Case: 13-50609 Document: 00512708324 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/23/2014
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 13-50609 FILED
July 23, 2014
Lyle W. Cayce
CLAUDIA ESTRADA, Clerk
As Next Friend of J.E.,
Plaintiff – Appellant
v.
SAN ANTONIO INDEPENDENT
SCHOOL DISTRICT
Defendant – Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:13-CV-513
Before DAVIS, ELROD, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
A San Antonio Independent School District employee molested a special
needs high school student, who brought Americans with Disabilities Act and
Rehabilitation Act claims against the District. He asserted that the District
failed to provide reasonable accommodations for his disability and grossly
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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No. 13-50609
mismanaged his educational plan. The district court dismissed the claims on
summary judgment, and this appeal followed.
I.
Pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),
schools must design plans, called Individualized Educational Programs (IEPs),
which give disabled students “meaningful educational benefit[s].” Klein v.
Indep. Sch. Dist. Hovem, 690 F.3d 390, 396 (5th Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S.
Ct. 1600 (2013). “IEPs are created and periodically reviewed following
meetings at which parents, teachers, other school personnel, and educational
experts all participate.” Id. at 395 (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(B)).
J.E., who brings this case through his mother, Claudia Estrada, was a
student at Brackenridge High. He graduated and now attends college. J.E.
suffers from cerebral palsy, is confined to a wheelchair, and needs help with
transfers to and from the bathroom.
The District formulated an IEP for J.E. based on the recommendations
of an Admission, Review, and Dismissal panel comprised of J.E., his mother,
teachers, administrators, and special education staff. Over the course of J.E.’s
pre-K–12 education, that panel met 28 times to formulate and reformulate his
IEP. J.E. now identifies several flaws with the May 2008 IEP that he and his
mother signed and agreed to, and which was in effect when the sexual assaults
occurred. For instance, a box next to the line “Mobility Needs” was checked
but no additional information was provided; a box for Adaptive Equipment was
left blank; and the IEP’s Narrative Section says nothing about those and other
missing or incomplete items. Furthermore, the IEP form contained a checked
“NO” box next to the question whether J.E. “requires daily assistance with
toileting,” despite the fact that J.E.’s physical therapist reported to school
officials that he could not move from his wheelchair to the toilet alone.
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In early 2006, a number of years before the incidents that gave rise to
this lawsuit, a Brackenridge employee sexually abused three disabled students
in a school bathroom. After those incidents, Brackenridge enacted a new policy,
announced orally but not put in writing: two employees were required to be in
a restroom with a disabled child at all times. But one-person transfers still
sometimes occurred when other student aides were unavailable. This was
consistent with the District’s special education handbook, which demonstrates
how a single staff member can safely transfer a student from a wheelchair to
a toilet without extra assistance.
Later in 2006, the District hired Bret Jernigan, first as a substitute
teacher and eventually as one of several support personnel for disabled
students. In the spring of 2008, Brackenridge’s principal assigned Jernigan to
accompany J.E. and assist him during the school day with his mobility needs.
Jernigan attended most of J.E.’s restroom visits with a coworker. Sometimes,
however, no other adult was available to assist Jernigan, and he accompanied
J.E. alone. Jernigan molested J.E. on three of those occasions. After the third
incident, J.E. disclosed to his mother what had happened, and she told
Brackenridge officials. Upon learning of the events, the Brackenridge
principal filled out a critical incident report and met with Jernigan. He
confessed soon afterwards.
J.E. brought suit in the Western District of Texas, alleging claims under
Title IX, section 1983, the Rehabilitation Act, and the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA). 1 The district court first granted summary judgment on
the section 1983 claim, and later, in a separate opinion, granted summary
judgment on the remaining claims. This appeal involves only the ADA and
Rehabilitation Act claims.
1 J.E. also brought claims against Jernigan that the parties later settled.
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II.
The district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.
“Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the evidence and all
justifiable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-movant, there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” D.A. ex rel. Latasha A. v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 629 F.3d
450, 453 (5th Cir. 2010). We are “not limited to the district court’s conclusions
but can affirm a district court’s judgment on any grounds supported by the
summary judgment record.” Cabrol v. Town of Youngsville, 106 F.3d 101, 105
(5th Cir. 1997).
Americans with Disabilities Act Claim
In support of the ADA claim, J.E. alleges that the District: (1) failed to
have an accessible, safe bathroom for a wheelchair-bound student; (2) failed to
provide him with two-person transfers; (3) did not have accessible doors across
the campus that he could utilize; and (4) did not enact an evacuation plan for
him in case of an emergency. These failures to accommodate, J.E. contends,
constitute intentional discrimination that allows him to recover compensatory
damages. See D.A., 629 F.3d at 453–55 (requiring plaintiffs to show intentional
discrimination to recover compensatory damages under the ADA).
