IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-0902
Filed May 29, 2014
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
LARRY ALLEN BELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mark Fowler, Judge.
Defendant appeals the sentences imposed for his convictions of driving
while barred and interference with official acts. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Patricia A. Reynolds,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik, Assistant Attorney
General, Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, and Robert Bradfield, Assistant
County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
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DANILSON, C.J.
Larry Bell appeals the consecutive sentences imposed for his convictions
of driving while barred as a habitual offender, in violation of Iowa Code sections
321.555(1) and 321.561 (2011), and interference with official acts, in violation of
section 719.1(1). He maintains the district court abused its discretion by failing to
provide specific reasons to impose consecutive sentences. Upon our review of
the record, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
On December 3, 2012, Bell was charged with driving while barred, as a
habitual offender, in violation of Iowa Code sections 321.555(1) and 321.561.
Bell was also later charged with interference with official acts, operation without
registration, and failure to wear a seatbelt. Following a bench trial, Bell was
found guilty of each of the four charges.
Bell was sentenced on May 28, 2013. At the sentencing hearing, the
State recommended a sentence of incarceration for the maximum, two years, for
the operating-while-barred conviction. The State also recommended the
sentence run consecutive to any sentence not previously served. In support of
its recommendation, the State noted Bell had five previous convictions for driving
while barred in a period of less than three years.
During the sentencing colloquy, the district court stated:
Mr. Bell, I do note that you have a substantial history with the
Driving While Barreds. Numerous Drivings While Barreds as a
Habitual Offender. Unfortunately, it seems you refuse to learn that
you must have a valid driver’s license to operate a motor vehicle in
the state of Iowa. Quite frankly, I think you’re a pleasant
gentleman. You’re always polite in court.
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But you aren’t learning from the past that you have to have a
valid driver’s license to operate a motor vehicle in this state. So the
Court must consider in sentencing you protection of the community
from further criminal activity from you and nothing has led me to
believe you won’t go out and drive some more. It appears the best
opportunity to prevent you from driving is to incarcerate you with
the Department of Corrections.
It will be the judgment and sentence of the Court that under
case number AGCR 350195 under the charge of Driving While
Barred as an Habitual Offender, as defined in Sections 321.555,
Sub 1, and in violation of 321.561, that the defendant shall serve a
term not to exceed two years in the custody of the Director of the
Department of Corrections, pay a fine in the amount of a thousand
dollars.
As to the Interference with Official Acts, in violation of 719.1,
Sub 1, the defendant will be sentenced to serve 30 days in jail to
run consecutive to the time serviced for the Driving While Barred
charge. All other simples, which are the Operation Without
Registration and Failure to Wear a Seat Belt, the minimum fines will
be imposed.
All sentences to run consecutive to any time the defendant
has already been sentenced to.
Bell appeals the sentence.
II. Standard of Review.
Our review of the district court’s sentencing decision is for correction of
errors at law. State v. Thomas, 547 N.W.2d 223, 225 (Iowa 1996). The decision
to impose a sentence within statutory limits is “cloaked with a strong presumption
in its favor.” State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). The sentence
will not be upset on appeal “unless the defendant demonstrates an abuse of trial
court discretion or a defect in the sentencing procedure.” State v. Grandberry,
619 N.W.2d 399, 401 (Iowa 2000). An abuse of discretion is found only when the
sentencing court exercises its discretion on grounds or for reasons clearly
untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable. Thomas, 547 N.W.2d at 225. In
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criminal cases the court is to “state on the record its reasons for selecting the
particular sentence.” Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.23(3)(d).
III. Discussion.
This is yet another in a long line of cases raising the issue of whether an
adequate explanation was given for imposing consecutive sentences on appeal.
Here, Bell concedes we may look to the overall sentencing plan to glean the
court’s reason for imposing consecutive sentences, but he maintains the court
failed to give any reasons that explain such an imposition in this case.
“If a person is sentenced for two or more separate offenses, the
sentencing judge may order the second or further sentence to begin at the
expiration of the first or succeeding sentence.” Iowa Code § 901.8. A
sentencing court must state, on the record, its reason for selecting a particular
sentence. State v. Barnes, 791 N.W.2d 817, 827 (Iowa 2010) (citing Iowa R.
Crim. P. 2.23(3)(d)). The court must also provide reasons for imposing
consecutive sentences. Id. “A statement may be sufficient, even if terse and
succinct, so long as the brevity of the court’s statement does not prevent review
of the exercise of the trial court’s sentencing discretion.” State v. Hennings, 791
N.W.2d 828, 838 (Iowa 2010). We may look to the court’s overall sentencing
rationale to glean the reasoning for imposing consecutive sentences. See id.
