FILED BY CLERK
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OCT 18 2007
STATE OF ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO DIVISION TWO
MICHAEL CULLEN, a single man; and )
JANA CORONADO, a single woman, ) 2 CA-CV 2007-0020
) DEPARTMENT A
Plaintiffs/Appellants, )
) OPINION
v. )
)
KOTY-LEAVITT INSURANCE )
AGENCY, INC., an Arizona corporation; )
and AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE )
COMPANY, a foreign corporation, )
)
Defendants/Appellees. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. C20061255
Honorable Deborah Bernini, Judge
AFFIRMED
Haralson, Miller, Pitt, Feldman, & McAnally, P.L.C.
By Thomas G. Cotter Tucson
Attorneys for Plaintiffs/Appellants
Harper Christian Dichter Graif P.C.
By Kevin C. Barrett and Jay R. Graif Phoenix
Attorneys for Defendants/Appellees
B R A M M E R, Judge.
¶1 Appellants Michael Cullen and Jana Coronado appeal from the trial court’s
grant of appellee Auto Owners Insurance Company’s (Auto Owners) motion to dismiss
Cullen’s and Coronado’s action for breach of contract and bad faith denial of Cullen’s
insurance claim, made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Ariz. R. Civ. P. Finding no error, we
affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
¶2 “In reviewing the trial court’s decision to dismiss for failure to state a claim,
we assume as true the facts alleged in the complaint.” Doe ex rel. Doe v. State, 200 Ariz.
174, ¶ 2, 24 P.3d 1269, 1270 (2001). In February 2004, Cullen was injured while riding as
a passenger in a vehicle owned by a third party. He filed a claim for benefits under the
underinsured motorist (UIM) provision of an insurance policy issued by Auto Owners that
covered a different vehicle “used exclusively by . . . Jana Coronado and her family,”
including her son, Cullen. The named insured on that policy was Sierrita Mining and Ranch
Company (Sierrita), which apparently owned the vehicle. Cullen and Coronado describe
Sierrita as an entity that provided the insured vehicle to Coronado and her family for their
exclusive use. The insurance policy named no insureds in addition to Sierrita and did not
refer in any way to either Coronado or Cullen.
¶3 After Auto-Owners denied Cullen’s claim, he and Coronado sued Auto
Owners, alleging it had breached the insurance contract and had acted in bad faith by denying
benefits to Cullen. The complaint also alleged that Koty-Leavitt Insurance Agency, Inc.,
2
which had sold the policy to Sierrita, had “failed to use reasonable care in structuring the
[UIM] polic[y].”
¶4 Auto Owners moved to dismiss the claims against it pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6),
Ariz. R. Civ. P., arguing that Coronado was not a proper plaintiff because she “ha[d neither]
suffered any injuries related to an automobile accident” nor “made a claim under the Policy”
and, as to Cullen, that “under the express terms of the policy, UIM benefits do not extend to
Cullen,” and he “had no reasonable expectation of coverage.” The trial court determined
that, because Coronado had never made a claim under the policy, she could not meet the
prerequisites for a bad faith claim against Auto Owners. Thus, the court granted the motion
to dismiss Coronado’s claims “[b]ecause no amendment to the complaint can cure this
deficiency.” As to Cullen, the court determined the facts in his complaint “do not lend
themselves to a finding of coverage.” It also stated the policy did not cover Cullen because
he “was not traveling in an automobile that was covered under the . . . policy when he was
injured and the . . . policy did not offer ‘portable’ UIM coverage.” Therefore, the court
concluded, Cullen “ha[d] not stated a claim upon which relief can be granted.”
¶5 Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation,1 the court “stay[ed] the proceedings of this
case against Koty-Leavitt Insurance Agency, Inc. pending the outcome of [Cullen’s and
Coronado’s] appeal of the dismissal of [their] claims against Auto Owners.” The court,
1
The parties agreed that Coronado and Cullen would “voluntarily dismiss any and all
claims against Koty-Leavitt” if Auto Owners prevails in this appeal.
3
determining “there [was] no just reason for delay,” then entered a judgment in favor of Auto
Owners and awarded it attorney fees. This appeal followed.
