13‐889‐cv
Pippins v. KPMG
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2013
(Argued: February 5, 2014 Decided: July 22, 2014)
Docket No. 13‐889‐cv
KYLE PIPPINS, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, JAMIE
SCHINDLER, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, EDWARD
LAMBERT, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
LISA B. FRALEY, ET AL.,
Plaintiffs,
— v. —
KPMG LLP,
Defendant‐Appellee.*
*
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption in this
case to conform with the caption above.
1
B e f o r e:
LEVAL, CALABRESI, and LYNCH, Circuit Judges.
__________________
Plaintiffs‐Appellants Kyle Pippins, Jamie Schindler, and Edward Lambert,
each individually and on behalf of others similarly situated (“plaintiffs”) sued
Defendant‐Appellee accounting firm KPMG LLP for unpaid overtime wages
under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“the FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201‐219. The
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Colleen
McMahon, Judge) granted KPMG’s motion for summary judgment on the ground
that plaintiffs, employed as entry‐level accountants, were learned professionals
exempt from the FLSA’s overtime provisions under 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). As the
record reveals that plaintiffs were employed in a field of science and learning,
that they relied on knowledge customarily acquired by prolonged specialized
instruction, and that their work involved consistent exercise of professional
judgment, see 29 C.F.R. § 541.301, we conclude that plaintiffs were learned
professionals.
AFFIRMED.
2
JUSTIN M. SWARTZ (Rachel M. Bien, Deirdre A. Aaron, on the brief),
Outten & Golden LLP, New York, New York, for Plaintiffs‐
Appellants.
CARTER G. PHILLIPS (Michael C. Kelley, Jennifer Altfeld Landau, Eric D.
McArthur, Eamon P. Joyce, on the brief), Sidley Austin LLP,
Washington, DC, for Defendant‐Appellee.
GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judge:
The Fair Labor Standards Act (“the FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201‐219, protects
“the minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general
well‐being of workers.” Id. § 202(a). To this end, the FLSA mandates, inter alia,
that employers pay additional compensation at a higher rate to employees who
work more than forty hours per week. Id. § 207(a)(1). However, the FLSA
exempts employees employed “in a bona fide . . . professional capacity” from its
overtime provisions. Id. § 213(a)(1). Department of Labor regulations require
that, to qualify for the “learned professionals” exemption, “an employee’s
primary duty must be the performance of work requiring advanced knowledge
in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of
specialized intellectual instruction.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(a). This case requires us
3
to determine whether junior employees at a major accounting firm who received
substantial specialized education as accountants, were designated as accountants
by their employer, performed entry‐level accounting tasks, and are automatically
promoted to a more senior accounting position after two years of satisfactory
employment qualify for the learned profession exemption. We hold that they do,
and thus are exempt from the FLSA’s overtime requirements.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs‐appellants Kyle Pippins, Jamie Schindler, and Edward Lambert
(“plaintiffs”) were employed as “Audit Associates” by their former employer,
defendant‐appellee KMPG LLP. They brought this action in the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York, on behalf of themselves and
others similarly situated, alleging that they regularly worked more than forty
hours per week yet did not receive overtime compensation as required by the
FLSA. KPMG argued that because plaintiffs worked as accountants, one of the
learned professions specifically identified in the regulations as “a field of science
or learning,” id. §§ 541.301(c), (e)(5), they were exempt from the FLSA overtime
provisions, and thus were not entitled to overtime compensation.
4
The District Court (Colleen McMahon, Judge), in a thorough and thoughtful
51‐page opinion, concluded that because plaintiffs were employed as
accountants, a profession in a field of advanced science and learning, deployed
knowledge that is customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized
education, and exercised professional discretion and judgment, they were exempt
from the FLSA provisions. It thus granted KPMG’s motion for summary
judgment, denied plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment, and
dismissed pendent state law claims without prejudice. Plaintiffs timely
appealed, and upon de novo review of the district court’s grant of summary
judgment, Swatch Grp. Mgmt. Servs. Ltd. v. Bloomberg L.P., ‐‐‐ F.3d ‐‐‐, ‐‐‐, 2014
WL 2219162, at *4 (2d Cir. May 30, 2014), we now affirm.
DISCUSSION
The FLSA excludes from its overtime provisions certain classes of workers,
including those employed as “professional[s].” 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). That
exemption requires that the workers’ “primary duty . . . be the performance of
work requiring advanced knowledge in a field of science or learning customarily
acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.301(a). The defining regulations impose a three‐pronged test to determine
5
whether a primary duty qualifies for the exemption: the work must be (1)
“predominantly intellectual in character, and . . . requir[e] the consistent exercise
of discretion and judgment,” id. § 541.301(b); (2) in a “field of science or
learning,” which includes accounting, id. § 541.301(c); and (3) of a type where
“specialized academic training is a standard prerequisite for entrance into the
profession,” id. § 541.301(d).
All three prongs must be satisfied for the learned professional exemption
to apply, and FLSA exemptions are to be “narrowly construed against the
employers seeking to assert them and their application limited to those
establishments plainly and unmistakably within their terms and spirit.” Bilyou
v. Dutchess Beer Distribs., Inc., 300 F.3d 217, 222 (2d Cir. 2002), quoting Arnold v.
Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 361 U.S. 388, 392 (1960). Regarding the application of the
exemption to accountants specifically, the regulations elaborate:
Certified public accountants generally meet the duties
requirements for the learned professional exemption. In
addition, many other accountants who are not certified
public accountants but perform similar job duties may
qualify as exempt learned professionals. However,
accounting clerks, bookkeepers and other employees
who normally perform a great deal of routine work
generally will not qualify as exempt professionals.