(“[I]t is apparent to us that the district court ordered the defendant to serve his
sentences consecutively as part of an overall sentencing plan.”).
In Hennings, our supreme court, reviewing the sentencing colloquy,
stated, “The court spoke at length about the information it considered in making a
sentencing determination and specifically what factors influenced its ultimate
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decision. This is not a situation where the court ‘failed to give even a terse
explanation of why it imposed consecutive, as opposed to concurrent
sentences.’” 791 N.W.2d at 838 (citing State v. Uthe, 542 N.W.2d 810, 816
(Iowa 1996)). In Hennings not a single word or sentence was directly expressed
explaining why consecutive sentences were imposed.
While we agree with Bell’s contention that the district court provided no
explicit connection between its sentencing plan as a whole and its decision to
impose the consecutive sentence, we can discern no difference between these
facts and the facts in Hennings. We can only conclude the court’s reasoning is
apparent from the overall sentencing rationale.1 See id.
Thus, we find the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing
consecutive sentences, and we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
Potterfield, J., concurs; McDonald, J., dissents.
1
See State v. Scott, 12–1531, 2013 WL2146226, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 15, 2013)
(Danilson, J., concurring specially).
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MCDONALD, J. (dissenting)
As the majority notes, this case is another example of a defendant
challenging the sufficiency of a sentencing court’s explanation for the imposition
of consecutive sentences. As in many of these cases, the defendant set out on
appeal with the wind of authority in his sails only to run aground on contrary
authority. This is not due to the defendant’s lack of navigational skill; instead, the
nautical chart no longer provides meaningful guidance. See Scott, 2013 WL
2146226, at *2 (Danilson, J., concurring specially) (summarizing the state of the
law). As a service to sentencing courts, the bar, and litigants, we should better
mark the aids on the chart and acknowledge one line of authority silently has
overruled another or attempt to otherwise reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable.
There is no doubt our cases in this area appear in tension, if not direct
conflict. Bell contends the sentencing court is required to state on the record its
specific reason or reasons for the imposition of consecutive sentences. The
argument is supported by controlling authority. For example, in State v. Jason,
779 N.W.2d 66, 77 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009), the sentencing court articulated a
variety of factors it considered in imposing a term of incarceration but then failed
to articulate whether those same factors related to its decision to impose
consecutive sentences. This court concluded the statement of reasons was
insufficient:
The district court provided sufficient reasons to support its decision
to impose a term of incarceration. It cited the nature of the
offenses, their ongoing nature, and the continuing course of
conduct by Jason. However, the court did not provide any reasons
for its decision to impose consecutive sentences . . . . Although the
reasons given for imposing consecutive sentences may be the
same reasons for granting probation, reasons must be identified.
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Here, the trial court provided no explanation for the imposition of
consecutive sentences during the sentencing hearing or in the
sentencing order. Since the trial court gave sufficient reasons for
imposing incarceration, we vacate only that portion of the sentence
imposing consecutive sentences and remand for the purpose of
determining whether the sentences should run consecutive or
concurrent.
Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 77. (internal citations omitted). Other cases reach the
same conclusion: the sentencing court must specifically identify the reason or
reasons for imposing consecutive sentences. See, e.g., State v. Jacobs, 607
N.W.2d 679, 690 (Iowa 2000) (explaining that court’s statements regarding the
nature of the offense, the harm caused to the victims, and the “cold and
calculated” nature of the crime were “sufficient reasons to support its decision to
impose a term of incarceration . . . [h]owever, the court did not provide reasons
for its decision to impose consecutive sentences”); State v. Oliver, 588 N.W.2d
412, 414 (Iowa 1998) (holding that imposition of consecutive sentences without
explanation of reasons was not sufficient under rule 2.23(3)(d)); Uthe, 542
N.W.2d at 816 (holding that stated reasons for refusal to grant probation were not
a sufficient explanation of why the sentencing court imposed consecutive
sentences); State v. Gasaway, No. 13-0458, 2014 WL 251906, at *1 (Iowa Ct.
App. Jan. 23, 2014) (holding stated reasons were insufficient); State v. Delaney,
526 N.W.2d 170, 178 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (vacating sentence where the
sentencing court’s reasons related solely to the denial of probation and stating
that “more is required to enable us to properly perform our review”). In apparent
conflict, the State contends the sentencing court need not specifically identify its
reason or reasons for imposing consecutive sentences so long as the sentencing
court articulates an “overall sentencing plan.” The State cites Hennings for this
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proposition, which is discussed in sufficient detail by the majority. There are
numerous other cases purporting to stand for the same proposition as Hennings,
and they need not be cited here.
