allen raises allegations against the Department of Housing and Urban
Development ("HUD") and Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie
Mae"); 3 Washington Mutual Bank, F.A. ("Washington Mutual"); JPMorgan Chase Bank,
N.A. ("Chase"), and a United States bankruptcy court. Ms. Allen seeks payment by the
United States of "approximately over and above $400,000." Compl. at 15.
Pending before the court is the government's motion, pursuant to Rules 12(b)(l)
and 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims ("RCFC"), to
dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a
2
The court hereby GRANTS Ms. Allen's requests to amend, supplement, or otherwise correct
her complaint.
3
Ginnie Mae was established as a corporation within HUD pursuant to 12 U.S.C. §
1723a. Ginnie Mae:
furnishes fiduciary services to itself and other departments and agencies of the
Government, and guarantees privately issued securities backed by trusts or pools
of mortgages or loans which are insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing
Administration (["FHA"]), the [VA] or the Rural Housing Service (["RHS"]) and
certain other loans or mortgages guaranteed or insured by the Government.
24 C.F.R. § 300.3. Among other things, Ginnie Mae serves "to guarantee the timely payment of
principal of and interest on securities that are based on and backed by a trust or pool composed
of mortgages which are insured or guaranteed by ... VA." 24 C.F.R. § 320.l; see generally,
Securities and Exchange Commission v. Radius Capital Com., No. 2:11-CV-116-FTM-29DNF,
2012 WL 695668 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 1, 2012) (after "a mortgage-backed security is sold to
investors, the homeowners' monthly payments of principal and interest are 'passed through'
from the Issuer to the investors").
2
claim upon which relief can be granted. For the reasons that follow, the government's
motion is GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
In January 2003, plaintiff obtained a $113, 189.00 home loan from Washington
Mutual which was apparently guaranteed by the VA. 4 In 2008, Washington Mutual
entered receivership, and the FDIC was appointed as receiver. Compl. iii! 28, 48. Under
the receivership, the FDIC entered into an agreement with Chase, through which
Washington Mutual's assets, including Ms. Allen's mortgage note, were transferred to
Chase. Id. ii 49. Ms. Allen also alleges that on December 20, 2013 the VA, acting
through Chase, foreclosed on Ms. Allen's property. Pl.'s Mot. to Am. & Supp. Compl. at
1, Dock. No. 17. Ms. Allen further alleges that following the foreclosure sale, the VA
became the owner of the property. Id. Plaintiff asserts that these actions constituted a
taking of her property, which "consists of various forms of collateral, such as the Deposit
Account, proceeds paid to Ginnie Mae Investors, real property and the Note." Compl. ii
4
The facts described herein are derived from plaintiffs complaint, amended complaint, from
exhibits and attachments in the bankruptcy litigation captioned In re Allen, No. 10-20094,
(Bankr. E.D. Va. Apr. 20, 2011), and are undisputed unless otherwise noted. The court notes
that reference to the bankruptcy proceedings are solely to provide background information
concerning the size and date of Ms. Allen's mortgage, and do not provide a basis for the court's
decision.
Plaintiff has twice moved for "Mandatory Judicial Notice" concerning the operation or
application of certain provisions of state or federal law. As plaintiff recognizes, "[t]he court may
judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally known
within the trial court's jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned." Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Because plaintiff
seeks judicial notice of legal conclusions or facts that do not satisfy the aforementioned standard,
plaintiffs motions are hereby DENIED.
3
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69. Plaintiff also alleges that she has a cognizable property interest in regards to
bankruptcy claims that were previously adjudicated. 5
On January 6, 2014, the government filed a motion to dismiss the complaint
pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(l) and 12(b)(6). As noted above, plaintiff has filed multiple
motions to amend, supplement, and otherwise correct her complaint to add new
allegations and legal contentions. The government has responded to all of Ms Allen's
pleadings and Ms. Allen has filed responses.
II. DISCUSSION
a. The government's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
i. Standard of review
When considering whether to dismiss a complaint for lack of jurisdiction, the
court generally assumes that the plaintiffs factual allegations are true. Folden v. United
States, 379 F.3d 1344, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2004). This rule does not apply in cases, such as
the one at bar, in which the moving party challenges the facts necessary to establish the
court's subject matter jurisdiction. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d
746, 747 (Fed. Cir. 1988). Rather, once a defendant challenges the jurisdictional facts,
the plaintiff has the obligation of demonstrating that the court has jurisdiction. See id. at
748 (dismissal is appropriate if plaintiff fails to establish jurisdiction after being given an
opportunity to be heard). Moreover, the plaintiff "must do more than merely reiterate the
facts in its well-pleaded complaint: plaintiff must respond to defendant's challenge and
put forth affirmative evidence to establish jurisdiction." N. Hartland, L.L.C. v. United
5
See In re Allen, No. 10-20094 (Bankr. E.D. Va. Apr. 20, 2011).