29 C.F.R. § 541.301(e)(5).
6
Plaintiffs do not dispute that they worked in the field of accounting, and
that the second requirement for application of the exemption is satisfied. They
contend, however, that the other two requirements are not satisfied, arguing that
their work does not require specialized academic training or involve the
consistent exercise of advanced knowledge or professional judgment. Plaintiffs
contend that Audit Associates receive all the training necessary to perform their
function after their arrival at KPMG, rather than through a prior course of
intellectual instruction, and that they do not exercise specialized knowledge or
professional discretion in performing their duties because they primarily perform
low‐level, routine work. KPMG responds that Audit Associates, while entry‐
level, perform tasks that require the informed judgment characteristic of the
accounting profession, and rely on skills and knowledge obtained through
specialized prior education directed towards professional accountancy
accreditation.
I. Standard of Review
On summary judgment we “review [the] district court’s grant of summary
judgment de novo, resolving all ambiguities and drawing all reasonable
inferences against the moving party.” Swatch Grp., ‐‐‐ F.3d at ‐‐‐, 2014 WL
7
2219162, at *4. We will affirm only if “there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and . . . the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id,
quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
“The exemption question under the FLSA is a mixed question of law and
fact. The question of how the employees spent their working time is a question
of fact. The question of whether their particular activities excluded them from
the overtime benefits of the FLSA is a question of law.” Ramos v. Baldor
Specialty Foods, Inc., 687 F.3d 554, 558 (2d Cir. 2012) (citation, internal quotation
marks, alterations, and ellipses omitted).
In this case, our inquiry is greatly simplified by the lack of disagreement
between plaintiffs and KPMG regarding the types of tasks performed by Audit
Associates. Both sides agree that Audit Associates are the most junior members
of engagement teams, which produce auditor’s reports containing, most
critically, the auditor’s opinion. Both sides further agree that, in line with their
junior status, Audit Associates perform the lowest‐level audit tasks, receiving
instruction and supervision from senior members of the teams, and that Audit
Associates’ contributions to audit reports are reviewed and processed by more
senior members of the audit team hierarchy before being assimilated into final
8
audit report products. The Audit Associates’ typical duties consist of inventory
observation (the counting, recording, and checking of client’s physical
inventory), walkthroughs (reviews with clients of the clients’ procedures for
financial reporting), and preparation of work papers (documents which
enumerate the audit process and review client controls). Audit Associates are
typically promoted to Senior Associate after two years of satisfactory service.
Thus, the parties agree that Audit Associates’ work is primarily concerned
with tasks that contribute to the production of work product – audit opinions –
characteristic of the profession of accountancy. What the parties dispute is
whether Audit Associates’ work is so “pre‐determined, ” Appellant’s Br. at 10,
and whether supervision and review of work product by more senior members
of KPMG is so pervasive that Audit Associates never exercise the professional
judgment characteristic of accountancy.
Similarly, the parties essentially agree on the educational requirements
nominally demanded by KPMG, and on the educational qualifications actually
possessed by the Audit Associates KPMG hires. Nor is there any dispute about
the nature of the training KPMG provides to newly hired Audit Associates; the
training materials are set forth in the record. What the parties dispute is the
9
extent to which the training, or the work actually performed by Audit Associates,
was based on or required the educational background possessed by those hired
for the job.
While the plaintiffs labor strenuously to turn these remaining disputes into
issues of fact that preclude summary judgment, they are not. The tasks
performed by and educational requirements expected of the plaintiffs and other
Audit Associates are essentially agreed by the parties; what is in dispute is
whether those tasks “exclude[] them from the overtime benefits of the
FLSA[, which] is a question of law.” Ramos, 687 F.3d at 558, quoting Icicle
Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington, 475 U.S. 709, 714 (1986). We thus turn to that
question.
II. Work Requiring Advanced Knowledge
A. The Advanced Knowledge Requirement
We have not yet had occasion to elaborate on the meaning of the
“advanced knowledge” prong of the learned professional exemption. The
relevant regulation states that the requirement that professional work demands
advanced knowledge is satisfied when the work is “predominantly intellectual”
in character and “require[s] the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment, as
10
distinguished from performance of routine mental, manual, mechanical or
physical work.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(b). Such work is “generally” characterized
by the use of advanced knowledge “to analyze, interpret or make deductions
from varying facts or circumstances.” Id.
As the regulation explicitly identifies “certified public accountants” and
those who “perform similar job duties” as learned professionals, id.
§ 541.301(e)(5), if the plaintiffs actually worked in such a capacity, there is little
doubt their work was “predominantly intellectual” for the purposes of the
exemption. See Hendricks v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 677 F. Supp. 2d 544,
553 (D. Conn. 2009) (noting that if plaintiffs were “in fact, [working as] bona fide
professional accountant[s], then there is little doubt that the professional
exemption applies”). The regulation cautions, however, that “accounting clerks,
bookkeepers, and other employees who normally perform a great deal of routine
work generally will not qualify as exempt professionals.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.301(e)(5). Plaintiffs contend that their work is merely routine, and that
they do not exercise the kind of discretion and judgment requisite for the
exemption.
The nature of “discretion and judgment” in the context of the professional
11
exemption does not receive further elaboration in the regulations, though the
parallel requirement of “discretion and independent judgment” in the
administrative work exemption to the FLSA, id. § 541.200(a)(3), is described in
further detail, id. § 541.202. We have considered that aspect of the administrative
work exemption, and concluded that in that context, the deployment of
discretion and judgment is manifested by the “authority to formulate, affect,
interpret, or implement [the employer’s] management policies or its operating
practices,” by “involv[ment] in planning [the employer’s] long‐term or short‐
term business objectives,” or by the carrying out of major assignments or
committing major financial resources in the conduct of the employer’s business.
In re Novartis Wage & Hour Litig., 611 F.3d 141, 155‐56 (2d Cir. 2010), abrogated
on other grounds by Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 132 S. Ct. 2156
(2012). In interpreting the meaning of “discretion and judgment” in the
professional exemption context, two of our sister circuits have, at least implicitly
and without much discussion, imported elaboration of the similar term in the
administrative work exemption. See De Jesús‐Rentas v. Baxter Pharm. Servs.