Discussion
Coronado
¶6 Although her name appears in the notice of appeal and in the briefs she and
Cullen filed in this court, Coronado does not argue the trial court erred in granting Auto
Owners’s motion to dismiss her claims. The court dismissed her claims on a different basis
than it did Cullen’s, determining she could not state a claim for relief because, inter alia, she
had not filed a claim for benefits with Auto Owners. Accordingly, she has abandoned this
issue on appeal, and we affirm the court’s dismissal of her claims against Auto Owners. See
Torrez v. Knowlton, 205 Ariz. 550, n.1, 73 P.3d 1285, 1287 n.1 (App. 2003); Ariz. R. Civ.
App. P. 13(a)(6) (appellant’s brief shall contain “the contentions of the appellant with respect
to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes and
parts of the record relied on”).
Standard of Review
¶7 Cullen’s briefs assert facts that appear neither in his complaint nor in the
insurance contract. The trial court expressly declined to treat Auto Owners’s motion to
dismiss, made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Ariz. R. Civ. P., as a motion for summary judgment
and considered in ruling on the motion only “the contents of the pleadings, assuming the truth
of all allegations contained in the Complaint, and incorporating the insurance contract
4
referenced in the Complaint and Answer.” 2 As a threshold question, we must determine
whether the court erred by addressing Auto Owners’s motion as a motion to dismiss rather
than a motion for summary judgment.3 See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 12(b) (“If, on a motion . . . to
dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, matters
outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be
treated as one for summary judgment . . . .”).
¶8 A contract central to the plaintiff’s claim, however, is not a “matter[] outside
the pleadings” for the purposes of Rule 12(b)(6). See In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig.,
495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007) (“[B]ecause the defendants attached the contracts to their
motions to dismiss, the contracts were referred to in the complaints, and the contracts are
2
In his opposition to Auto Owners’s motion to dismiss, Cullen stated several facts not
found in his complaint. In its response, Auto Owners stated it would, “for the purposes of
this Motion only, consider these additional facts as being alleged in the Complaint.” Nothing
in the trial court’s ruling, however, suggests that it considered those additional facts in
reaching its decision.
3
Cullen has arguably waived this issue on appeal. He did not request that the trial
court convert Auto Owners’s motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment, and,
indeed, at the hearing on the motion argued the motion should be treated as a motion to
dismiss. See Moretto v. Samaritan Health Sys., 190 Ariz. 343, 346, 947 P.2d 917, 920 (App.
1997). He did, however, submit affidavits and a statement of facts supported by deposition
testimony to the trial court. On appeal, he did not specifically argue this issue until oral
argument before this court, although he did make the related argument in his brief that “[t]he
questions of Cullen’s reasonable expectations and UIM coverage under these circumstances
are questions of fact for the jury and cannot be decided on a motion to dismiss.” See James
v. State, 215 Ariz. 182, ¶ 34, 158 P.3d 905, 914 (App. 2007) (matters not raised in an
appellant’s opening brief are waived on appeal). In any event, any potential waiver here is
not jurisdictional, and, in our discretion, we address the issue on its merits. See Miller v.
Hehlen, 209 Ariz. 462, n.5, 104 P.3d 193, 198 n.5 (App. 2005).
5
central to the plaintiffs’ claims, we may consider the terms of the contracts in assessing the
motions to dismiss.”); Broder v. Cablevision Sys. Corp., 418 F.3d 187, 196 (2d Cir. 2005)
(when considering motion to dismiss, court may consider contract integral to complaint “even
if it is not formally incorporated by reference,” and court need not rely on plaintiff’s
description of contract terms and “may look to the agreement itself”); Stahl v. U. S. Dep’t of
Agric., 327 F.3d 697, 700 (8th Cir. 2003) (“In a case involving a contract, the court may
examine the contract documents in deciding a motion to dismiss.”); cf. Long v. City of
Glendale, 208 Ariz. 319, ¶¶ 31-32, 93 P.3d 519, 528-29 (App. 2004) (in context of motion
to dismiss, trial court may consider whether contract language “reasonably susceptible of the
meaning asserted” by party seeking to use parole evidence to vary written terms of the
contract). Although the federal cases cited above are not controlling authority, because
Arizona’s Rule 12 is similar to Rule 12 of the federal rules, we may “give great weight to the
federal interpretations of” that rule. Edwards v. Young, 107 Ariz. 283, 284, 486 P.2d 181,
182 (1971).
