FILED BY CLERK
FEB 28 2006
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION TWO
DIVISION TWO
THE STATE OF ARIZONA, )
) 2 CA-CR 2003-0165-PR
Respondent, ) DEPARTMENT B
)
v. ) OPINION
)
FREDRIC B. CLEERE, )
)
Petitioner. )
)
PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF COCHISE COUNTY
Cause No. CR200000433
Honorable Wallace R. Hoggatt, Judge
REVIEW GRANTED; RELIEF DENIED
Malanga Law Office
By Ralph Malanga and Joel A. Larson Bisbee
Attorneys for Petitioner
P E L A N D E R, Chief Judge.
¶1 This case returns to us from our supreme court, which granted the state’s
petition for review, denied the petition for review filed by petitioner Fredric Cleere, vacated
our prior opinion in this case, and remanded the case to this court for reconsideration in light
of State v. Martinez, 210 Ariz. 578, 115 P.3d 618 (2005), and State v. Henderson, 210
Ariz. 561, 115 P.3d 601 (2005). State v. Cleere, Nos. CR-05-0214-PR, CR-05-0221-PR,
2006 WL 40904 (Ariz. Jan. 4, 2006). In our prior opinion in this case, we granted review
of the trial court’s ruling on Cleere’s petition for post-conviction relief, filed pursuant to
Rule 32, Ariz. R. Crim. P., 17 A.R.S. And, in that opinion, we granted relief in part by
vacating Cleere’s sentence and remanding the case to the trial court for resentencing
pursuant to Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). State v. Cleere,
210 Ariz. 212, 109 P.3d 107 (App. 2005). Having previously vacated our prior opinion,
based on our reconsideration, we now replace it with this opinion, granting review but
denying relief.
BACKGROUND
¶2 Indicted for armed robbery and attempted murder, Cleere pled guilty in March
2001 to attempted murder, a class two felony and dangerous nature offense. Following a
mitigation hearing, the trial court sentenced him to a partially aggravated, fifteen-year prison
term.1 He successfully sought post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 32, Ariz. R. Crim. P.,
17 A.R.S., on the ground that the trial court erroneously had relied on his use of a
dangerous instrument, a box cutter, both to establish the dangerous nature of the offense in
order to enhance the range of sentence and then to aggravate his sentence. See A.R.S.
1
Under A.R.S. § 13-604(I), the presumptive prison term for Cleere’s conviction was
10.5 years, and the minimum and maximum terms were seven and twenty-one years. The
parties’ plea agreement, however, set a sentencing cap of fifteen years.
2
§§ 13-604(I), 13-702(C)(2); see also State v. Glassel, 211 Ariz. 33, n.17, 116 P.3d 1193,
1217 n.17 (2005).
¶3 At Cleere’s resentencing in September 2002, the trial court again imposed a
partially aggravated, fifteen-year sentence. Identifying Cleere’s use of a dangerous instrument
as the basis for enhancing his sentence, the court found as aggravating factors the infliction
of very serious physical injury to the victim, whose throat Cleere had slit with the box cutter;
the especially cruel manner in which Cleere had committed the offense; his having
committed it for pecuniary gain; and the serious emotional and mental harm suffered by the
victim. The trial court also found as mitigating factors Cleere’s “clean record,” “peaceable
behavior over 36 years before this happened,” and “expressed remorse.”
¶4 Cleere then filed a second Rule 32 petition, again challenging his sentence.
Claiming the trial court had relied on improper aggravating factors and had abused its
discretion by imposing a $19,250 surcharge in addition to a $25,000 fine, Cleere again
sought to be resentenced. The trial court granted partial relief by vacating the surcharge but
otherwise denied the second petition. This petition for review followed. While the petition
for review was pending, we granted Cleere’s request for leave to file a supplemental
memorandum based on Blakely.2
2
Blakely applies to cases pending on direct review when Blakely was decided. See
State v. Ruggiero, 211 Ariz. 262, n.3, 120 P.3d 690, 695 n.3 (App. 2005). Blakely also
applies to cases pending on review of a trial court’s denial of a pleading defendant’s “of-
right” petition for post-conviction relief under Rule 32, Ariz. R. Crim. P., 17 A.R.S. See
State v. Ward, 211 Ariz. 158, ¶¶ 1, 7, 24, 118 P.3d 1122, 1124, 1125, 1129 (App. 2005).