Corp., 400 F.3d 72, 74 (1st Cir. 2005); Rutlin v. Prime Succession, Inc., 220 F.3d
737, 743 (6th Cir. 2000).
12
We conclude, however, that the a worker’s application of broad discretion
in the course of general corporate decision‐making is of a different character than
the professional discretion based on expertise in a particular field that is
characteristic of the learned professions. In the context of administrative work,
the standard serves to identify, from among the many workers whose jobs could
generally be characterized as “administrative,” those who perform duties
primarily directed towards “management or general business operations,” 29
C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(2). See In re Novartis, 611 F.3d at 156 (identifying as
indicative of the “discretion and independent judgment” of the administrative
work exemption the “authority to negotiate and bind [a company] on any
significant matters, or . . . authority to waive or deviate from [the company’s]
established policies and procedures without its prior approval”). Learned
professionals, however, particularly those working for firms that provide
professional services to other businesses, need not exercise management
authority to operate as professionals; what matters is whether they exercise
intellectual judgment within the domain of their particular expertise.
Moreover, as the Seventh Circuit has recognized, the language of the two
sections is differentiated in that the administrative workers must show
13
“independent judgment” to qualify for the exemption, while the definition of the
learned profession exemption omits that adjective. Piscione v. Ernst & Young,
L.L.P, 171 F.3d 527, 535‐36 (7th Cir. 1999), quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.207(d)(1).
Federal courts that have addressed whether workers designated as accountants
qualify as learned professionals have asked whether those workers applied
accounting knowledge to exercise discretion and judgment. See, e.g., Hendricks,
677 F. Supp. 2d at 553 (basing an inquiry of if a worker was an accountant for the
purposes of the professional exemption by considering “the application of
accounting knowledge and the use of discretion and judgment”); In re KPMG
Wage & Hour Litig., No. CV 07‐4396‐JFW (CWx), 2012 WL 5416939, at *8 (C.D.
Cal. Oct. 19, 2012) (considering worker’s deployment of judgment and discretion
to determine if she worked as accountant).
Most importantly, the Secretary of Labor has recognized that the discretion
and judgment standard for the professional exemption is “less stringent” than the
discretion and independent judgment standard of the administrative exemption.
Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative,
Professional, Outside Sales and Computer Employees, the Preamble to the 2004
Final Rule, 69 Fed. Reg. 22122, 22151 (April 23, 2004). Unlike the managerial
14
decision‐making typical of the administrative exemption, the professional
exemption is characterized by “appl[ication] [of] special knowledge or talents
with judgment and discretion.” Id., quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.305(b). While “the
Department of Labor’s interpretations of its own regulations are not binding and
do not have the force of law, . . . we will generally defer to an agency’s
interpretation of its own regulations so long as the interpretation is not plainly
erroneous or inconsistent with the law.” Ramos, 687 F.3d at 559 (citation, internal
quotations marks, and ellipses omitted). Thus, while the administrative
exemption may provide helpful guidance in identifying some of the
characteristics of professional discretion and judgment, we decline to apply the
administrative exemption standard uncritically to the learned profession
exemption.
With this background in mind, we turn to the substance of the professional
exemption’s advanced knowledge requirement. While there is a lack of
precedent in this circuit on the topic, the decisions of other courts provide
considerable guidance for analyzing 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(a).
Central to the advanced knowledge inquiry are “the importance of the
duties, the frequency with which they require the employee to exercise
15
discretion, and the relative freedom of the employee from supervision, as well as
the percentage of time the employee spends performing them.” Piscione, 171
F.3d at 545. A review of the most analogous cases suggests that workers apply
discretion in the application of advanced knowledge when they interpret and
analyze information central to the practice of the profession.
For example, in concluding that a human resources consultant who dealt
with financial planning and performed “both routine and complex tasks . . . [and]
frequently . . . exercise[d] discretion with regard to the analysis of data,” id. at
545, was a learned professional, the Seventh Circuit stated that “[a]n employee
may be required to collect information, but would still be within the professional
exemption if he had to interpret that data as well.” Id. at 543. The Sixth Circuit
similarly stated that pharmacists who “analyze[d], approve[d], and fill[ed]
prescription requests” were learned professionals, even when guided by
standardized instructions, so long as they “maintain[ed] discretion to decide
when to depart from the [standard operating procedures]” in the service of
patient health. De Jesús‐Rentas, 400 F.3d at 76.
Other circuits have found that the learned professional exemption applied
to workers who made independent decisions even if they were expected to
16
follow established guidelines and standards. See, e.g., Owsley v. San Antonio
Indep. Sch. Dist., 187 F.3d 521, 526‐27 (5th Cir. 1999) (athletic trainers learned
professionals when they could make immediate decisions regarding treatment
and medical condition of athletes); Rutlin v. Prime Succession, Inc., 220 F.3d 737,
742‐43 (6th Cir. 2000) (director of funeral home learned professional because he
made decisions regarding treatment of bodies, supervision of funerals, and
embalming process). Thus, the application of advanced knowledge take one of
two forms: substantive interpretation of data (as in Piscione and De Jesús‐
Rentas); or meaningful decision‐making capacity, even if only over relatively
quotidian decisions, characteristic of a member of the profession (as in Owsley
and Rutlin).
Such cases also provide useful guidance on the attributes of a job that do
not deprive a worker of the discretion and judgment characteristic of a learned
professional. “Even if an employee’s responsibilities require her to engage in
some routine work, the position may be classified as coming within the
professional exemption.” Piscione, 171 F.3d at 543. See also Rutlin, 220 F.3d at
738‐39 (worker found to be learned professional on summary judgment even
where duties included “chores such as receiving and directing flower deliveries,
17
arranging for newspaper notices, mowing the lawn, and cleaning the funeral
home”). Thus, the fact that Audit Associates spent some time performing “non‐
judgmental” or “clerical and administrative” tasks, Appellant’s Br. at 13, does not
in itself defeat their classification as learned professionals.