¶9 Cullen asserted at oral argument in this court that the above rule is a “minority”
rule and we should not adopt it. Our research does not support his assertion. Moreover, the
cases Cullen cited at oral argument are inapposite. He first relied on Colonial Tri-City Ltd.
Partnership v. Ben Franklin Stores, Inc., 179 Ariz. 428, 880 P.2d 648 (App. 1993). There,
Division One of this court determined the trial court had erred by treating defendant’s motion
as a motion to dismiss instead of one for summary judgment because the trial court had
6
considered a contract attached to the motion in reaching its decision. Id. at 431, 880 P.2d at
651. The contract in question, however, was not the lease contract that allegedly had been
breached, but was an assignment contract in which the defendant had assigned its rights and
duties under the original lease contract to a third party. Id. at 430, 880 P.2d at 650. Thus,
the assignment contract was not central to the plaintiff’s claim, but instead to the defendant’s
proposed defense. Cullen also relied on Zielke v. Wausau Memorial Hospital, 529 F. Supp.
571 (W.D. Wisc. 1982). There, the federal trial court declined to consider a contract the
defendant had attached to its motion to dismiss. Id. at 578. The contract, however, was not
a contract between the plaintiff and alleged tortfeasor but between the tortfeasor and his
insurance company, id., and thus, again, was not central to the plaintiff’s claim.
¶10 Moreover, although Cullen submitted additional affidavits and a statement of
facts, it was within the trial court’s discretion under Rule 12(b)(6) to disregard those
materials and instead consider the sufficiency of his complaint, in light of the contract at
issue; the court explicitly stated that it had done so. See Garita Hotel Ltd. P’ship v. Ponce
Fed. Bank, F.S.B., 958 F.2d 15, 18 (1st Cir. 1992) (motion to dismiss “is not automatically
transformed into a motion for summary judgment simply because matters outside the
pleadings are filed with” trial court, and, if trial court “chooses to ignore the supplementary
materials and determines the motion under the Rule 12(b)(6)[, Fed. R. Civ. P.] standard, no
conversion occurs”); Ware v. Assoc. Milk Prod., Inc., 614 F.2d 413, 414 (5th Cir. 1980)
(“Although Rule 12(b)[, Fed. R. Civ. P.,] provides that a 12(b)(6) motion shall be treated as
7
one for summary judgment when matters outside the record are presented to the court and
not excluded, in the instant case the express wording of the Order of Dismissal affirmatively
indicates that the district court did not consider the extra-pleading matters.”); Kulwiki v.
Dawson, 969 F.2d 1454, 1462 (3d Cir. 1992) (“Where a district court explicitly confines its
ruling to the complaint, however, our review is as under a motion to dismiss, even where
additional materials were admitted into the record.”); 5C Charles A. Wright & Arthur R.
Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1366 (2007) (“[F]ederal courts have complete
discretion to determine whether or not to accept the submission of any material beyond the
pleadings that is offered in conjunction with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion and rely on it, thereby
converting the motion, or to reject it or simply not consider it.”); see also Edwards, 107 Ariz.
at 284, 486 P.2d at 182. Thus, the court did not err in treating Auto Owners’s motion as a
motion to dismiss instead of a motion for summary judgment and considering the insurance
policy submitted by Auto Owners as part of that motion, nor by excluding the additional
materials Cullen submitted.
¶11 Addressing the standard of review for a motion to dismiss, Cullen contends that
we “can only affirm the trial court’s ruling if there are no possible facts that would allow a
reasonable expectations claim,” regardless of whether he alleged those facts in his complaint.
(Emphasis added.) That is not a correct statement of the law. Cullen cites Phelps Dodge
Corp. v. El Paso Corp., 213 Ariz. 400, 142 P.3d 708 (App. 2006), for his proposed standard
of review. There, Division One of this court stated: “We will sustain a dismissal only if the
8
plaintiffs ‘could not be entitled to relief under any facts susceptible of proof under the claims
stated.’” Id. ¶ 8, quoting Donnelly Constr. Co. v. Oberg/Hunt/Gilleland, 139 Ariz. 184, 186,