4
States, 78 Fed. Cl. 172, 179 (2007), affd, 309 F. App'x 389 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Although
the court affords a prose plaintiff leniency when interpreting her pleading, Erikson v.
Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), that plaintiff must still demonstrate that her complaint
satisfies the court's jurisdictional requirements. Bernard v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl.
497, 499 (2004) ("This latitude, however, does not relieve a prose plaintiff from meeting
jurisdictional requirements."), affd, 98 F. App'x 860 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
Under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491, this court possesses jurisdiction to
"render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the
Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or
upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or
unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort." 28 U.S.C. § 149l(a)(l). In the
context of a takings claim, plaintiff must allege that ( 1) she possessed "a property interest
for purposes of the Fifth Amendment," Am. Pelagic Fishing Co. v. United States, 379
F.3d 1363, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2004); and (2) that a "governmental action at issue amounted
to a compensable taking of that property interest," id. Where a plaintiff fails to establish
that a taking was committed, the court will dismiss the complaint under RCFC 12(b)( 1).
See Ameristar Fin. Servicing, Co. v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 807, 812 (2007).
b. Plaintiff's claims against Chase, Washington Mutual, the FDIC, and the
bankruptcy courts must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction
The government contends that certain of plaintiffs claims are not against the
government of the United States or cannot give rise to a takings claim and thus the court
lacks jurisdiction to hear them. Specifically, the government observes that Chase and
Washington Mutual are private entities, and that the FDIC, when acting in its capacity as
5
a receiver, does not constitute a government entity within the meaning of the Fifth
Amendment. The government also argues that there is no set of facts that could allow the
court to exercise jurisdiction to review the bankruptcy court's determination.
Plaintiff responds by asserting that the questions of whether (1) the FDIC was
acting in its capacity as a receiver; (2) Washington Mutual acted as her lender; (3) Chase,
rather than the government, foreclosed on her home; and (4) the bankruptcy court
"confiscated" her property; constitute controverted facts that render dismissal under
RCFC 12(b)( 1) inappropriate. In essence, plaintiff seeks to delay dismissal to allow for
discovery and resolution of the matter on summary judgment. For the reasons explained
below, the court holds that it lacks jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs claims against Chase,
Washington Mutual, the FDIC, or the bankruptcy courts.
To begin, the court agrees with the government that this court is without
jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs claims against Chase or Washington Mutual. Chase
and Washington Mutual represent private banking entities that are not part of the federal
government and therefore cannot be liable for a taking. Moreover, whether Ms. Allen
disputes these jurisdictional facts is irrelevant, because once jurisdiction is challenged,
plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force
Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d at 747. Thus, plaintiffs claims against Chase and Washington
Mutual must be dismissed.
The court similarly concludes that the FDIC was acting as a receiver and therefore
the court lacks jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs claims against the FDIC. Although
plaintiff-contrary to her initial pleadings-presently disputes the FDIC's status as a
6
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receiver, the court is not obligated to accept as true plaintiffs allegations concerning
jurisdictional facts or conclusions of law. More importantly, the other allegations in the
complaint describe conduct that would clearly have been undertaken in the FDIC's
capacity as a receiver. The Supreme Court has explained that when acting as a receiver,
"the FDIC is not the United States .... " O'Melveny & Myers v. F.D.I.C., 512 U.S. 79,
85 (1994). Thus, as a receiver the FDIC acts as a non-governmental entity and cannot
commit a taking. Ameristar Fin. Servicing, Co., 75 Fed. Cl. at 812 (dismissing taking
claim against the FDIC for lack of jurisdiction). Accordingly, plaintiffs claims against
the FDIC must be dismissed.
Finally, the court agrees with the government that it lacks jurisdiction to review
the decision of the bankruptcy court for a possible taking. In order to entertain Ms.
Allen's bankruptcy-related takings claim, the court "would have to determine whether
[Ms. Allen] suffered a categorical taking of [her] property at the hands of the bankruptcy
trustees and courts .... Such a determination would require the court to scrutinize the
actions of the bankruptcy trustees and courts." Allustiarte v. United States, 256 F.3d
1349, 1351-52 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Under binding Federal Circuit precedent, this court is
not permitted to conduct such a review. Id. Accordingly, plaintiffs claims against the
bankruptcy court must be dismissed.
c. The government's motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
i. Standard of review
To defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under RCFC 12(b)( 6), a
plaintiff must allege facts "plausibly suggesting (not merely consistent with) a showing of
7
entitlement to relief." Kam-Almaz v. United States, 682 F.3d 1364, 1367 (Fed. Cir.