Similarly, workers may be found to exercise professional judgment even
when their discretion in performing their core duties is constrained by formal
guidelines, or when ultimate judgment is deferred to higher authorities. In
De Jesús‐Rentas, pharmacists were found to exercise discretion and judgment
despite working under the guidance of “Standard Operating Procedures,”
because they exercised discretion to deviate from the procedures, and because
they participated in the creation of the guidelines. 400 F.3d at 76. Similarly, in
Owsley athletic trainers did not lack discretion and judgment even though they
generally performed their duties within “standard treatment guidelines” and
“act[ed] under the supervision and the direction of the team physician.” 187 F.3d
at 526. Because there was no “immediate expectation of physician intervention”
and “no evidence that the physicians supervise the trainers’ activities at all times,
or even most of the time,” the trainers exercised discretion through making
discrete decisions dependent on specialized knowledge. Id. at 527.
18
The same decisions also inform the distinct meaning of “work requiring
advanced knowledge” in the learned professions exemption. The plaintiffs in
those cases – all decided on summary judgment – were all deemed to deploy
advanced knowledge because their work involved decision‐making characteristic
of the role of a member of the particular profession at issue. The funeral director
in Rutlin, for example, was deemed to exercise discretion in the acts of running a
funeral home and embalming bodies – the tasks required of a professional “in his
field.” 220 F.3d at 743. Likewise, the athletic trainers in Owsley made the types
of sports medicine decisions that might be expected of athletic trainers, and the
pharmacists in De Jesús‐Rentas used their specialized knowledge of chemistry
and pharmacology to determine when a prescription might harm patient health –
precisely the type of judgment one might expect pharmacists to make in their
professional capacity. Thus, unlike the administrative exemption, where the
exercise of discretion requires engagement with “management policies or
operating practices,” or other conduct typical of business management, In re
Novartis, 611 F.3d at 155, the professional exemption requires the exercise of
judgment characteristic of the learned profession at issue.
Thus, we take from our sister circuits’ decisions the sensible proposition
19
that the learned professions exemption applies if workers rely on advanced
knowledge of their specialty to exercise discretion and judgment that is
characteristic of their field of intellectual endeavor. This interpretation accords
with the plain language of the regulations as well as with the Supreme Court’s
instruction that the FLSA’s “emphasis on the capacity of the employee counsels
in favor of a functional, rather than a formal, inquiry, one that views an
employee’s responsibilities in the context of the particular industry in which the
employee works,” Christopher, 132 S. Ct. at 2170 (internal quotation marks
omitted), and the Secretary of Labor’s “continu[ed] . . . agree[ment] that a prime
characteristic of professional work is the fact that the employee does apply his
special knowledge with discretion and judgment,” Defining and Delimiting the
Exemptions, 69 Fed. Reg. at 22151, quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.305(b) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
B. Advanced Knowledge in the Profession of Accounting
Because it is explicitly identified as such, 29 C.F.R. §§ 541.301(c), (e)(5), we
need not inquire whether accountancy has a sufficiently intellectual character to
qualify as a learned profession. We must still, however, identify what qualities
are characteristic of the work of an accountant.
20
There is little case law describing the nature of the professional discipline
of accountancy. There appears to be little dispute, however, that central to the
profession is the application of “appropriate professional skepticism . . . an
attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical assessment of audit
evidence and requires an ongoing questioning of whether the information and
evidence obtained suggests that a material misstatement due to fraud has
occurred.” In re KPMG Wage & Hour Litig., 2012 WL 5416939, at *7, quoting
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) AU § 316.12 (internal quotation
marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted). Thus, in order to qualify as professional
accountants, the “primary duty,” 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(a), of workers must be the
deployment of such skepticism to ensure the integrity of the financial accounting
process, and their individual tasks must typically involve the exercise of such
professional skepticism. However, the merely occasional exercise of such
professional judgment, which does not constitute a primary duty, will not suffice.
See Hendricks, 677 F.Supp. 2d at 553‐54. Nor will a worker who deals with the
tabulation of data demonstrate professional skepticism merely by noting and
reporting irregularities or errors in the process of tabulation. See Brock v. Nat’l
Health Corp., 667 F.Supp. 557, 567 (M.D. Tenn. 1987) (“Any ordinary bookkeeper
21
would make inquiries about abnormalities in the ledgers.”).
Thus, the “professional skepticism” indicative of the profession of
accounting consists of a substantive attention to, and awareness of, the content of
audit and financial materials, and the duty and ability to identify irregularities
therein. A worker demonstrates professional skepticism as an accountant, and
therefore exercises the discretion and judgment of a professional, when in the
performance of audit‐ and accountancy‐related tasks, the worker is expected to
be specially and knowledgeably attentive to the possibility of accounting
impropriety or financial irregularity. This quality is akin to the duty to perform
interpretation or analysis of data identified as characteristic of the learned
professions by our sister circuits, particularly in Piscione and De Jesús‐Rentas.
C. The Work of Audit Associates
As discussed above, there is no dispute that Audit Associates at KPMG
perform work central to the execution of audits – inventory observations,
walkthroughs, and preparations of work papers that review audit procedures
and client controls. Plaintiffs acknowledge that Audit Associates are expected to
practice “professional skepticism” in the discharge of these duties, but argue that
they “understood professional skepticism to mean bringing any errors to the
22
attention of more senior team members, taking care in performing their work,
being professional in communication, asking questions and not doing something
‘mindlessly’, and acting in a ‘conservative and ethical manner.’” Appellant’s Br.
at 14‐15. However, the plaintiffs’ characterization of the professional skepticism
expected from them, which seeks to minimize their use of advanced knowledge
and exercise of judgment and discretion, has little bearing on our inquiry. The
critical question, rather, is whether the undisputed facts demonstrate that Audit
Associates practice professional skepticism, in the sense of the judgment
characteristic of accountants.