677 P.2d 1292, 1294 (1984).
¶12 Although many Arizona cases use the above or similar language when
determining whether a complaint’s assertions will survive a motion to dismiss,4 the supreme
court’s recent cases do not support Cullen’s position. In Mohave Disposal, Inc. v. City of
Kingman, 186 Ariz. 343, 346, 922 P.2d 308, 311 (1996), our supreme court stated it would
“uphold dismissal [for failure to state a claim] only if the plaintiffs would not be entitled to
relief under any facts susceptible of proof in the statement of the claim.” (Emphasis added);
see also Dressler v. Morrison, 212 Ariz. 279, ¶ 11, 130 P.3d 978, 980 (2006) (quoting
Mohave Disposal). Similarly, in Doe ex rel. Doe v. State, 200 Ariz. 174, ¶ 2, 24 P.3d 1269,
1270 (2001), the supreme court stated: “In reviewing the trial court’s decision to dismiss for
failure to state a claim, we assume as true the facts alleged in the complaint and affirm the
dismissal only if, as a matter of law, the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief on any
interpretation of those facts.” (Emphasis added). These recent standards articulated by our
supreme court do not permit a trial or appellate court to speculate about hypothetical facts
4
See, e.g., State ex rel. Corbin v. Pickrell, 136 Ariz. 589, 594, 667 P.2d 1304, 1309
(1983); Mackey v. Spangler, 81 Ariz. 113, 115, 301 P.2d 1026, 1027 (1956); Rowland v.
Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 210 Ariz. 530, ¶ 15, 115 P.3d 124, 128 (App. 2005); Universal
Mktg. & Entm’t, Inc. v. Bank One of Ariz., N.A., 203 Ariz. 266, ¶ 2, 53 P.3d 191, 192-93
(App. 2002); Carrillo v. State, 169 Ariz. 126, 129, 817 P.2d 493, 496 (App. 1991).
9
that might entitle the plaintiff to relief. Nor do we find any Arizona opinion in which a court
engaged in such speculation.
¶13 In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 1955 (2007), the
United States Supreme Court addressed a similar question under Rule 12, Fed. R. Civ. P.,5
and observed that the federal courts have long used language similar to that in Phelps Dodge
Corp. to define the scope of appellate review of a motion to dismiss. The bulk of those cases
have relied on Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 78 S. Ct. 99 (1957).6 There, the Court stated:
“In appraising the sufficiency of a complaint, we follow . . . the accepted rule that a
complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt
that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to
relief.” Id. at 45-46, 78 S. Ct. at 102 (emphasis added).
¶14 To the extent the “no set of facts” language might be interpreted to permit or
require a trial court to speculate about unpled facts when ruling on a motion to dismiss,
however, the United States Supreme Court resolved the issue by clarifying Conley in
Twombly. There, the Court stated: “This ‘no set of facts’ language can be read in isolation
as saying that any statement revealing the theory of the claim will suffice unless its factual
impossibility may be shown from the face of the pleadings.” Twombly, ___ U.S. at ___, 127
5
As noted previously, interpretations of Rule 12 by federal courts are persuasive. See
Edwards, 107 Ariz. 283, 284, 486 P.2d 181, 182 (1971).
6
See, e.g., Presley v. City of Charlottesville, 464 F.3d 480, 483 (4th Cir. 2006);
Valiant-Bey v. Morris, 829 F.2d 1441, 1443 (8th Cir. 1987); Patton v. Przybylski, 822 F.2d
697, 702 (7th Cir. 1987).
10
S. Ct. at 1968. It reasoned that, “[o]n such a focused and literal reading of Conley’s ‘no set
of facts,’ a wholly conclusory statement of claim would survive a motion to dismiss
whenever the pleadings left open the possibility that a plaintiff might later establish some ‘set
of [undisclosed] facts’ to support recovery.” Id. (second alteration in Twombly).
¶15 The Court rejected that reading, stating: “The phrase is best forgotten as an
incomplete, negative gloss on an accepted pleading standard: once a claim has been stated
adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations
in the complaint.” Id. at ___, 127 S. Ct. at 1969. “Conley, then, described the breadth of
opportunity to prove what an adequate complaint claims, not the minimum standard of
adequate pleading to govern a complaint’s survival.” Id. “While a complaint attacked by a
Rule 12(b)(6)[, Fed. R. Civ. P.] motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations,
a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more
than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action
will not do.” Id. at ___, 127 S. Ct. at 1964-65 (citations omitted) (second alteration in
Twombly). Instead, the complaint’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to
relief above the speculative level.” Id. at ___, 127 S. Ct. at 1965.
