IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 3-960 / 12-1635
Filed March 12, 2014
CHAD ENDERLE,
Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Nancy S. Tabor,
Judge.
Chad Enderle appeals the denial of his application for postconviction
relief. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Dennis D. Hendickson,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Thomas H. Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, and Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Potterfield, JJ.
Tabor, J., takes no part.
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VAITHESWARAN, J.
Chad Enderle appeals the denial of his application for postconviction
relief.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Gregory Harris was found dead in Davenport, Iowa. The State charged
Enderle with first-degree murder and willful injury, and the case proceeded to
trial.
On the murder count, the jury was instructed that the State would have to
prove Enderle either: “(a) acted willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with a
specific intent to kill Gregory L. Harris; or (b) was participating in the offense of
Willful Injury resulting in serious injury to Gregory L. Harris.” The second
alternative has come to be known as the felony-murder rule. See State v.
Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d 549, 552 (Iowa 2006).
A jury found Enderle guilty as charged, and Enderle appealed. While his
appeal was pending, the Iowa Supreme Court overruled existing precedent
relating to the felony-murder rule. Id. at 558. The supreme court held “if the act
causing willful injury is the same act that causes the victim’s death, the former is
merged into the murder and therefore cannot serve as the predicate felony for
felony-murder purposes.” Id. The court reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Id. at 563.
The court proceeded to address whether this holding would be applied
retroactively. The court stated, “The rule of law announced in this case regarding
the use of willful injury as a predicate felony for felony-murder purposes shall be
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applicable only to the present case and those cases not finally resolved on direct
appeal in which the issue has been raised in the district court.” Id. at 558.
After Heemstra was filed, Enderle sought to amend his appellate brief to
include the successful merger argument. The court denied his request. Later,
the court affirmed his judgment and sentence. See State v. Enderle, 745 N.W.2d
438, 443 (Iowa 2007).
Enderle applied for postconviction relief. The district court held a hearing
and denied the application in its entirety. Enderle appealed, raising several
issues and sub-issues.
II. Merger of Wilful Injury Count—Retroactive Application of
Heemstra
Relying on Heemstra, Enderle contends his willful injury conviction should
have merged with the murder conviction. He raises the issue in a number of
ways, which we will now parse.
First, Enderle contends we should independently revisit and expand the
limited retroactivity rule announced in Heemstra. In his view, Heemstra should
apply to his case because his appeal was pending when Heemstra was decided.
Heemstra’s retroactivity rule was clear: the court’s substantive holding
would apply retroactively to cases pending on appeal only if the merger issue
was “raised in the district court.” Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at 558. It is not our
prerogative to overrule this directive. See State v. Eichler, 83 N.W.2d 576, 578
(Iowa 1957) (“If our previous holdings are to be overruled, we should ordinarily
prefer to do it ourselves.”).
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Second, Enderle argues his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to
foresee the substantive holding of Heemstra and object to the jury instruction on
that ground. To prevail, Enderle must establish (1) counsel breached an
essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984).
Enderle’s ineffective-assistance claim fails on the breach prong because
Heemstra announced a change in the law, and it is established that counsel has
no obligation to anticipate changes in the law. See Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at
558 (overruling State v. Beeman, 315 N.W.2d 770 (Iowa 1982) and its progeny);
see also Goosman v. State, 764 N.W.2d 539, 545 (Iowa 2009) (noting that the
ruling in Heemstra was clearly a change in the law and not merely a clarification);
Snethen v. State, 308 N.W.2d 11, 16 (Iowa 1981) (“Counsel need not be a
crystal gazer; it is not necessary to know what the law will become in the future to
provide effective assistance of counsel.”).
We acknowledge an apparent disconnect between our conclusion that
counsel was not obligated to preserve error and Heemstra’s retroactivity rule,
which requires an attorney to have raised the Heemstra issue in the district court
to benefit from Heemstra’s holding on appeal. But, in deciding an ineffective-
assistance claim, our focus is not on counsel’s ability to predict the outcome of a
case. See Morgan v. State, 469 N.W.2d 419, 427 (Iowa 1991). The focus is on
whether a reasonably competent attorney would have raised the issue.