Plaintiffs do not dispute that the types of foundational accounting tasks the
Audit Associates perform would require the employment of advanced
knowledge of accounting were they performed with sufficient independence.2
Rather they argue that the circumstances in which Audit Associates performed
2
That Audit Associates perform these core accounting tasks of walkthroughs,
inventory observations, and testing controls differentiates this case from two
district court cases which found financial workers to not to be accountants. The
plaintiffs in both Hendricks, 677 F. Supp. 2d at 553, and Brock, 667 F. Supp. at
560, worked primarily with documents and had little client contact, reviewing
financial statements and performing data entry on logs. There is no argument
nor evidence here that the Audit Associates are primarily employed in such a
bookkeeper‐like capacity.
23
these tasks deprived them of the discretion that would require use of this
advanced knowledge. To support that argument, plaintiffs cite two attributes of
Audit Associates’ actual employment: that most of their work is routine, with
heavy dependence on guidelines and templates, and that there is pervasive
supervision culminating in the extensive review of any work product.
Plaintiffs argue that their work is devoid of any application of specialized
skill or knowledge, and that KPMG’s instructions reduce any complex task to
routine increments. Thus, they claim that Audit Associates do no more than rely
on “common sense,” Appellant’s Br. at 11, 30, 43, to identify possible risks or
“unusual transactions,” J. A. at 2082. Rather than exercise any discretion, the
Audit Associates “simply perform the audit steps that are assigned to them.” Id.
at 2032. Plaintiffs further state that the observations central to the performance of
Audit Associates’ duties are “obvious,” id. at 2012 (“It is obvious when inventory
is stale or obsolete.”), and that “Audit Associates do not review or consider the
audit evidence they gather,” id. at 2032.
In denigrating the work performed by Audit Associates, plaintiffs rely
heavily on the effect of the resources available to them – including templates, a
computer program that provides guidance on the audit steps, and prior work
24
papers, which Audit Associates are expected to review and update – which are
expected to homogenize both the auditing process and their work product. They
further argue that the actual steps Audit Associates perform – “filling out
template form[s],” obtaining client documentation and interviewing clients
regarding it, and documenting those activities – are not sufficiently intellectual in
character to reflect the exercise of discretion. Appellant’s Br. at 33; J. A. at 2069.
Certainly, there can be no dispute that, as the most junior level members of
the accounting hierarchy, Audit Associates are “entry level employees who lack”
the “extensive experience” possessed by more senior members of audit teams, J.
A. at 2060, and thus are more likely to rely on the guidance of reference materials.
It does not follow, however, that because they are the most junior members of the
team, they fail to rely on an advanced knowledge of accountancy. Indeed, the
facts presented by plaintiffs indicate a role for Audit Associates that undermines
the plaintiffs’ trivializing characterization of their work.
Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertion that they never employ advanced
knowledge in their work, the agreed‐upon facts make evident that judgment of
the type characteristic of trained accountants is at least sometimes a part of Audit
Associates’ work. Plaintiffs admit that “Audit Associates may, at times, be the
25
only member of the engagement team present for a less complicated inventory
observation.” Id. at 2062. Moreover, plaintiffs assert that “[a]pproximately
eighty percent of the time, the in charge of the overall audit is a Senior
Associate,” and that “First‐year Audit Associates serve as the in‐charge of the
overall audit between 0 to 5 percent of the time.” Id. at 2099.3 That even first‐
year Audit Associates fulfill these roles as part of KPMG’s typical practice
undermines the blanket statements regarding the level of rote guidance and
micromanagement associated with their work. Furthermore, that Audit
Associates regularly serve as the only member of an audit team present for an
inventory observation or are on occasion designated as in‐charge of an audit
refutes plaintiffs’ claims of constant supervision.
More important than the fact that Audit Associates occasionally occupy
leadership roles is that a review of their more typical tasks reveals that they
regularly rely on advanced knowledge of accountancy, and practice the
judgment and discretion characteristic of their profession. Plaintiffs argue that
Audit Associates do not “draw conclusions” or “determine sufficiency of audit
3
The “in‐charge” is the audit team member expected to be the “day‐to‐day
operator” of an audit engagement.
26
evidence” in the performance of their duties. Id. at 2067‐68; see also Appellant’s
Br. at 39 (Audit Associates’ “primary duty [does] not include designing or
determining procedures, deciding what methods to use, making decisions related
to tests, or determining materiality”). But Audit Associates’ work consists of
tasks such as “testing controls [which] involves obtaining a list of the client’s
controls and redoing the steps,” which itself “entails filling out a template form
located on KPMG’s system and inputting information onto it,” or performing
walk‐throughs, which the plaintiffs describe as consisting of five distinct steps
such as interviewing clients and seeking supporting documentation to assess
client controls, then documenting the process in work papers, J. A. at 2069. In
describing the production of such work papers, one of the essential products
produced by Audit Associates, plaintiffs assert that Audit Associates merely
“document the results” of assessing “client’s control process,” but do not “reach
conclusions about the effectiveness of those controls.” Id. at 2078. Plaintiffs
describe this documentation process as the result of “going through the audit
steps.” Id. at 2074.
Plaintiffs’ effort to characterize their work as not employing advanced
knowledge because each specific step taken in the performance of accounting
27
duties was, in isolation, a narrow and discrete task fails to persuade. The tasks
performed by Audit Associates are the quintessential activities that form the
basis for an audit opinion, KPMG’s main product. That the tasks can be broken
down into component parts, and that junior accountants are provided with step‐
by‐step instructions for performing their functions effectively does not mean that
in performing these tasks Audit Associates do not demonstrate the professional
skepticism and trained intellect that is characteristic of professional accountants.