2012). Although the court assumes that all the allegations in the complaint-however
doubtful in fact-are true, those facts "must be enough to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007); Bank of
Guam v. United States, 578 F.3d 1318, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2009). As previously noted, in
the context of a takings claim, plaintiff must allege that ( 1) she possessed a cognizable
property interest and (2) that a "governmental action at issue amounted to a compensable
taking of that property interest." Am. Pelagic Fishing Co., 379 F.3d at 1372. When no
such cognizable property interest is found, the takings analysis cannot continue, and the
complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
See Meyers v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 34, 62 (2010).
ii. Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for a taking with regard to HUD-
Ginnie Mae and the VA
The government argues that plaintiff has failed to allege that a cognizable property
right has been taken from her, and therefore has failed to state a claim against HUD-
Ginnie Mae or the VA for a taking. In particular, the government contends that plaintiff
fails to allege facts that raise a non-speculative claim that she provided funds to
Washington Mutual (prior to receivership) that were not refunded to her when it entered
receivership, and that any claims based on such an account do not state a non-frivolous
taking allegation against the United States. In response, plaintiff argues that HUD-Ginnie
Mae committed a taking by securitizing plaintiffs promissory note and by allegedly
"funneling" Ms. Allen's loan payments to investors. Compl. iii! 33-41. Plaintiff also
8
alleges that the VA took her property when the VA allegedly purchased her home at a
foreclosure sale. 6
With regard to HUD-Ginnie Mae, the court agrees with the government that the
decision to securitize her mortgage did not give rise to a "taking." Ms. Allen did not
have a property interest in any particular entity holding her mortgage. See Patrick v.
Bank of NY Mellon, No. 11-CV-01304-REB-MJW, 2012 WL 934288, at* 16 (D. Colo.
Mar. 1, 2012), report and recommendation adopted, 11-CV-01304-REB-MJW, 2012 WL
934228 (D. Colo. Mar. 20, 2012), affd, 502 F. App'x 744 (10th Cir. 2012). Thus, Ms.
Allen cannot state a claim with regard to HUD-Ginnie Mae's actions in connection with
the decision to securitize her mortgage.
Ms. Allen's taking claims based on allegations of actions by the VA must also be
dismissed for failure to state a claim. Ms. Allen alleges that the VA, as her loan
guarantor, wrongfully authorized the foreclosure of her home and took ownership of the
premises in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The Government correctly argues that
these contentions do not state a taking claim because Ms. Allen does not dispute that she
did not make her mortgage payments to the bank holding her mortgage (Chase), 7 and
Chase, not the VA, foreclosed on the loan. In addition, Ms. Allen cannot state a taking
claim against the VA for a taking after the foreclosure, when the VA allegedly purchased
6
Plaintiffs complaint alleges numerous legal conclusions concerning the legal effect of certain
transactions between Washington Mutual, Chase, the FDIC, and the VA. The court is not
obligated to accept legal conclusions as true. See Kam-Almaz, 682 F.3d at 1368.
7
Ms. Allen's mortgage note was transferred from Washington Mutual to Chase and Chase has
been determined to be the rightful owner of the mortgage note. In re Allen, No. 10-20094-BFK,
2012 WL 3201837, at *4 (Bankr. E.D. Va. Aug. 2, 2012).
9
the property at the foreclosure sale, because Ms. Allen lost her property interest in the
home following the foreclosure. See Anderson v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 532, 544
(2009) (original mortgagor had no cognizable property interest after the VA purchased
home at foreclosure sale). Because Ms. Allen cannot state a taking claim if she does not
have a property interest, her claims against the VA must be dismissed.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, the government's motion to dismiss the
complaint pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(l) and RCFC 12(b)(6) is GRANTED. 8 The Clerk
shall enter judgment accordingly.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
8
Having dismissed plaintiff's complaint in its entirety, there is no basis for the court to set a
schedule for discovery or to require the government to file an answer to the complaint.
Accordingly, plaintiffs previously stayed Motion for Clarification of Civil Procedure in the
Court of Federal Claims, Docket No. 13, is DENIED as moot. Plaintiffs motion for a
Temporary Restraining Order is similarly DENIED as moot.
10