¶16 Moreover, Cullen’s interpretation of the standard of review for a trial court’s
grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is at odds with the purpose of Rule 8(a),
Ariz. R. Civ. P. Although Rule 8 requires only “[a] short and plain statement of the claim
showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” that statement must “give the opponent fair
11
notice of the nature and basis of the claim and indicate generally the type of litigation
involved.” Mackey v. Spangler, 81 Ariz. 113, 115, 301 P.2d 1026, 1027-28 (1956). But,
when a complaint fails to recite at least the basic facts supporting a claim for relief, we
cannot see how a defendant would have fair notice of the nature and basis of the claim. See
Twombly, ___ U.S. at ___, 127 S. Ct. at 1965, n.3 (“Without some factual allegation in the
complaint, it is hard to see how a claimant could satisfy the requirement of providing not only
‘fair notice’ of the nature of the claim, but also ‘grounds’ on which the claim rests.”).
¶17 Accordingly, we disregard the numerous extraneous factual allegations in
Cullen’s briefs. And, as we must, we consider only the facts pled in his complaint together
with the terms of the insurance contract to determine if Cullen has stated a claim upon which
relief can be granted. See Doe, 200 Ariz. 174, ¶ 2, 24 P.3d at 1270.
UIM Policy Terms
¶18 It is clear that the UIM provision of the policy Auto Owners issued to Sierrita
does not provide Cullen with UIM coverage. See Liberty Ins. Underwriters, Inc. v. Weitz
Co., 215 Ariz. 80, ¶ 7, 158 P.3d 209, 212 (App. 2007) (“An insurance policy is a contract
between the insurer and its insured.”). The interpretation of an insurance contract presents
a question of law, which we review de novo. Id. Cullen admits Sierrita is the named insured
on the policy that covers the vehicle Sierrita had provided to his family for their exclusive
use. The insurance policy defines “you or your” as the “first named insured . . . and if an
individual, your spouse who resides in the same household.” It defines relative as “a person
12
who resides with you and is related to you by blood, marriage or adoption” and includes “a
ward or foster child who resides with you.” The policy’s UIM provision states that Auto
Owners “will pay compensatory damages [to] any person . . . entitled to recover from the
owner or operator of an underinsured automobile for bodily injury sustained by such person
while occupying or getting into or out of an automobile” covered by the policy. When “the
first named insured . . . is an individual,” the UIM provision provides extended coverage
“when you are a pedestrian,” or “while [you] are occupying an automobile you do not own,”
and extends that additional coverage to relatives.
¶19 Cullen stated in his complaint that he was injured while riding in a vehicle
owned by a third party. He does not assert that vehicle was covered by an Auto Owners
policy. Thus, for Cullen to be covered by the UIM provision of the Auto Owners policy, the
policy’s named insured must be an individual and Cullen must be a relative residing in that
individual’s household. Whatever Sierrita is, it is not an “individual.” Accordingly, under
the plain language of the policy, the policy’s UIM coverage extended to the named insured
and his or her relatives does not apply—the UIM coverage would have only been available
to Cullen if he had been injured “while occupying or getting into or out of” a covered
automobile. The trial court did not err in determining the policy did not cover Cullen’s claim
for benefits.
13
Reasonable Expectation of UIM Coverage
¶20 Cullen argues that, despite the language of the policy, he had a “reasonable
expectation of UIM coverage because the policy at issue provided primary coverage for his
family’s personal, private use car.” He asserts that we may “reform” the policy’s language
to meet that expectation and “specify that Sierrita’s individual drivers are additional named
insureds,” or, in the alternative, that we should “remand[] for a trial on the merits o[f] [his]
reasonable expectations claim.” 7 Auto Owners responds that the reasonable expectations
doctrine does not apply to Cullen because he “is not the insured” under the policy.
¶21 Both the parties misapprehend the application of the reasonable expectations
doctrine by focusing only on Cullen’s expectations. The doctrine necessarily applies to the
reasonable expectations of the contracting parties, not to the reasonable expectations of a
hopeful insured, such as Cullen, who is a stranger to the insurance contract. See Averett v.
Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 177 Ariz. 531, 532, 869 P.2d 505, 506 (1994) (“It is well
7
In his reply brief, Cullen asserts Auto Owners failed to respond to his argument that
“the trial court erred by wrongly deciding a disputed factual issue (whether the policy
violated the reasonable expectations of Michael Cullen . . . ) in the context of a Rule
12(b)(6)motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Thus, he argues, Auto Owners has
admitted error on this issue. See In re Wickman, 138 Ariz. 337, 340, 674 P.2d 891, 894
(App. 1983) (“If a debatable issue is raised on appeal, appellee’s silence constitutes a
confession of reversible error.”). Auto Owners, however, did address Cullen’s argument,
albeit briefly, contending that, based on the facts Cullen asserted in his complaint and in his
briefs, “[n]o reasonable insured could form” a reasonable expectation that he or she was
personally insured by Sierrita’s policy issued by Auto Owners. In any event, although we
may treat a failure to respond to an argument as a confession of error, we are not required to
do so. See In re Marriage of Diezsi, 201 Ariz. 524, ¶ 2, 38 P.3d 1189, 1190 (App. 2002).
14
established that a contracting party’s reasonable expectations may affect the enforceability
of non-negotiated terms in a standardized agreement.”) (emphasis added).
¶22 In Ogden v. United States Fidelity & Guarantee Co., 188 Ariz. 132, 134-35,
933 P.2d 1200, 1202-03 (App. 1996), an employee had been involved in a motor vehicle
accident while driving a truck he had purchased from his employer that was ostensibly
covered by the employer’s insurance policy. The insurance policy, however, excluded
vehicles owned by employees. Id. at 134, 933 P.2d at 1202. The injured parties argued the
exclusion was invalid under the reasonable expectations doctrine. Id. at 138, 933 P.2d at
1206. Although the employer had promised “to provide insurance for the [vehicle],”
Division One of this court determined the employee’s “expectations have little effect on the
enforceability of a contract of insurance” to which the employee was not a party. Id. at 138-
39, 933 P.2d at 1206-07. Instead, Division One considered the reasonable expectations of
the employer that had purchased the policy. Id. at 139, 933 P.2d at 1207.
¶23 Similarly, in Do by Minker v. Farmers Insurance Co. of Arizona, 171 Ariz.
113, 116-17, 828 P.2d 1254, 1257-58 (App. 1991), we examined the reasonable expectations
of the father who had purchased the insurance policy, not the expectations of his children
who were injured in an accident, yet excluded by the policy. In Alcala v. Mid-Century
Insurance Co., 171 Ariz. 121, 122, 828 P.2d 1262, 1263 (App. 1992), the plaintiff had been
injured while riding as a passenger on a motorcycle. The driver of the motorcycle did not
own it, and the owner did not have an insurance policy covering it. Id. The plaintiff sought
15
coverage under the UIM provision of the driver’s automobile policy, which would only
provide coverage if the plaintiff had been injured while riding in the driver’s insured car. Id.
We determined the reasonable expectations doctrine did not apply to an injured party who
“had nothing to do with the purchase of the policy in question [and] never had an insurable
interest or expectancy under the policy.” Id. at 124, 828 P.2d at 1265.
¶24 Cullen falls within the same category as the plaintiff in Alcala. That status
alone, however, does not mean that Cullen could not have asserted a claim based on the
reasonable expectations doctrine or that his complaint is necessarily insufficient. See
Guerrero v. Copper Queen Hosp., 112 Ariz. 104, 106, 537 P.2d 1329, 1331 (1975) (“In
testing a complaint for a failure to state a claim, the question is whether enough is stated
which would entitle the plaintiff to relief upon some theory to be developed at trial.”);
Maldonado v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 129 Ariz. 165, 166-67, 629 P.2d 1001, 1002-03 (App.
1981) (“The test to be applied in resolving whether the complaint established that appellant
is entitled to relief under any theory of law is whether the complaint, taken in the light most
favorable to appellant, is sufficient to constitute a valid claim.”) (emphasis added); cf.