Breaking down tasks into their component parts so that they can be described in
the most banal way possible obscures the judgment that is called for in
determining if workers are learned professionals. Thus, the diagnostic process of
even the most skilled physician can be described as speaking with patients,
examining their bodies, and recording the resulting observations; online
protocols and checklists are available to structure interviews and observation and
to identify factors relevant to diagnosis and treatment, and such devices may be
especially useful to a doctor at the beginning of her career. Such facts hardly
suggests that the doctor is not acting as a medical professional, that the use of
advanced knowledge and exercise of professional judgment is not involved in
making the necessary observations and deciding whether those observations
28
match criteria in a textbook, or that someone without the professional training
would be able to perform the same tasks as successfully simply by following the
protocols and instructions in a rote fashion.
What counts is the application of professional judgment to the
observations that are made. Plaintiffs admit that Audit Associates must bring a
“questioning mind,” Id. at 2058, to the performance of their duties; the exercise of
such questioning, informed by the mindset of a trained accountant (a training to
which we return in discussing the educational requirement below), utilized in the
performance of core accounting tasks, is the very definition of the professional
skepticism of an accountant. Plaintiffs’ own description of their work indicates
that they collected and analyzed information from clients and produced written
work product requiring judgment analogous to that exercised by the pharmacists
in De Jesús‐Rentas and the financial manager in Piscione, and that the Audit
Associates did more than tabulate data or maintain books.
Plaintiffs’ fundamental error is to confuse being an entry‐level member of a
profession with not being a professional at all.4 Audit Associates are the most
4
It is worth noting in this respect that “Audit Associate” is a rung on a ladder to
the higher reaches of the profession, not a separate job classification into which
less highly‐trained or highly‐skilled applicants are hired and in which they are
29
junior members of the team, and it is hardly surprising that they do not make
high‐level decisions central to KPMG’s business. Yet unlike the administrative
worker or executive exemptions to the FLSA, the learned profession exemption
does not require that the professional reach conclusions that guide or alter the
course of business. The critical question is whether the workers act in a manner
that reflects knowledge and requires judgments characteristic of a worker
practicing that particular profession. Here, by testing controls, performing
inventory reviews, and ultimately replicating the audit process in each work
paper, Audit Associates clearly did so by engaging with the audit process in a
critical manner.
The junior status of Audit Associates explains the existence of guidelines
and supervision to assist their work. A professional firm understandably uses
guidelines and protocols of various kinds to provide training and structure for
novice employees, and to indicate how they should perform their duties.5 The
expected to remain. The record is clear, and the sides do not dispute, that Audit
Associates who meet expectations are routinely promoted to Senior Associate
after two years.
5
Indeed, even experienced professionals, from airline pilots to surgeons, utilize
checklists and standardized protocols in order to improve their performance and
avoid mistakes.
30
caselaw makes clear that the utilization of such guidelines does not remove the
professional quality from work that requires specialized knowledge, where that
specialized knowledge pervades the performance of the work, and the workers,
when they observe a situation or fact beyond the bounds of normal procedures,
must take action that deviates from the guidelines. See De Jesús‐Rentas, 400 F.3d
at 76 (“Appellants admit that their ultimate duty is to assure patient health, and
that they depart from the [standard operating procedures], if necessary, to meet
this responsibility. Thus, appellants maintain discretion to decide when to
depart from the [standard operating procedures].”); Owsley, 187 F.3d at 527
(“existence of standard procedures and guidelines” did not deprive athletic
trainers of the need to “make decisions about problems to which there were often
no recognized or established answers,” and they thus exercised professional
discretion (internal quotation marks omitted)). That is precisely the role expected
of Audit Associates – performance of tasks which may be significantly
predetermined, but with a perpetual diligence founded in specialized knowledge
that can compel informed deviation from such guidelines.
Plaintiffs’ argument regarding the impact of the supervision and review of
Audit Associates’ work product by more senior accountants is similarly
31
unpersuasive. Plaintiffs assert that, in their reviews of client controls, Audit
Associates do no more than “pass on the information they obtain in work papers
to more senior team members who reach conclusions and make determinations
with respect to that information.” J. A. at 2082. Supervision of junior
professionals by more experienced senior colleagues is normal in many
hierarchically organized professional firms and institutions, from hospitals to law
firms to investment banks. Such supervision ensures quality work for clients and
provides training and feedback to the less experienced professionals, and does
not relegate the junior professionals to the role or status of non‐professional
staff.6 Even by the plaintiffs’ own description, supervision does not deprive
Audit Associates of the need to assiduously and consistently apply the
skepticism characteristic of the accounting profession.
Plaintiffs’ argument that Audit Associates lack discretion because they are
expected to seek guidance or supervision from more senior colleagues “if
evidence obtained is conflicting, key evidence is not available, [Audit Associates]
6
Indeed, hierarchical review is admittedly universal at KPMG, which, “adheres
to audit standards that require appropriate supervision and review of the work
of assistants — who are everyone other than the lead partner.” J. A. at 2101. That
“[a]ll work that is prepared by Audit Associates is reviewed by another member
of the engagement team,” id., reflects this policy.
32
lack experience or expertise in a subject matter, they don’t understand why a
procedure is being performed, or ‘something just does not ‘feel right,’”
Appellant’s Br. at 16 (brackets in original omitted), misconceives the nature of
professional judgment. As in De Jesús‐Rentas and Owsley, Audit Associates
must deploy advanced knowledge and practice professional judgment precisely
in order to identify the unique circumstances that necessitate seeking further
advice. Accepting plaintiffs’ assertion that “KPMG requires Audit Associates to
bring every error or anomaly that they encounter to the attention of a more senior
team member who tells them what to do,” J. A. at 2058‐59, the identification of
errors or anomalies during the audit process itself is an exercise of accounting
knowledge and professional judgment that a non‐accountant would not possess.
It is a hallmark of informed professional judgment to understand when a
problem can be dealt with by the professional herself, and when the issue needs
to be brought to the attention of a senior colleague with greater experience,
wisdom, or authority.
