United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 13-2601
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Max Villatoro
lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner
v.
Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General of the United States
lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
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Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
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Submitted: April 16, 2014
Filed: July 28, 2014
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Before SMITH, COLLOTON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Max Villatoro, a native and citizen of Honduras, petitions for review of the
Board of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) decision, affirming the immigration judge's (IJ)
pretermission of his application for cancellation of removal under § 240A(b) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b), because of Villatoro's
prior conviction under Iowa Code § 715A.5 for tampering with records. The BIA
concluded that Villatoro's prior conviction was categorically a crime involving moral
turpitude (CIMT), rendering him statutorily ineligible for cancellation of removal. See
8 U.S.C. §§ 1229b and 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I). We deny the petition for review.
I. Background
Villatoro entered the United States without inspection on March 1, 1995. On
February 26, 1999, Villatoro pleaded guilty to tampering with records, in violation
of Iowa Code § 715A.5. Villatoro was sentenced to 180 days in county jail, sentence
suspended, and was placed under an order of supervision for the duration of his
suspended sentence.
On August 7, 2006, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) commenced
removal proceedings against Villatoro, charging him with removability under
§ 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), for being in the United
States without admission or parole. Villatoro admitted the allegations set forth in the
Notice to Appear and conceded removability.
On May 25, 2007, Villatoro submitted an application for cancellation of
removal for certain nonpermanent residents under § 240A(b) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b). At a hearing on June 20, 2011, the parties agreed that the issue was
whether Villatoro's records-tampering conviction was a CIMT, which rendered him
statutorily ineligible for cancellation of removal. Villatoro conceded that if his prior
conviction constituted a CIMT, then the petty-offense exception contained in 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) would not apply to him. Following the hearing, the
parties submitted briefs on the issue, and Villatoro submitted his record of conviction.
On September 30, 2011, the IJ denied Villatoro's application for cancellation
of removal, concluding that Villatoro's records-tampering conviction was
categorically a CIMT because the language of Iowa Code §715A.5 "requires both
knowledge and the intent to 'deceive . . . injure . . . or to conceal any wrongdoing' by
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'falsif(ying), destroy(ing), remov(ing), or conceal(ing) any wrongdoing.'" The IJ noted
that the conduct underlying the statute involves fraud.
Villatoro appealed to the BIA, arguing that his conviction was not categorically
a CIMT because Iowa Code § 715A.5 prohibits more than fraudulent conduct. As an
example, Villatoro asserted that "a person may properly be convicted under Iowa
Code § 715A.5 for destroying a written record with the intent not to deceive but to
injure someone when that person knows that s/he has no privilege to do so." Villatoro
maintained that the IJ erred by not applying the modified categorical approach to
determine whether his crime involved moral turpitude. Applying this approach, he
argued that his record of conviction shows that the state court made no determination
as to his intent in committing the offense; therefore, he asserted, the IJ should have
determined that his records-tampering conviction was not a CIMT.
On June 28, 2013, the BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ's decision and
dismissed Villatoro's appeal. The BIA concluded that Villatoro's records-tampering
conviction under Iowa Code § 715A.5 is categorically a CIMT. First, the BIA
"note[d] that the Supreme Court [in Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223 (1951),] . . .
held that a crime in which fraud is an element is categorically a CIMT." Second, the
BIA found that "[a]ll convictions under section 715A.5 of the Code of Iowa require
both 'knowing' that the person has no right to commit the act and 'intent.'" Relying on
Hernandez-Perez v. Holder, 569 F.3d 345, 348 (8th Cir. 2009), the BIA noted that
"[m]oral turpitude is typically found in crimes committed intentionally or knowingly."
Third, the BIA pointed out that "the 'knowing' acts which constitute a violation under
[Iowa Code § 715A.5] are falsifying, destroying, or concealing a written record" and
that "[t]he intents constituting a violation of the statute are deception, injury, or
concealing wrongdoing." (Citations omitted.) The BIA observed that courts have held
that convictions for similar conduct, such as making false statements and concealing
criminal activity, constitute crimes involving moral turpitude. Finally, the BIA
determined that Villatoro failed to "demonstrate a 'realistic probability, not a
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theoretical possibility,' that Iowa actually applies the statute to cover non-
turpitudinous conduct" because he identified no case "in which the statute has been
used to successfully prosecute an offender for committing non-reprehensible acts."
II. Discussion
Villatoro argues that Iowa Code § 715A.5 is not categorically a CIMT because
it does not necessarily imply fraud. According to Villatoro, "§ 715A.5 does not
include certain elements essential to a finding of fraud in Iowa." Specifically, he
asserts that, unlike Iowa's fraud statutes, § 715A.5 contains "no language that speaks
to the intent to deprive another of a property right or legal entitlement." And, for the
first time on appeal, he asserts that convictions under § 715A.5 exist for
nonturpitudinous conduct. Finally, Villatoro contends that, under the modified
categorical approach, "no combination of conduct under Iowa Code § 715A.5 reaches
the intent to gain a benefit through fraudulent acts." As a result, he asks this court to
grant his petition for review and remand to the BIA with instructions to grant his
application for cancellation of removal.