Enderle’s trial attorney cogently testified that, at the time of Enderle’s trial,
“[w]illful injury was still a valid predicate felony for the felony murder rule.” He
pointed out the rule had been extant since 1982 and there “was nothing that [he]
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found from [his] endeavors both looking at the law and discussing the issues with
some of the attorneys that” would indicate the rule should be challenged. It is
true Enderle would have benefited from Heemstra had his trial attorney raised
the issue. The same was true in Morgan, yet the Iowa Supreme Court did not
hold the attorney “to a duty of clairvoyance.” Id. at 427. We also decline to do
so.
Our conclusion that counsel did not breach an essential duty in failing to
raise the Heemstra issue makes it unnecessary to address the State’s alternate
argument that Heemstra does not apply to the facts of Enderle’s case. See State
v. Tribble, 790 N.W.2d 121, 129 (Iowa 2010) (finding felony-murder statute
applicable “when two independent acts both contribute to the death of the
victim”). We also note the State did not raise this argument in the district court.
See Nguyen v. State, 829 N.W.2d 183, 187 (Iowa 2013) (declining to reach
State’s arguments that were raised for the first time on appeal).
Enderle’s third and final argument relating to Heemstra rests on several
constitutional provisions. He asserts that retroactive application of Heemstra is
mandated by the federal and state due process and equal protection clauses and
the Iowa Constitution’s separation of powers clause. The State counters that
only his claim under the federal Due Process Clause was preserved for our
review. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a
fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both
raised and decided by the district court before we will decide them on appeal.”).
We disagree with the State.
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Enderle raised a challenge based on his due process “rights” and the
district court ruled on his state and federal due process claims, stating, “Mr.
Enderle’s state and federal due process rights were not prejudiced by the
limitations on the retroactivity of Heemstra.” As for Enderle’s equal protection
claims, his postconviction brief asserted, “under Iowa’s Equal Protection Clause,
distinctions between classes of person must have some rational basis” and he
was “entitled to due process and equal protections afforded under the Iowa and
U.S. Constitutions and invoked in Griffith.” See Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S.
314, 323 (1987) (“[S]elective application of new rules violates the principle of
treating similarly situated defendants the same.”). The district court
acknowledged Enderle’s argument that Iowa courts have “unconstitutionally
made a distinction between defendants whose case was still on direct appeal
whose counsel raised the felony-murder issue and those whose case was still on
direct appeal and whose counsel did not raise such an issue in the court below.”
While the court did not cite the equal protection clauses in addressing this
argument, the court’s discussion implicates those clauses. Accordingly, we
conclude Enderle’s challenges under the state due process clause and the
federal and state equal protection clauses were preserved.
Remaining is Enderle’s assertion that Heemstra’s limited retroactivity
violates the separation of powers clause of article III, section 1 of the Iowa
Constitution. This issue was neither raised by Enderle’s postconviction attorney
nor decided by the postconviction court. See Goosman, 764 N.W.2d at 545
(concluding a postconviction applicant did not raise equal protection or
separation of powers arguments in his application for postconviction relief, the
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district court did not rule on these issues, and as a result, these issues could not
“be raised for the first time on appeal”). Acknowledging the absence of a record
on this sub-issue, Enderle argues we should review it under an ineffective-
assistance-of-postconviction-counsel rubric. We agree with Enderle that this
exception to the error-preservation rule permits review of the issue. See State v.
Brothern, 832 N.W.2d 187, 191 (Iowa 2013) (“Ineffective assistance of counsel is
an exception to the traditional error preservation rules.”). We proceed to the
merits of the constitutional claims.