Most centrally, plaintiffs offer no facts or arguments to explain how Audit
Associates could have acted as anything other than accountants in performing
the review of client procedures and producing the work papers, foundational
33
duties in the production of audit reports. Plaintiffs’ characterization of the
review of Audit Associates’ work depends upon an arbitrary distinction between
Audit Associates who do no more than “obtain and document” information
when they gather information and produce work papers, and their supervisors
who, in their review of such work papers, “reach conclusions and make
determinations.” Id. at 2074. We are unpersuaded by the argument that when
Audit Associates consider evidence which they themselves have collected to
produce work papers, they perform only a rote process, but that when more
senior members of the audit team review the same work papers, their exertions,
however rooted in greater experience and sophistication, suddenly becomes the
work of an entirely different profession. The Department of Labor Regulations
distinguish between those who “perform similar job duties” to certified public
accountants, who may qualify as learned professionals, and mere “accounting
clerks, bookkeepers, and other employees who normally perform a great deal of
routine work,” who generally will not. 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(e)(5). We have little
difficulty finding that Audit Associates fall into the former category.
To the extent plaintiffs argue that their various contentions raise disputed
issues of fact requiring denial of summary judgment, they misconceive the nature
34
of the inquiry. As we noted above, what plaintiffs do on the job is a question of
fact, Ramos, 687 F.3d at 558, and in this case there is no dispute about that.
“[W]hether their particular activities exclude[] them from the overtime benefits of
the FLSA,” however – in this case, whether plaintiffs’ duties satisfy the advanced
knowledge requirement of the learned professional exemption – is a question of
law. Id., quoting Icicle Seafoods, 475 U.S. at 714. The various arguments we have
considered and rejected do not present issues of fact. They are not arguments
about what plaintiffs do, but about how what they do should be characterized in
light of established legal criteria. The district court appropriately addressed
those arguments, and correctly concluded that plaintiffs’ admitted job
responsibilities call for the advanced knowledge of, and the exercise of
professional judgment and discretion characteristic of, a trained accountant.
III. A Prolonged Course of Specialized Intellectual Instruction
That Audit Associates exercise discretion and judgment in the performance
of their duties satisfies only one of the two disputed requirements. To be
classified as learned professionals, plaintiffs must also employ advanced
knowledge of accounting that is “customarily acquired by a prolonged course of
specialized intellectual instruction,” 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(b). Plaintiffs argue that
35
while the core accounting education Audit Associates generally received “might
be helpful to . . . entry‐level Audit Associate[s], [such education was] not necessary
to allow them to perform their work.” Appellant’s Br. at 47. They contend that
Audit Associates learn the skills they need through initial training and on‐the‐job
instruction provided by KPMG.
As with the “advanced knowledge” issue, we find little guidance in our
own case law about the parameters of the education requirement. However, the
treatment of the education requirement by other circuits – which we find
persuasive – indicates that the requirement will usually be satisfied by a few
years of relevant, specialized training, and suggests that a bachelor’s degree in a
germane field suffices. See, e.g., Reich v. Wyoming, 993 F.2d 739, 741 (10th Cir.
1993) (educational prong satisfied where game wardens “required to have a
baccalaureate degree in wildlife management, wildlife biology, or a closely
related field”); Rutlin, 220 F.3d at 742 (two years of college including related
scientific training, year of morturary science school, and passage of state
examination deemed sufficient); Owsley, 187 F.3d at 524 (bachelor’s degree in
any field, five 3‐hour credit courses specifically directed towards athletic training,
1800 hours of apprenticeship training, and C.P.R. test deemed sufficient).
36
In contrast, the requirement will not be satisfied by generic non‐specialized
educational requirements, see, e.g., Dybach v. Fla. Dept. of Corrections, 942 F.2d
1562, 1565 (11th Cir. 1991) (bachelor’s in any field not sufficient to satisfy
specialized instruction prong for probation officers), nor by didactic hands‐on
training, even if specialized and intensive, see, e.g., Vela v. City of Houston, 276
F.3d 659, 675 (5th Cir. 2001) (lack of educational requirement combined with 1080
combined field work and didactic training insufficient to satisfy learned
professional prong for emergency medical technicians), nor by a combination of
generic education and specialized apprenticeship, see Fife v. Harmon, 171 F.3d
1173, 1177 (8th Cir. 1999) (“combination of experience and education” from
“general academic education and from an apprenticeship” insufficient to satisfy
education prong for airfield supervisors).
The central facts are not in dispute here. Plaintiffs admit that Audit
Associates hired by KPMG are generally required to be either eligible or nearly
eligible to become licensed as Certified Public Accountants (“CPAs”), J. A. at
2040, and that in actual fact the “vast majority of Audit Associates had
accounting degrees and were eligible to take the CPA exam,” Appellant’s Br. at
37
46 n.6.7
In Young v. Cooper Cameron Corp., we stated “the word ‘customarily’ is
key” in assessing satisfaction of the prolonged educational requirement, and then
quoted from the regulation:
The word ‘customarily’ implies that in the vast majority
of cases the specific academic training is a prerequisite
for entrance into the profession. It makes the exemption
available to the occasional lawyer who has not gone to
law school, or the occasional chemist who is not the
possessor of a degree in chemistry, etc., but it does not
include the members of such quasi‐professions as
journalism in which the bulk of the employees have
acquired their skill by experience rather than by any
formal specialized training.
586 F.3d 201, 205 (2d Cir. 2009), quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(d). Thus, the critical
inquiry is not whether there might be a single Audit Associate who does not
satisfy a specific set of academic requirements, but whether the “vast majority” of
Audit Associates required a prolonged, specialized education to fulfill their role
7
The record reveals Audit Associates’ qualifications in more detail – of the 1096
Audit Associates who opted to join this action, 82% have earned either graduate
or undergraduate degrees in accounting, and an additional 14% have earned
degrees in related fields which establish CPA eligibility. Of the remaining 4%,
nearly all have a minor or certificate in accounting, and of the three who did not,
two are CPA‐eligible via other means and one was already a licensed CPA prior
to joining KPMG. J. A. at 1387.
