FILED BY CLERK
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FEB 16 2006
STATE OF ARIZONA
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO DIVISION TWO
PAMELA MANIC, )
) 2 CA-CV 2005-0128
Petitioner/Appellee, ) DEPARTMENT B
)
v. ) OPINION
)
HONORABLE KATE DAWES, Judge of )
the Tucson City Court of the State of )
Arizona in and for the County of Pima, )
)
Respondent, )
)
and )
)
TUCSON CITY ATTORNEY’S )
OFFICE, )
)
Real Party in Interest/Appellant. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. C-20051824
Honorable Frank Dawley, Judge Pro Tempore
AFFIRMED
David Alan Darby and Natasha Wrae Tucson
Attorneys for Petitioner/Appellee
Michael G. Rankin, Tucson City Attorney
By Laura Brynwood and William F. Mills Tucson
Attorneys for Real Party in
Interest/Appellant
B R A M M E R, Judge.
¶1 The state appeals from the superior court’s ruling in a special action proceeding
filed by appellee Pamela Manic that challenged the respondent Tucson city magistrate’s order
denying Manic a jury trial. The court held that, as a defendant in a misdemeanor driving
under the influence of an intoxicant (DUI) case, Manic has the right to a jury trial. We agree
and affirm the ruling.
Factual and Procedural Background
¶2 Manic was cited in May 2004 for two violations of A.R.S. § 28-1381, driving
or being in actual physical control of a vehicle while under the influence of an intoxicant or
while impaired to the slightest degree and having a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08
or more within two hours of driving or being in physical control of a vehicle. The case
proceeded in the Tucson City Court.
¶3 Before the date scheduled for Manic’s trial, our supreme court decided
Derendal v. Griffith, 209 Ariz. 416, 104 P.3d 147 (2005), that arguably overruled its holding
in Rothweiler v. Superior Court, 100 Ariz. 37, 410 P.2d 479 (1966), that misdemeanor DUI
defendants have a constitutional right to a jury trial. The respondent magistrate, after a
hearing and relying on Derendal, ruled that Manic did not have the right to a jury trial. The
magistrate ruled that misdemeanor DUI had no common law antecedent and that the penalty
imposed for committing the offense was insufficient to overcome the presumption that
persons charged with committing petty offenses do not have the right to trial by jury.
Additionally, the respondent magistrate found, relying on Goldman v. Kautz, 111 Ariz. 431,
2
531 P.2d 1138 (1975), that neither A.R.S. §§ 28-1381(F) nor 28-1382(C) created a right to
a jury trial,1 because those statutes are procedural in nature.
¶4 Manic and a number of other DUI defendants filed a special action in Pima
County Superior Court challenging the respondent magistrate’s ruling. The superior court
reversed the ruling. Although the superior court agreed that DUI offenses have no common
law antecedent, it determined that Derendal had not overruled Rothweiler’s holding that the
Arizona Constitution guarantees misdemeanor DUI defendants the right to a jury trial.
Because the parties “requested a complete ruling for review purposes,” the superior court
also held that § 28-1381(F) provides a separate statutory right to a jury trial in DUI cases.
This appeal followed.
Discussion
¶5 The state first contends that, because DUI offenses have no common law
antecedent, there is no right to a jury trial for DUI defendants under article II, § 23 of the
Arizona Constitution or the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Manic
correctly points out, however, that the superior court ruled in the state’s favor on this issue
and that she did not cross-appeal from that ruling. Therefore, the state is not an aggrieved
party on this issue, see Rule 1, Ariz. R. Civ. App. P., 17B A.R.S.; see also Rule 9, Ariz. R.
Civ. App. P. (governing cross-appeals), and we do not address this argument.
1
Section 28-1381(F) is the statute at issue here. However, § 28-1382, which makes
extreme DUI an offense, contains the same language in subsection (C).