We begin with Enderle’s federal due process claim. That claim was
resolved in Goosman. There, the Iowa Supreme Court was asked to decide
whether federal due process required retroactive application of Heemstra to
postconviction relief proceedings. Id. The court read federal precedent to
require that, “where a court announces a ‘change’ in substantive law which does
not clarify existing law but overrules prior authoritative precedent on the same
substantive issue, federal due process does not require retroactive application of
the decision.” The court concluded “the limitation of retroactivity announced in
Heemstra to cases on direct appeal where the issue has been preserved did not
violate federal due process.” Id. at 545. This holding is controlling. Based on
Goosman, we conclude federal due process does not require retroactive
application of Heemstra to Enderle’s case.
We turn to Enderle’s state due process claim. Enderle argues “the Iowa
Constitution’s due process protection requires more than the federal
constitution.” He asserts “[f]undamental fairness strongly cries out for a new trial
because Enderle is denied due process solely because he fell through the cracks
8
of the timing belt of Heemstra, a fall beyond his control despite efforts to correct
in the appellate process of the criminal case.”
The Iowa Supreme Court “has generally deemed the federal and state due
process clauses to be ‘identical in scope, import, and purpose.’” State v. Nail,
743 N.W.2d 535, 539 (Iowa 2007) (citations omitted). Enderle does not suggest
a different approach under the state due process provision than the Goosman
court used to analyze the federal due process claim. Accordingly, we will treat
the state due process claim as identical. See id. Applying the Goosman analysis
to that claim, we conclude the state constitution’s due process clause does not
mandate retroactive application of Heemstra’s substantive holding to Enderle’s
case.
We next consider Heemstra’s federal and state equal protection claims.
Enderle contends “the court’s decision to not apply the Heemstra case
retroactively is an unreasonable classification which violates the equal protection
provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and
Article One Section Six of the Iowa Constitution.” This court was not persuaded
by similar arguments in Langdeaux v. State, No. 10-1625, 2012 WL 1439077, at
*7 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2012), Dixon v. State, No. 10-1691, 2011 WL
5867929, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 23, 2011) and Herrarte v. State, No. 08-
1295, 2011 WL 768763, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2011). Enderle’s argument
is equally unpersuasive.
Enderle’s classification is premised on those who preserved error and
those who did not. He cites no authority holding that denial of retroactive
application to those who fail to preserve error violates the equal protection
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clauses of the federal and state constitutions. Indeed, in Griffith, 479 U.S. at
317–18, the primary opinion on which he relies, defense counsel raised the issue
that became the subject of a subsequent Supreme Court opinion. See also
United States v. Curbelo, 726 F.3d 1260, 1266–67 (11th Cir. 2013) (“Griffith does
not allow Defendant to get around our usual rule that failing to file a suppression
motion waives Fourth Amendment claims, even claims based on a new ruling
from the Supreme Court.”). The same is true of the Iowa Supreme Court opinion
Enderle invokes, State v. Royer, 436 N.W.2d 637, 641 (Iowa 1989). There,
defense counsel submitted a proposed jury instruction that, if given, would have
comported with the Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in a subsequent opinion.
Royer, 436 N.W.2d at 641; see also Everett v. Brewer, 215 N.W.2d 244,
248 (Iowa 1974) (“We believe there is a rational basis for classifying appellants in
accordance with whether their claim previously has been fully considered and
adjudicated. Defendant’s claim he was denied equal protection of the laws is
without merit.”). We conclude Enderle’s attempted classification based on direct
appeals that preserved the Heemstra issue and direct appeals that did not fails to
trigger the protections of the equal protection clauses.
We are left with Enderle’s claim that the separation of powers clause of
the Iowa Constitution demands retroactive application of Heemstra. As noted,
this issue was not preserved for review, requiring us to review it under an
ineffective-assistance-of-postconviction-counsel rubric.
The constitutional doctrine of separation of powers is violated “if one
branch of government purports to use powers that are clearly forbidden, or
attempts to use powers granted by the constitution to another branch.” State v.
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Phillips, 610 N.W.2d 840, 842 (Iowa 2000). Enderle has not explained how the
Iowa Supreme Court’s decision to limit retroactive application of Heemstra
encroached upon the powers granted to another branch of government.