Mullenaux v. Graham County, 207 Ariz. 1, ¶ 18, 82 P.3d 362, 367 (App. 2004) (“[O]ur
courts have long held that ‘failure to make reference to a statute [in a complaint] is not fatal
to a claim.’”), quoting Toney v. Bouthillier, 129 Ariz. 402, 408, 631 P.2d 557, 563 (1981).
Thus, Cullen’s complaint is sufficient if the facts he alleged permit the inference Sierrita had
16
a reasonable expectation Cullen would have portable UIM coverage under the policy it
purchased from Auto Owners.8
¶25 Under the reasonable expectations doctrine, a court will not enforce
standardized insurance policy language in certain, limited, situations:
1. Where the contract terms, although not ambiguous to the
court, cannot be understood by the reasonably intelligent
consumer who might check on his or her rights, the court will
interpret them in light of the objective, reasonable expectations
of the average insured;
2. Where the insured did not receive full and adequate notice
of the term in question, and the provision is either unusual or
unexpected, or one that emasculates apparent coverage;
3. Where some activity which can be reasonably attributed to
the insurer would create an objective impression of coverage in
the mind of a reasonable insured;
4. Where some activity reasonably attributable to the insurer
has induced a particular insured reasonably to believe that he
has coverage, although such coverage is expressly and
unambiguously denied by the policy.
8
To the extent Cullen suggests our supreme court’s decision in Gordinier v. Aetna
Casualty & Surety Co., 154 Ariz. 266, 742 P.2d 277 (1987), means we should examine the
reasonable expectations of the hopeful insured instead of the contracting parties’, we
disagree. There, the court addressed whether an insurance policy provision denying coverage
to the named insured’s spouse violated the reasonable expectations doctrine. Id. at 271, 742
P.2d at 282. The court focused on the reasonable expectations of both spouses, id. at 273-74,
154 P.2d at 284-85, who, under Arizona law, are both parties to the contract even if entered
into by only one spouse. See A.R.S. § 25-215(D) (“[E]ither spouse may contract debts and
otherwise act for the benefit of the [marital] community.”).
17
Gordinier v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 154 Ariz. 266, 272-73, 742 P.2d 277, 283-84 (1987)
(citations omitted).
¶26 In his briefs to this court, Cullen describes several factual scenarios that
arguably could prove one of the above situations applies to his claim. His complaint,
however, contains none of them. Although Cullen’s complaint conclusorily asserts he had
a reasonable expectation of coverage, as we have explained, his expectations are not relevant
here. Moreover, conclusions of law in a complaint, standing alone, are insufficient to
withstand a motion to dismiss. See Aldabbagh v. Ariz. Dep’t of Liquor Licenses & Control,
162 Ariz. 415, 417, 783 P.2d 1207, 1209 (App. 1989) (“When testing a motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim, well-pleaded material allegations of the complaint are taken as
admitted, but conclusions of law or unwarranted deductions of fact are not.”).
¶27 Regarding the second Gordinier circumstance, Cullen’s complaint does not
allege any facts permitting the inference that Sierrita did not have full and adequate notice
of the policy’s terms, or that Sierrita had any expectation that those who would drive the
vehicles, as well as their families, would have portable UIM coverage. As to the third and
fourth Gordinier situations, Cullen does not allege any action by Auto Owners that could
reasonably be construed to have created or induced a belief in Sierrita that Cullen would have
UIM coverage under the policy when he was not operating an insured automobile. He
alleges that Auto Owners was aware private individuals used the vehicles insured by Sierrita,
but that fact simply does not permit the inference that Auto Owners induced in Sierrita any
18
belief that the policy would have covered Cullen at the time of his accident. Nor is such an
inference permitted by his allegation that Auto Owners charged a separate premium for UIM
coverage. The policy provided UIM coverage to anyone in a covered vehicle, and thus a
separate premium for that coverage is expected and appropriate. He does not, for example,
allege either that Auto Owners assured Sierrita those individuals or members of their families
would have portable UIM coverage, or that Sierrita had requested such coverage. Therefore,
Cullen’s complaint fails as to all but the first Gordinier situation.