"The Attorney General may cancel removal of . . . an alien who is inadmissible
or deportable from the United States if the alien . . . has not been convicted of an
offense under section 1182(a)(2) . . . of this title . . . ." 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(C). In
turn, § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) includes "a crime involving moral turpitude."
"Since 1891, the immigration laws have directed the exclusion of persons
convicted of 'crimes involving moral turpitude.'" Bobadilla v. Holder, 679 F.3d 1052,
1054 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223, 229 n.14 (1951)).
Congress, however, "has never defined the term; rather, it left the phrase to future
administrative and judicial interpretation." Id. (quotation and citation omitted).
"Without question, the term is ambiguous." Id. As a result, "[i]n reviewing the BIA's
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decision that [Villatoro] was convicted of a CIMT, we give [Chevron]1 deference to
the agency's interpretation of the ambiguous statutory phrase, and we uphold its
construction as long as it is reasonable." Id. (quotation and citation omitted). The BIA
defines a CIMT as follows:
Moral turpitude refers generally to conduct which is inherently base,
vile, or depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of morality and the
duties owed between persons or to society in general. Moral turpitude
has been defined as an act which is per se morally reprehensible and
intrinsically wrong or malum in se . . . . Among the tests to determine if
a crime involves moral turpitude is whether the act is accompanied by
a vicious motive or corrupt mind.
Id. (quotation and citations omitted). Additionally, the Attorney General has directed
that a CIMT "'requires . . . some form of scienter.'" Id. (alteration in original) (quoting
Matter of Silva–Trevino, 24 I. & N. Dec. 687 (A.G. 2008)).
In Chanmouny v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 810 (8th Cir. 2004), we set forth
the BIA's "categorical" approach for examining whether a criminal
conviction meets this general definition:
If the statute defines a crime in which moral turpitude
necessarily inheres . . . our analysis ends. However, if the
statute contains some offenses which involve moral
turpitude and others which do not, it is to be treated as a
"divisible" statute, and we look to the record of conviction,
meaning the indictment, plea, verdict, and sentence, to
determine the offense of which the respondent was
convicted.
1
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
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Chanmouny, 376 F.3d at 812, quoting [In re] Ajami, 22 I. & N. Dec.
[949,] 950 [(BIA 1999)]. This categorical approach is consistent with
Supreme Court decisions determining whether a prior conviction was a
violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA). 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B). See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S. Ct.
2143, 109 L. Ed. 2d 607 (1990); Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13,
125 S. Ct. 1254, 161 L. Ed. 2d 205 (2005).
Id. at 1054–55.
Because circuit courts "varied in how they determined whether a particular
criminal statute was sufficiently 'categorical,' and in the extent to which they deferred
to the BIA's analysis of state criminal statutes," the Attorney General "'establish[ed]
a uniform framework for ensuring that the Act's moral turpitude provisions are fairly
and accurately applied.'" Id. at 1055 (quoting Silva–Trevino, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 688).
The Silva-Trevino framework "retain[s] the basic categorical approach but" sets forth
a three-step process for determining whether a conviction is a CIMT. Id.2
2
One panel of this court "initially rejected the Silva-Trevino approach, but a
later panel held that the opinion warrants deference." Silva-Trevino v. Holder, 742
F.3d 197, 200 n.1 (5th Cir. 2014) (citing Guardado-Garcia v. Holder, 615 F.3d 900,
902 (8th Cir. 2010) ("We are bound by our circuit's precedent, and to the extent Silva-
Trevino is inconsistent, we adhere to circuit law); Bobadilla, 679 F.3d at 1057 ("We
conclude that the methodology is a reasonable interpretation of the statute and
therefore must be given deference by a reviewing court.")). Assuming that an
intracircuit split exists, resolution of the present case does not require us to address
whether the Silva-Trevino methodology is an appropriate way of determining whether
a crime involves moral turpitude because we conclude that a records-tampering
conviction under Iowa law is categorically a CIMT under the "rigid categorical
approach," Bobadilla, 679 F.3d at 1058, and the Silva-Trevino framework. See Nino
v. Holder, 690 F.3d 691, 695 (5th Cir. 2012) ("Many of the arguments presented by
the parties and amici concern the degree of deference owed the Attorney General's
opinion in Silva–Trevino. As we deem Banda's offense to be one for moral turpitude
under our precedents as well as under Silva–Trevino, we need not resolve that dispute
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At issue in the present case is step one of that procedural framework—the
categorical approach.3 Under this approach, "the inquiry is terminated if the statute
at issue categorically either requires or excludes conduct involving moral turpitude."