That said, we acknowledge certain language in Heemstra at least
superficially lends support to Enderle’s argument. In particular, the court cited
the State’s argument that policy considerations for abandoning the felony-murder
rule were rejected by the Iowa legislature and the court was not free to invoke
those considerations, however valid they might be. Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at
557. However, the court rejected the argument, stating “[t]he legislature has
never considered the issue of whether, when the act causing willful injury is the
same as that causing death, the two acts should be merged.” Id. The court went
on to state, “[W]e should not attribute to the legislature an intent to ‘create[ ] an
ever-expanding felony murder rule’ by characterizing every willful injury as a
forcible felony for felony-murder purposes.” Id. at 558 (citing 4 Robert R. Rigg,
Iowa Practice Criminal Law (I) § 3:16 (2006)). In sum, the court did not see its
holding as an encroachment on legislative powers but as an effort to limit its
broader interpretations of legislative intent. Because the Heemstra court
effectively rejected Enderle’s separation of powers argument, we conclude
postconviction counsel did not breach an essential duty in failing to raise a
separation of powers claim. We also note that this court rejected an identical
argument in Langdeaux, 2012 WL 1439077, at *7. We are persuaded by the
reasoning of that opinion.
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In sum, we conclude the federal and state constitutional provisions cited
by Enderle do not mandate retroactive application of the substantive holding of
Heemstra.
We turn our attention to several arguments Enderle raised in a pro se filing
which, contrary to the State’s assertion, were timely.
III. Jury Instruction on Willful Injury
Enderle contends the district court erroneously instructed the jury on willful
injury. His trial attorney did not object to the instruction at trial. Accordingly, he
raised the issue at the postconviction hearing under an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel rubric. On appeal, Enderle does not reiterate that the issue is being
raised as an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. We will assume without
deciding that he intended to do so.
In State v. Schuler, the court held that a uniform jury instruction on willful
injury requiring the State to prove a defendant “sustained” a serious injury was an
incorrect statement of the law because the statute referred to an act “which is
intended to cause serious injury to another . . .” and a person who “causes
serious injury to another.” 774 N.W.2d 294, 298–99 (Iowa 2009) (quoting Iowa
Code § 708.4(1) (2005)).
The willful injury instruction given in Enderle’s case was virtually identical
to the instruction subsequently disapproved in Schuler. However, Schuler was
not decided until long after Enderle’s appeal became final. Additionally, the
Enderle instruction was based on a uniform jury instruction, which courts
reluctantly disapprove. See State v. Weaver, 405 N.W.2d 852, 855 (Iowa 1987).
Under these circumstances, we conclude Enderle’s attorney did not breach an
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essential duty in failing to predict this ground for objection. See State v.
Hepperle, 530 N.W.2d 735, 740 (Iowa 1995).
IV. “Duplicitous” Charges
Enderle contends his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to object to
what he characterizes as a “duplicitous” trial information in which he was charged
with one count of first-degree murder under two alternatives. He argues:
The trial information charged him with section 707.2(1) as well as
707.2(2). By charging two distinct acts, the State was allowed to
propose to the jury two different findings upon which to rest its
verdict, but did not require the finding of unanimity as required
under Iowa law, Federal law, and the U.S. Constitution.
The Iowa Supreme Court rejected this proposition in State v. Sharpe, 304
N.W.2d 220, 222–23 (Iowa 1981), reaffirming the propriety of amending a charge
of first-degree murder to allege a different means of committing the crime. See
also State v. Fuhrmann, 257 N.W.2d 619, 624 (Iowa 1977) (noting that “[f]irst-
degree murder may be committed in several ways” and holding under a prior
version of the statute, that it was permissible to amend trial information charging
first-degree murder to add a different alternative). If it is permissible to amend a
trial information to add an alternate means of committing first-degree murder, it is
permissible to include more than one alternative in the original trial information.