¶28 Because it depends on the contract’s language, only the first Gordinier scenario
may be analyzed without reference to facts external to the contract terms. As to that
situation, Cullen asserts the term “relative” contained in the contract is “ambiguous as to
[him] because he was a Sierrita family member and great-grandson to its ‘owner.’” 9 Cullen
misinterprets Gordinier; that situation might apply where a policy gives a commonly
understood term a narrower definition than its usual definition, or where the policy terms are
unclear. For example, in Gordinier, our supreme court determined a policy that would
exclude from coverage a spouse who did not reside with the named insured defeated the
reasonable expectations of the insured. 154 Ariz. at 273-74, 742 P.2d at 284-85. But it
makes no sense to expand this rule to a situation in which a contracting party has a subjective
belief that the term, as applied to a specific situation, has a broader definition than would be
9
Cullen did not allege these facts in his complaint. The trial court, however, addressed
this argument in its ruling.
19
commonly understood by the average insured. We find no Arizona opinion that has done so,
and we decline to break this ground.
¶29 The policy at issue defines “relative” as “a person who resides with you and
is related to you by blood, marriage or adoption.” Again, the “you” here is Sierrita—not a
person—an entity incapable of having a living relative, either by blood or marriage.
Although the commonly understood definition of a “relative” is not restricted to a “person
who resides with you,” we cannot agree that any common definition of the term would
include Cullen’s relationship with Sierrita.10 See Am. States Ins. Co. v. C & G Contracting,
Inc., 186 Ariz. 421, 425, 924 P.2d 111, 115 (App. 1996) (“[A]s a matter of common law and
common sense, a reasonably intelligent consumer knows that he is neither related to a
corporation by blood, marriage or adoption nor a resident of its household.”). Moreover,
even were we to agree that the term “relative” could encompass Cullen’s relationship with
Sierrita, the policy only covers relatives if the named insured is an individual. As we stated
above, Sierrita is not an individual, and no reasonably intelligent consumer could believe that
it was.
10
Cullen asserts we must construe any ambiguity against Auto Owners. The term
“relative,” however, is not ambiguous in any way relevant to this case. And, in any event,
we do not construe ambiguous terms in his favor. See Am. States. Ins. Co. v. C & G
Contracting, Inc., 186 Ariz. 421, 424, 924 P.2d 111, 114 (App. 1996) (“The Arizona
Supreme Court has rejected the rule that a court must always construe an ambiguous
provision against the insurer, and has made clear that ‘[w]e prefer to adopt a rule of common
sense and have attempted to do so on numerous occasions.’”), quoting State Farm Mut. Auto.
Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 162 Ariz. 251, 257, 782 P.2d 727, 733 (1989).
20
¶30 Thus, because Cullen’s complaint was insufficient as to the last three Gordinier
situations, and because his claim under the first fails “as a matter of common law and
common sense,” C & G Contracting, 186 Ariz. at 425, 924 P.2d at 115, we conclude the trial
court did not err in granting Auto Owners’s motion to dismiss.11
Attorney Fees
¶31 Auto Owners requests we award it reasonable attorney fees and costs it
incurred in this appeal. It first requests attorney fees pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A),
which states a “court may award the successful party reasonable attorney fees” “[i]n any
contested action arising out of a contract.” Auto Owners also asserts there was a “complete
absence of Arizona law to support [Cullen’s and Coronado’s] claimed theories of relief,”
and, without citing any authority, argues that fact “provides additional support for [its] claim
for attorneys’ fees and costs on appeal.” In our discretion, we decline to award fees pursuant
to § 12-341.01(A). To the extent Auto Owners requests attorney fees pursuant to
§ 12-341.01(C), we deny its request. Auto Owners has not demonstrated, by clear and
convincing evidence, that Cullen’s appeal “constitutes harassment, is groundless and is not
made in good faith.” § 12-341.01(C).
11
When ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Ariz. R. Civ. P., a
trial court should give the non-moving party “an opportunity to amend its complaint if such
an amendment will cure its defects.” Sun World Corp. v. Pennysaver, Inc., 130 Ariz. 585,
589, 637 P.2d 1088, 1092 (App. 1981). Cullen, however, never requested leave to amend
his complaint and does not raise this issue on appeal. Accordingly, we do not address it. See
Torrez v. Knowlton, 205 Ariz. 550, n.1, 73 P.3d 1285, 1287 n.1 (App. 2003).
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Disposition
¶32 We affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of Auto Owners and against
Cullen and Coronado.
J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge
CONCURRING:
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Presiding Judge
JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge
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