3
DISCUSSION
¶5 Of the four aggravating factors found by the trial court, Cleere argues in the
petition for review that one, serious physical injury, was an improper aggravating factor as
a matter of law because, he claims, it is an element of the offense of attempted murder and
thus expressly excluded from consideration by A.R.S. § 13-702(C)(1).3 But Cleere is
mistaken. Nowhere in the statutes that collectively define attempted murder is either
infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical injury to the victim made an element
of the offense. See A.R.S. §§ 13-1105, 13-1101, 13-1001. In fact, all that is required to
sustain an attempted murder conviction is evidence of “some overt act or steps taken toward
the commission of . . . [murder] and an intent to commit the crime.” State v. Routhier, 137
Ariz. 90, 99, 669 P.2d 68, 77 (1983).
¶6 Thus, because the criminal attempt statute requires only intent and “any step
in a course of conduct planned to culminate in commission of an offense,” one could commit
Although this review relates to Cleere’s second Rule 32 petition, that petition was “of right”
because it followed a conviction pursuant to a plea agreement and the trial court’s
resentencing. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.1. Finally, we note that the state argued in its
petition for review to our supreme court that “Blakely should not be applied retroactively
to cases on collateral review, including, as here, ‘initial collateral review.’” But we do not
infer from our supreme court’s order granting the state’s petition any agreement with that
particular contention.
3
Section 13-702(C)(1), A.R.S., requires a trial court to consider as an aggravating
circumstance the “[i]nfliction or threatened infliction of serious physical injury, except if this
circumstance is an essential element of the offense of conviction or has been utilized to
enhance the range of punishment under § 13-604.”
4
attempted murder by taking a step far short of inflicting or even threatening serious physical
injury. See § 13-1001(A)(2); see also State v. Williams, 183 Ariz. 368, 382, 904 P.2d 437,
451 (1995) (“A person can, with a culpable state of mind, take an intentional step toward
committing first degree murder without exerting or threatening to exert physical force on
another person.”); State v. Mandel, 78 Ariz. 226, 278 P.2d 413 (1954) (wife convicted of
attempted murder in murder-for-hire plot when no physical harm came to husband because
hit man contacted police). Consequently, because neither infliction nor threatened infliction
of serious physical injury is an essential element of attempted murder, the severity of the
victim’s injuries was a permissible aggravating factor under § 13-702(C)(1) in this case.
¶7 Cleere further contends there was insufficient evidence to support the other
three aggravating factors. And, in his supplemental memorandum, Cleere argues that the
other three aggravating factors found by the court, which he did not admit and a jury did not
find, were improperly used to aggravate his sentence in violation of Blakely. The state did
not file a response to either Cleere’s petition for review or his supplemental memorandum.
¶8 In its petition for review to the supreme court, however, the state argued Cleere
had waived any Blakely issues by failing to raise them in the trial court. But, as our supreme
court recently explained: “Defendants who fail to object to error at trial do not, strictly
speaking, ‘waive’ their claims. Rather, defendants who fail to object to an error below
forfeit the right to obtain appellate relief unless they prove that fundamental error occurred.”
Martinez, 210 Ariz. 578, n.2, 115 P.3d at 620 n.2; see also Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561,
5
¶ 19, 115 P.3d at 607 (“Fundamental error review . . . applies when a defendant fails to
object to alleged trial error.”). Accordingly, we review Cleere’s claims of fundamental error
relating to Blakely. See Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶ 1, 115 P.3d at 603; see also State v.
Aleman, 210 Ariz. 232, ¶ 24, 109 P.3d 571, 579 (App. 2005); State v. Thues, 203 Ariz.
339, ¶ 4, 54 P.3d 368, 369 (App. 2002) (“[i]mposition of an illegal sentence constitutes
fundamental error” that is not waived by defendant’s failure to raise it).
¶9 Fundamental error is “‘error going to the foundation of the case, error that
takes from the defendant a right essential to [the] defense, and error of such magnitude that
the defendant could not possibly have received a fair trial.’” Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561,
¶ 19, 115 P.3d at 607, quoting State v. Hunter, 142 Ariz. 88, 90, 688 P.2d 980, 982 (1984).
“[W]e place the burden of persuasion in fundamental error review on the defendant.” Id.
¶ 19. In order to obtain reversal based on unobjected-to trial error, a defendant must show
“both that fundamental error exists and that the error in [his or her] case caused . . .
prejudice.” Id. ¶ 20; see also State v. King, 158 Ariz. 419, 424, 763 P.2d 239, 244 (1988);
Hunter, 142 Ariz. at 90, 688 P.2d at 982.