Prudencio v. Holder, 669 F.3d 472, 479 (4th Cir. 2012). But if "there is a 'realistic
probability' that the statute could be applied to encompass conduct that does not
involve moral turpitude, as well as conduct that does, the inquiry must continue to a
second step of analysis." Id. (citations omitted).
Applying the categorical approach, we conclude that Villatoro's conviction for
tampering with records under Iowa Code § 715A.5 is a CIMT. It provides that "[a]
person commits an aggravated misdemeanor if, knowing that the person has no
privilege to do so, the person falsifies, destroys, removes, or conceals a writing or
record, with the intent to deceive or injure anyone or to conceal any wrongdoing."
(Emphases added.)
here."); Da Silva Neto v. Holder, 680 F.3d 25, 29 n.6 (1st Cir. 2012) ("We need not
decide today whether we will follow the third step of the AG's framework, which has
proven controversial."); Castillo-Torres v. Holder, 394 F. App'x 517, 520–21 (10th
Cir. 2010) ("But the actual analysis by both the IJ and the BIA in this case did not
involve any of the alleged errors in the Silva–Trevino approach. Both tribunals looked
solely at the elements of each Utah offense and decided that any commission of the
offense would involve moral turpitude. Therefore, we need not address whether we
agree with Silva–Trevino in that respect.").
3
Under step two, "'if the categorical inquiry does not resolve the question, look
to the alien's record of conviction, including documents such as the indictment, the
judgment of conviction, jury instructions, a signed guilty plea, and the plea
transcript.'" Bobadilla, 679 F.3d at 1056 (quoting Silva-Trevino, 24 I. & N. Dec. at
704). Under step three, "if the record of conviction does not resolve the inquiry,
consider any additional evidence the adjudicator determines is necessary or
appropriate to resolve accurately the moral turpitude question." Id. (quoting Silva-
Trevino, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 704).
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"The Supreme Court has instructed that 'fraud has consistently been regarded
as . . . within the scope of moral turpitude.'" Rios-Diaz v. Holder, 543 F. App'x 617,
618 (8th Cir. 2013) (unpublished per curiam) (alteration in original) (quoting Jordan,
341 U.S. at 229).
Whatever else the phrase "crime involving moral turpitude" may mean
in peripheral cases, the decided cases make it plain that crimes in which
fraud was an ingredient have always been regarded as involving moral
turpitude . . . . The phrase "crime involving moral turpitude" has without
exception been construed to embrace fraudulent conduct.
Jordan, 341 U.S. at 232 (holding that the crime of conspiracy to defraud the United
States of taxes on distilled spirits was a "crime involving moral turpitude" so as to
require deportation of an alien who had been twice convicted and sentenced for such
crime). "Moreover, as the BIA has explained, 'where fraud is inherent in an offense,
it is not necessary that the statute prohibiting it include the usual phraseology
concerning fraud in order for it to involve moral turpitude.'" Beltran-Rubio v. Holder,
13-9565, 2014 WL 1690754, at *3 (10th Cir. Apr. 30, 2014) (quoting Matter of
Flores, 17 I. & N. Dec. 225, 228 (1980)).
"Critical to a finding of moral turpitude is the intent required by the statute
under which the petitioner was convicted." Hernandez-Perez v. Holder, 569 F.3d 345,
348 (8th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Typically, moral turpitude is "found in crimes
committed intentionally or knowingly." Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted). In the
present case, § 715A.5 requires that the crime be committed "knowingly."
Additionally, § 715A.5 requires "the intent to deceive or injure anyone or to
conceal any wrongdoing." (Emphases added.) "Crimes involving the intent to deceive
or defraud are generally considered to involve moral turpitude." Lateef v. Dep't of
Homeland Sec., 592 F.3d 926, 929 (8th Cir. 2010) (emphasis added) (citing Jordan,
341 U.S. at 232). Even "non-fraudulent crimes of moral turpitude generally involve
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an intent to injure." Castrijon-Garcia v. Holder, 704 F.3d 1205, 1213 (9th Cir. 2013)
(emphasis added) (citation omitted). And because "fraud may be inferred from
conduct, the likely effect of which would be to mislead or conceal," courts have held
that intentionally concealing criminal behavior involves moral turpitude. Smalley v.
Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 332, 338 (5th Cir. 2003); see also Padilla v. Gonzales, 397 F.3d
1016, 1020–21 (7th Cir. 2005).