Undisputed evidence rejects the factual predicate for each of these
claims. The bathroom that J.E. utilized had safety devices installed to assist
handicapped students. Beyond that, several urinals in Brackenridge’s main
building were handicapped accessible. Two Brackenridge employees
accompanied J.E. for the vast majority of his bathroom visits, and J.E. presents
no authority suggesting that the District’s failure to provide two-person
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transfers on every occasion supports a finding of intentional discrimination. 2
As for campus-wide accommodations, Brackenridge employs three automatic
door openers, and the District had emergency evacuation plans for “students
in wheelchairs” and for J.E. specifically. Based on those accommodations, no
reasonable juror could find that the District intentionally discriminated
against J.E. in violation of the ADA. See D.A., 629 F.3d at 453–55; see also,
e.g., I.A. v. Seguin Indep. Sch. Dist., 881 F. Supp. 2d 770, 780 (W.D. Tex. 2012)
(noting that attempts to accommodate, “even if imperfect, establish a lack of
intentional discrimination”).
Rehabilitation Act Claim
J.E. asserted two distinct Rehabilitation Act claims in the district court.
One was that the District created a hostile educational environment by failing
to protect him from being sexually abused. At the outset of oral argument,
however, counsel for J.E. conceded that this claim could not survive our recent
decision in Estate of Lance v. Lewisville Independent School District, 743 F.3d
982 (5th Cir. 2014). Thus, only the following Rehabilitation Act claim remains:
that the District grossly mismanaged his IEP.
Lance thoroughly set forth the framework for evaluating a
Rehabilitation Act claim premised on a school district’s failure to provide a free
appropriate public education. To “establish a claim for disability
discrimination, in the education context, something more than a mere failure
to provide the ‘free appropriate education’ required by IDEA must be shown.”
Lance, 743 F.3d at 995 (quoting D.A., 629 F.3d at 454 (internal alterations
omitted)). That “something more” is evidence of bad faith or gross
2 We do not decide whether a plaintiff could succeed on a claim for injunctive relief
under the ADA based on similar bathroom practices.
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mismanagement. See D.A., 629 F.3d at 454 (citing Monahan v. Nebraska, 687
F.2d 1164, 1171 (8th Cir. 1982)).
J.E. has not met that threshold; indeed, he is unable to make the
preliminary showing that the District failed to provide a free appropriate
public education. Lance, 743 F.3d at 992 (“At a minimum, then, [a plaintiff is
required] to allege a denial of a FAPE under IDEA to sustain a § 504 claim
based on the denial of a § 504 FAPE because ‘§ 504 regulations distinctly state
that adopting a valid IEP is sufficient but not necessary to satisfy the § 504
FAPE requirements.’” (quoting Mark H. v. Lemahieu, 513 F.3d 992, 933 (9th
Cir. 2008))). The District convened 28 separate panel meetings to formulate
J.E.’s specific educational plan. Those efforts clearly had an impact as J.E.
graduated high school and is now attending college. Thus, the flaws that J.E.
identifies in his IEP—including missing or incomplete items on the IEP form,
a failure to specifically denote that he needed two-person transfers, and
generally, what he labels a deficient “check-the-box” approach—amount to, at
worst, procedural defects. Such procedural defects “alone do not constitute a
violation of the right to a [free appropriate public education] unless they result
in the loss of an educational opportunity.” Klein, 690 F.3d at 396. We rejected
similar challenges to an IEP in Klein, holding that a student had received a
free appropriate public education despite assertions that “IEPs were not
sufficiently individualized, the collaborative process was thwarted, and [the
district] afforded no ‘academic benefit’ tailored to his disability.” 690 F.3d at
396–97. We noted the student’s strong academic performance and observed
that the school district did far more “than robotic IDEA form-checking to assist
his performance in school.” Id. at 398. The same is true here.
The sexual assault that gave rise to this case was horrible, and we agree
with the trial court that the District should consider reexamining its policies
in light of these multiple incidents of student sexual abuse. Under our case
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law, however, there is insufficient evidence to establish that the District failed
to provide J.E. educational opportunities or grossly mismanaged his IEP.
Dismissal of the Rehabilitation Act claim was therefore warranted.
III. Conclusion
The district court correctly granted summary judgment on J.E.’s
Rehabilitation Act and ADA claims. The judgment below is AFFIRMED.
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