¶10 As noted above, the trial court found as aggravating factors the infliction of
serious physical injury to the victim, cruelty, commission of the offense for pecuniary gain,
and serious emotional and mental harm to the victim. For the reasons already stated, we
have rejected Cleere’s contention that the trial court erred as a matter of Arizona statutory
law in considering the first factor, and he does not otherwise challenge on Blakely grounds
6
the court’s consideration of that factor. Indeed, in his supplemental brief that specifically
raised and addressed Blakely’s impact here, Cleere did not challenge on Blakely grounds the
trial court’s finding of serious physical injury to the victim as an aggravating factor. Absent
any such argument, Cleere forfeited his right to challenge that aggravating factor under
Blakely. See State v. Glassel, 211 Ariz. 33, n.17, 116 P.3d 1193, 1217 n.17 (2005)
(defendant who never challenged certain aggravating factors on Blakely grounds “waived
th[o]se issues by not raising them at trial or on appeal”).
¶11 Moreover, even had Cleere not waived any Blakely challenge to the
aggravating factor of serious physical injury to the victim, and even assuming the trial court’s
finding of that factor constitutes fundamental error, Cleere could not establish any prejudice
relating to that finding. One who asserts fundamental Blakely error “must show that a
reasonable jury, applying the appropriate standard of proof, could have reached a different
result [in finding an aggravator] than did the trial judge.” Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶ 27,
115 P.3d at 609; see also State v. Ruggiero, 211 Ariz. 262, ¶ 27, 120 P.3d 690, 696 (App.
2005); State v. Molina, 211 Ariz. 130, ¶ 21, 118 P.3d 1094, 1100 (App. 2005)
(fundamental Blakely error is prejudicial “if a reasonable jury, applying the appropriate
standard of proof, under the actual standards of a jury trial, could have reached a different
result than did the trial judge”). We then consider whether at least one aggravator “not
subject to such a conclusion” remains to support the aggravated sentence imposed by the
7
trial court. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶ 28, 115 P.3d at 609; see also Martinez, 210 Ariz.
578, ¶¶ 21, 26, 115 P.3d at 624, 625.
¶12 With those principles in mind, we cannot say that any reasonable jury,
applying the standard of proof of beyond a reasonable doubt, could have reached a different
conclusion than did the trial court on whether Cleere had inflicted serious physical injury
to the victim by slashing her throat with a box cutter. Again, Cleere does not argue
otherwise and never has challenged the fact that the victim sustained serious physical injury.
As defense counsel acknowledged at the resentencing, Cleere “took a box cutter and he cut
[the victim’s] throat, and that’s a horrible . . . thing to think about.” The presentence report,
to which defense counsel referred, reportedly stated that the victim’s “cut went from ear to
ear and the trachea was exposed.” Moreover, counsel acknowledged that Cleere’s act “was
intended to kill,” in that Cleere had “expos[ed] the [victim’s] neck, [and went] for the
proverbial jugular.” In short, the trial court’s finding of that fact as an aggravating factor
under § 13-702(C)(1) did not prejudice Cleere and clearly was harmless. See State v.
Anderson, 211 Ariz. 59, ¶ 7, 116 P.3d 1219, 1221 (2005) (trial court’s failure to submit to
jury issue of aggravating factor “was at worst harmless error”); Glassel, 211 Ariz. 33, ¶ 104,
116 P.3d at 1218 (no fundamental Blakely error when defendant could not establish that
any reasonable jury would have failed to find aggravating factor); Ruggiero, 211 Ariz. 262,
¶ 28, 120 P.3d at 696.
8
¶13 Cleere argues the trial court’s finding of the three aggravating factors other
than serious physical injury violated Blakely because those factors were neither found by a
jury beyond a reasonable doubt nor admitted by him. But, once the trial court found serious
physical injury as an aggravating circumstance, an uncontested finding for which Cleere, in
any event, has not established prejudice, the court “could properly consider the remaining
factors to determine the specific sentence to impose on [him] within the aggravated range.”4
Ruggiero, 211 Ariz. 262, ¶ 29, 120 P.3d at 696-97; see also Anderson, 211 Ariz. 59, ¶ 8,
116 P.3d at 1221-22; Glassel, 211 Ariz. 33, ¶ 102, 116 P.3d at 1217; Martinez, 210 Ariz.
578, ¶ 26, 115 P.3d at 625; State v. Burdick, 211 Ariz. 583, ¶ 13, 125 P.3d 1039, 1042
(App. 2005); Molina, 211 Ariz. 130, ¶ 23, 118 P.3d at 1100.
DISPOSITION
¶14 We grant the petition for review but deny relief on the issues raised therein.
____________________________________
JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge
CONCURRING:
____________________________________
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Judge
4
Unlike the defendant in State v. Molina, 211 Ariz. 130, ¶¶ 24-31, 118 P.3d 1094,
1100-02 (App. 2005), Cleere does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support
any of the aggravating factors the trial court found.
9
____________________________________
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Presiding Judge
10
State of Arizona v. Fredric B. Cleere
Combined Opinion