Our conclusion that a records-tampering conviction is categorically a CIMT is
buttressed by Iowa case law. Although Iowa case law interpreting § 715A.5 is scant,
we find particularly instructive the Iowa Supreme Court's discussion of whether
tampering with records under § 715A.5 is a CIMT in the context of attorney
discipline. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Bd. of Prof'l Ethics & Conduct v. Romeo, 554 N.W.2d
552, 553 (Iowa 1996). In Romeo, a lawyer's conviction for two counts of record
tampering under § 715A.5 resulted in the Iowa Supreme Court Board of Ethics and
Conduct charging the lawyer with violating several sections of the Iowa Code of
Professional Responsibility. Id. Iowa Supreme Court rules "permit license revocation
or suspension for any lawyer convicted of a misdemeanor 'involving moral
turpitude.'" Id. at 554 (emphasis added) (citing Iowa Sup. Ct. R. 118.10). "In relation
to lawyer conduct, the term 'moral turpitude' connotes behavior involving 'fraudulent
or dishonest intent.'" Id. (quoting Comm. on Prof'l Ethics & Conduct v. Cody, 412
N.W.2d 637, 639 (Iowa 1987)). The Iowa Supreme Court noted that § 715A.5
"require[d] proof that a writing or record has been falsified 'with the intent to deceive
. . . or to conceal any wrongdoing.'" Id. (omitting "or injure anyone" without
explanation). Based on the statute's plain language, the Iowa Supreme Court held that
"the conviction, on its face, involves moral turpitude." Id. (emphasis added).
The Iowa Supreme Court's definition of "moral turpitude" as "fraudulent or
dishonest intent" in the context of attorney discipline is substantially similar to this
court's recognition, in the immigration context, that "[c]rimes involving the intent to
deceive or defraud are generally considered to involve moral turpitude." Lateef, 592
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F.3d at 929 (citations omitted). The Iowa Supreme Court conclusively held in Romeo
that the lawyer's conviction under § 715A.5 for falsifying a writing or record "with
the intent to deceive . . . or to conceal any wrongdoing" "on its face, involves moral
turpitude." 554 N.W.2d at 554 (quotation omitted).4 Because of the substantial
similarity between the Iowa Supreme Court's definition of "moral turpitude" and our
definition of that term in the immigration context, we see no sound legal basis for
rejecting the Iowa Supreme Court's conclusion that a conviction under § 715A.5 "on
its face, involves moral turpitude." Id.5
Because we agree with the BIA that a records-tampering conviction under
§ 715A.5 is categorically a CIMT, we must determine whether Villatoro showed the
4
The Iowa Supreme Court, without explanation, omitted the "intent to . . . injure
anyone" in concluding that a conviction under § 715A.5 was facially a CIMT. But,
as explained supra, we find that such an intent falls within a CIMT.
5
Villatoro relies on Bobadilla to support his argument that a conviction under
§ 715A.5 is not categorically a CIMT. In Bobadilla, we remanded to the BIA to
determine whether an alien's conviction under a Minnesota statute for giving a false
name to a peace officer was a CIMT. 679 F.3d at 1052 (citing Minn. Stat. § 609.506,
Subd. 1). In doing so, we noted that "[t]he [Minnesota] statute does not require proof
that the 'intent to obstruct justice' was successful, or that it misled the police officer
even for a moment" and found that "the record reflects a 'realistic probability' that
Minnesota would apply § 609.506, Subd. 1, to conduct that does not involve moral
turpitude." Id. at 1058. But Bobadilla does not alter the principle that "[c]rimes
involving the intent to deceive . . . are generally considered to involve moral
turpitude." Lateef, 592 F.3d at 929 (citations omitted). In Bobadilla, we recognized
that "'[g]iving a false name in order to avoid arrest or investigation or to pass blame
to another would be sufficient to show an intentional obstruction of justice.'" Id. at
1058 n.7 (quoting State v. Russell, No. C9–01–2215, 2002 WL 31455272, at *3
(Minn.App. Nov. 5, 2002) (unpublished)); see also id. at 1058 n.8 ("By contrast, the
conduct supporting the gross misdemeanor conviction for violating § 609.506, Subd.
2, in Russell 2002 WL 31455272, at *3, clearly did involve moral turpitude.").
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BIA a "'realistic probability, not a theoretical possibility'" that Iowa actually applies
the statute to non-turpitudinous conduct. Bobadilla, 679 F.3d at 1055 (quoting Silva-
Trevino, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 697). As the BIA explained, Villatoro failed to identify
to the BIA "any actual case in which a defendant was convicted of Tampering with
records, under section 715A.5 of the Code of Iowa, where the conduct was not
turpitudinous." And, on appeal, the lone case on which Villatoro relies in an attempt
to satisfy his burden does not establish a realistic probability that Iowa actually
applies the statute to non-turpitudinous conduct. See State v. Walker, 574 N.W.2d 280
(Iowa 1998) (repeatedly characterizing the defendant's intent as an "intent to
deceive").
Therefore, we hold that the BIA properly determined that Villatoro's conviction
for records tampering under Iowa Code § 715A.5 is categorically a CIMT.
III. Conclusion
Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.
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