The majority navigates the apparent conflict between the cases by
implicitly holding that Hennings overruled Jason. The majority notes it agrees
with “Bell’s contention that the district court provided no explicit connection
between its sentencing plan as a whole and its decision to impose the
consecutive sentence.” The majority continues, noting “[i]n Hennings not a single
word or sentence was directly expressed explaining why consecutive sentences
were imposed.” The majority reasons because it “can discern no difference
between these facts and the facts in Hennings . . . [it] can only conclude the
court’s reasoning is apparent from the overall sentencing rationale.” Implicit in
the court’s holding is the conclusion that Jason and Hennings are materially
indistinguishable and Hennings overruled Jason sub silentio. This is a perfectly
reasonable interpretation of Hennings and similar cases; however, it is not the
only possible interpretation. I conclude Hennings is distinguishable from this
case. Moreover, I conclude Hennings and the body of “overall sentencing plan”
cases are wholly reconcilable with Jason and the body of cases requiring a
reason be given for the imposition of consecutive sentences.
In Hennings, the sentencing court discussed in great detail the reasons for
its sentence, as did the sentencing court here. In Hennings, however, the
sentencing court imposed consecutive sentences after stating “with all those
things in mind.” 791 N.W.2d at 838. The sentencing court in Hennings thus
clearly identified on the record that the same reasons supporting its decision to
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impose a term of incarceration also supported its decision to impose consecutive
sentences. This critical fact redraws the otherwise unhelpful nautical chart.
Rather than overruling Jason and similar cases, Hennings is actually in accord
with the requirement that the sentencing court identify its reason or reasons—
even if terse and succinct—for the imposition of consecutive sentences. In
contrast, in this case, the sentencing court’s reasons for imposing the particular
sentence related only to the offense of driving while barred as a habitual offender
and only to the reason for choosing incarceration over probation for that
conviction: “It appears the best opportunity to prevent you from driving is to
incarcerate you with the Department of Corrections.” Unlike Hennings, the
sentencing court in this case never stated the same reasons supporting its
decision to impose a term of incarceration also supported its decision to impose
consecutive sentences.
The more limited reading of Hennings offered here is more consistent with
the “overall sentencing plan” cases as originally intended. The first decision to
use the “sentencing plan” rationale was State v. Johnson, 445 N.W.2d 337 (Iowa
1989). In that case, the court affirmed the imposition of consecutive sentences
where the sentencing court explicitly stated “these are two separate offenses and
that the sentences shall run consecutively.” Johnson, 445 N.W.2d at 343. The
court explained that the district court’s explanation of its “overall sentencing plan”
shed light on the “particular reasons . . . which appear in the sentencing colloquy,
sentencing order, and presentence investigation referred to by the district court.”
Id. The Johnson court never held the “overall sentencing plan” was a substitute
for the required statement of reasons. Indeed, the Johnson court rejected such a
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notion by distinguishing State v. Harrington, 349 N.W.2d 758, 763 (Iowa 1984),
stating the court in Harrington “remanded for resentencing where the trial
court . . . . did not state any reason where the two . . . sentences were set to run
consecutively.” 445 N.W.2d at 343. Similarly, in State v. Jorden, 461 N.W.2d
356, 358 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990), we affirmed the imposition of consecutive
sentences where there was an overall sentencing plan and the district court
explicitly stated: “Consecutive sentence was determined to be an appropriate
sentence in this case because of the defendant’s extensive prior criminal history.”
Again, the overall sentencing plan was considered in addition to the sentencing
court’s statement of reasons and not in lieu of the same.
Other early cases also include at least one reason specifically related to
the imposition of consecutive sentences within the context of an overall
sentencing plan. See, e.g., State v. Kittler, No. 98-1558, 2000 WL 18717, at *1-2
(Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 12, 2000) (affirming sentences where district court explicitly
weighed factors for and against imposition of consecutive sentences); State v.
Terwilliger, No. 98-1781, 1999 WL 1136677, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 13, 1999)
(affirming overall sentencing plan where the sentencing court imposed
consecutive sentences because “of the seriousness of the offenses, the sexual
exploitation involved a vulnerable victim (a child), as well as that the offenses
occurred on different days and constituted separate criminal conduct”). I could
continue to cite similar cases until the bitter end, but the larger point is this:
although Hennings and other cases are cited for the proposition that an overall
sentencing plan can serve as a substitute for the sentencing court’s statement of
reasons for the imposition of consecutive sentences—as the State and majority
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cite Hennings here—that interpretation of Hennings and the similar cases is not
consistent with the rationale and holding of the original cases upon which they
rely.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.