Enderle also contends reversal is mandated because “the jury rendered a
general verdict of guilt,” and the general verdict “does not reveal the basis [f]or a
guilty verdict.” See Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at 558 (“When a general verdict does
not reveal the basis for a guilty verdict, reversal is required.”); see also State v.
Martens, 569 N.W.2d 482, 485 (Iowa 1997) (“[T]he validity of a verdict based on
facts legally supporting one theory for conviction of a defendant does not negate
13
the possibility of a wrongful conviction of a defendant under a theory containing
legal error.”).
Although Enderle received a general verdict, both alternatives found
support in the law and the evidence at the time of the jury’s finding of guilt. See
Enderle, 745 N.W.2d at 443. For this reason, we find Enderle’s argument
unpersuasive. We affirm the district court’s denial of Enderle’s “duplicitous” trial
information argument.
V. Defective Trial Information—Willful Injury
Enderle next argues, “The trial information in Defendant’s case does not
allege any facts or elements as to Willful Injury in Count II. It simply parrots the
language of the statute without charging the elements of Willful Injury.” He raises
the issue under an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel rubric.
A defendant only needs to be “alert[ed] . . . generally to the source and
nature of the evidence against him.” See State v. Dalton, 674 N.W.2d 111, 120
(Iowa 2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted); State v. Grice, 515 N.W.2d
20, 22 (Iowa 1994) (“Generally an information need not detail the manner in
which the offense was committed.”). The trial information comported with this
rule. Accordingly, we conclude Enderle’s trial attorney did not breach an
essential duty in failing to object to the trial information on this basis.
VI. Suppression of Exculpatory Evidence
Enderle next contends the State suppressed exculpatory evidence, in
violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). In his view, the State was
aware that a partial palm print found on a walking stick alleged to have been one
of the murder weapons did not match his print. He asserts this information
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should have been disclosed prior to trial. Because Enderle’s trial and direct
appeal attorneys did not raise the issue, Enderle raised the issue at
postconviction under an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel rubric. We will review
the issue in that context.
To establish a Brady violation, the defendant must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that: “(1) the prosecution suppressed evidence;
(2) the evidence was favorable to the defendant; and (3) the evidence was
material to the issue of guilt.” Harrington v. State, 659 N.W.2d 509, 516 (Iowa
2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Enderle did not establish the first element. He conceded a department of
criminal investigation criminalist disclosed the existence of the palm print during
trial. His attorney cross-examined the criminalist about the palm print and elicited
an admission that the palm print was compared to Enderle’s print and the result
was “[n]egative.” His attorney also cross-examined a police lieutenant about the
palm print and again established that the palm print was not made by Enderle but
by a person unknown to the lieutenant. Because Enderle was able to make use
of the evidence before the jury found guilt, we conclude the evidence was not
suppressed. See State v. Bishop, 387 N.W.2d 554, 559 (Iowa 1986) (stating the
exculpatory evidence “was before the jury when they made their decision” and
“[w]here, as here, the evidence was disclosed during trial and at a meaningful
time, due process has not been denied”); see also State v. Veal, 564 N.W.2d
797, 810 (Iowa 1997) (“Evidence is not considered ‘suppressed’ if the defense is
able to take advantage of it at trial.”), overruled on other grounds by State v.
Hallum, 585 N.W.2d 249 (Iowa 1998). Accordingly, trial and appellate counsel
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did not breach an essential duty in failing to argue that the evidence was
suppressed.
VII. Failure to Call Witnesses
Enderle asserts his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to call two
witnesses—Tammy McNeal and Don Lawless—who, in his view, would have
testified that another individual expressed an intent to kill Harris.
“Claims of ineffective assistance involving tactical or strategic decisions of
counsel must be examined in light of all the circumstances to ascertain whether
the actions were a product of tactics or inattention to the responsibilities of an
attorney.” State v. Brubaker, 805 N.W.2d 164, 171 (Iowa 2011) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). Enderle’s trial attorney expressed concern about calling
McNeal as a witness because of “just how she came across.” In his view, “She
didn’t come across well.” As for Lawson, the attorney was not sure if they could
find the witness. Additionally, he explained that Lawson might open the door to
testimony about drugs being exchanged for sex, which the defense hoped to
avoid.