38
as accountants. In light of their formidable educational qualifications, it is
indisputable that the vast majority of Audit Associates received such an
education, and we reject plaintiffs’ argument that KPMG’s willingness to hire
“even one Audit Associate who did not have an accounting degree,” Appellant’s
Br. at 47, creates a material fact issue regarding whether Audit Associates
“require advanced accounting knowledge.”
More substantive, though equally unavailing, is plaintiffs’ argument that
however well‐educated Audit Associates are, their actual work does not call on
whatever advanced knowledge they have acquired in their course of study, but
only on KPMG’s own materials and internal training. Here at least plaintiffs are
right on the law: if journalists are not “learned professionals” because they
acquire their skills on the job, see Young, 586 F.3d at 205, a newspaper cannot
deprive them of overtime pay by arbitrarily setting a PhD in literary studies as a
condition of hiring. See also Dybach, 942 F.2d at 1565‐66 (where requirement that
probation officer have a B.A. degree could be satisfied by “degree in nuclear
physics, or be in corrections, or be in physical education, or basket weaving,” the
degree did not provide a “high degree of specialized training” relevant to the job,
and educational requirement for professional exemption could not be satisfied
39
(internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus, plaintiffs’ argument might be availing
if KPMG hired as Audit Associates only candidates who had bachelors’ degrees
in accounting or the equivalent, but then set them to work in a non‐professional
capacity to exercise skills that could have been taught to any high school or
college graduate via short‐term in‐house training.
The argument founders on the facts, however. In light of our conclusion
that Audit Associates exercise the discretion and judgment characteristic of the
learned professional, the plaintiffs must argue that Audit Associates gain the
necessary knowledge to act as accountants through a one‐week introductory
training course, followed by on‐the‐job training. Plaintiffs are unable to raise a
genuine issue of fact about this, citing only the conclusory opinion of one of the
lead plaintiffs herself that on the job training, not prior knowledge, informed
Audit Associates’ conduct. An examination of the training materials in the
record makes sufficiently plain that the average classics or biochemistry major
could not understand the materials, or develop the requisite understanding of the
audit function, on the basis of a brief training period.
We thus conclude that the Audit Associates receive the training necessary
to work as accountants through a prolonged course of specialized instruction,
40
and thus satisfy the final element of the learned professional test. We need not
determine the minimum amount of education necessary to satisfy this
requirement; we hold only that KPMG Audit Associates clearly satisfied it.
IV. The District Court’s Denial of Further Discovery
Finally, plaintiffs argue that summary judgment was premature, and that
they should have been granted further opportunity for discovery. We review the
district court’s decision with respect to discovery for abuse of discretion.
Paddington Partners v. Bouchard, 34 F.3d 1132, 1137 (2d Cir. 1994). A “trial court
enjoys wide discretion in its handling of pre‐trial discovery,” and we will
“reverse a district court’s discovery ruling only upon a clear showing of an abuse
of discretion.” Wills v. Amerada Hess Corp., 379 F.3d 32, 51 (2d Cir. 2004).
Here, the district court proposed limited discovery on the specific issue of
whether the Audit Associates were exempt professionals, before moving on to
further discovery. The judge articulated the relationship between the discovery
plan and the possibility of the case being resolved as a matter of law without
ambiguity:
It doesn’t make sense to go off and do the whole
entirety of discovery on every issue that could
conceivably be raised in this case if the case is going to
end up standing or falling on is there really an issue
41
about whether these people are professionals . . . it
makes the most intuitive sense to me for . . . the
propopents of the position that [Audit Associates] fall
within an exemption to come forward with their
evidence and say . . . as a matter of law these people are
professionals.
J. A. at 614‐15. Plaintiffs’ counsel explicitly approved of this plan. Id. at 615
(“That makes sense to me.”). The district court’s sensible reasoning, and
plaintiffs’ agreement with the plan to take limited discovery to resolve a the
threshold issue of Audit Associates’ status as exempt professionals, supports the
conclusion that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
Furthermore, the discovery and subsequent record here has produced
sufficient evidence to resolve the threshold issue of the applicability of the
professional exemption. Since “only disputes over facts that might affect the
outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of
summary judgment,” Demery v. Extebank Deferred Comp. Plan (B), 216 F.3d 283,
286 (2d Cir. 2000) (alteration omitted), it is unclear how further evidence might
aid plaintiffs. The discovery on the relevant issue here has been “extensive,”
Contemporary Mission, Inc. v. N. Y. Times. Co., 842 F.2d 612, 622 (2d Cir. 1988),
and we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion in halting
discovery at the time that it did.
42
CONCLUSION
In sum, our review of the case leads to the conclusion that plaintiffs are, in
the broad sense as well as through a fine‐grained analysis of the Department of
Labor regulations, not the type of worker that the FLSA was designed to protect.
To adapt a persuasive observation from one of our prior cases, “[t]he FLSA is
properly considered a shield to protect unwary workers; it is not a sword by
which [professionals] at the pinnacle of accomplishment and prestige in [their
profession] may obtain a benefit from their employer for which they did not
bargain. . . . [W]e think that the DOL interpretative guidelines should be read in
an effort to promote the FLSA’s purpose, not to frustrate it.” Freeman v. Nat’l
Broad. Co., Inc., 80 F.3d 78, 86 (2d Cir. 1996). Our review has demonstrated that
Audit Associates, while early in their careers, are precisely the types of
professionals the regulations seek to exempt from FLSA – well‐compensated
professionals at a top national accountancy practice, performing core
accountancy tasks.
We thus conclude that, for the purposes of 29 C.F.R § 541.301, Audit
Associates are learned professionals who perform work requiring advanced
knowledge requiring the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment, and who
43
have customarily received this advanced knowledge through a prolonged course
of specialized intellectual instruction. They are thus learned professionals, and
exempt from the FLSA overtime requirements. Having found the plaintiffs’ other
arguments to be without merit, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
44