We conclude the attorney made a strategic decision not to call these
witnesses. Therefore, Enderle’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim fails.
VIII. Bloody Fingerprints
Enderle next argues his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to challenge
what he describes as “inflammatory references” to bloody finger prints on a
cigarette box found at the crime scene. He specifically refers to the testimony of
a police officer who was asked if a fingerprint was “clear enough just in the blood
that it wasn’t necessary to enhance it further” and who responded, “Yes, sir.”
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The officer was then asked, “So, in fact, the blood actually was like the agent that
brought out the print?” The officer responded, “In essence, when you fingerprint
somebody, you use ink as a medium, and you roll that print on paper. In this
case, instead of ink, the print was left with the blood on the finger on the item.”
No objections were made to this line of questioning. Counsel did object when the
officer was asked what material the fingerprint was made with. After additional
foundation was laid, the officer was allowed to testify that, in his opinion, “it
appears that the medium that the fingerprint was made with would be blood.”
Another officer also testified that there was blood spatter across the cigarette
package. The State did not test the substance that captured the fingerprint.
At the postconviction relief hearing, Enderle’s trial attorney said he used
the State’s failure to test the substance to advance his theory that the State
conducted an incomplete investigation. While he acknowledged he could have
objected “earlier and more often” to the officers’ opinions that the substance was
blood, he testified he believed he accomplished his goal of disparaging the
investigation with the objections he did make and with his closing argument.
We conclude Enderle’s trial attorney did not breach an essential duty in
failing to object more vigorously to the testimony of blood on the cigarette
package.
IX. Fingerprint Identification
Enderle next asserts counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge the
State’s fingerprint identification evidence. He suggests his attorney should have
done more to discredit the State’s fingerprint expert.
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Enderle’s attorney retained a fingerprint expert but did not call him as a
witness at trial. In lieu of retaining a trial expert, he vigorously cross-examined
the police lieutenant and others about the fingerprint evidence. While Enderle
hired a fingerprint expert at the postconviction relief hearing who opined to flaws
in the State’s analysis, the State severely impeached this testimony. We
conclude Enderle’s trial attorney did not breach an essential duty by declining to
call a fingerprint expert at trial.
X. Newly-Discovered Evidence
Finally, Enderle contends he is entitled to a new trial based on articles and
reports that question the validity of fingerprint evidence. His main focus is on a
2009 report released by the National Research Council, identifying several areas
of forensic science in need of improvement, including fingerprint analysis.
Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community et al.,
National Research Council of the National Academies, Strengthening Forensic
Science in the United States: A Path Forward (2009). Enderle contends this
report constitutes “newly-discovered evidence.”
Iowa Code section 822.2(d) (2009) permits a new trial if “[t]here exists
evidence of material facts, not previously presented and heard, that requires
vacation of the conviction or sentence in the interest of justice.” In order to
pursue a successful claim based on newly-discovered evidence, the applicant
must show:
(1) that the evidence was discovered after the verdict; (2) that it
could not have been discovered earlier in the exercise of due
diligence; (3) that the evidence is material to the issues in the case
and not merely cumulative or impeaching; and (4) that the evidence
probably would have changed the result of the trial.
18
Harrington, 659 N.W.2d at 516 (quotation marks and citation omitted). We
question whether the article is “evidence” within the meaning of the rule.
Assuming it is, Enderle admits similar articles appeared well before his trial. His
concession is dispositive of the issue. We conclude the report Enderle cites is
not newly-discovered evidence entitling him to a new trial.
We affirm the denial of Enderle’s postconviction relief application.
AFFIRMED.
Chad Enderle, Applicant-Appellant v. State of Iowa
Combined Opinion