3
¶6 In Rothweiler, our supreme court ruled, based on article II, § 24 of the Arizona
Constitution, that misdemeanor DUI defendants have the right to a jury trial. 100 Ariz. at 45,
410 P.2d at 485. The court adopted a three-part test for determining when an offense was
a petty offense that did not warrant a jury trial, considering: 1) the severity of the penalty;
2) the moral quality of the act; and 3) the act’s relation to common law crimes. Id. at 42, 410
P.2d at 483. Finding that DUI had no relation to common law petty offenses, the supreme
court based its ruling on its analysis of the first two parts of the test. Id. at 43-44, 410 P.2d
at 484-85.
¶7 In Derendal, the court modified the Rothweiler test by eliminating the “moral
quality” part. 209 Ariz. 416, ¶ 32, 104 P.3d at 155. The court also ruled that any offense
punishable by no more than six months’ imprisonment is presumptively a petty offense for
which there is no constitutional right to a jury trial. Id. ¶ 21. But that presumption, it held,
may be overcome if a defendant can establish that “the offense carries additional severe,
direct, uniformly applied, statutory consequences.” Id. ¶ 37. The state contends that
Derendal creates a more stringent test for judging the severity of punishment and that the
penalties for misdemeanor DUI do not meet the new criteria.
¶8 Although the superior court ruled on the article II, § 24 constitutional question
and included analysis of the DUI statutes only for the purposes of a “complete ruling,” we
address only the meaning of § 28-1381(F) and not the constitutional claim. See State v.
Yslas, 139 Ariz. 60, 63, 676 P.2d 1118, 1121 (1984) (“[W]e do not determine constitutional
issues unless a decision is necessary to determine the merits of the action.”).
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¶9 The state contends that § 28-1381(F) does not create a right to a jury trial and,
instead, is procedural in nature, merely giving a defendant notice of existing rights. We
review issues of statutory construction de novo. Rowland v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc.,
210 Ariz. 530, ¶ 5, 115 P.3d 124, 126 (App. 2005). Section 28-1381(F) reads: “At the
arraignment, the court shall inform the defendant that the defendant may request a trial by
jury and that the request, if made, shall be granted.” 2 (Emphasis added.) After our supreme
court’s ruling in Derendal, Division One of this court held that § 28-1381(F) plainly and
unambiguously created “a substantive right to a jury trial.” State v. Smith, 211 Ariz. 101,
¶ 11, 118 P.3d 49, 52 (App. 2005). We agree.
¶10 The state argues that Goldman v. Kautz, 111 Ariz. 431, 531 P.2d 1138 (1975),
requires a different result. In that case, our supreme court analyzed A.R.S. § 22-320, which
addresses pretrial and trial procedures for justice courts. Section 22-320 reads: “A trial by
jury shall be had if demanded by either the state or defendant. Unless the demand is made
before commencement of the trial, a trial by jury shall be deemed waived.” The supreme
court held that § 22-320 did not create a substantive right to a jury trial, but instead, “was
2
The legislative history surrounding the adoption of § 28-1381(F) is somewhat
complex. The jury trial language first appeared in 1973 as part of the implied consent statute,
A.R.S. § 28-691. 1973 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 150, § 1. The language was removed from the
implied consent statute in 1990 and inserted into the substantive DUI statute, then A.R.S.
§ 28-692. 1990 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 375, §§ 7, 8. In 1995, Title 28 was completely revised,
1995 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 132, § 1, and the relevant language was included in the new
substantive DUI statute, A.R.S. § 28-2881, 1995 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 132, § 3, which was
renumbered in 1996 to § 28-1381. 1996 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 76, § 3.
5
intended to be procedural and must be read as meaning that a trial by jury shall be had if
demanded in cases where a jury trial is appropriate.” 111 Ariz. at 432, 531 P.2d at 1139.
¶11 The Goldman court also stated: “If the Legislature intended to grant a jury trial
in every case, it would have no doubt said so in plain, explicit language.” Id. The state
contends that, to create a substantive right to a jury trial, the legislature must do so in “plainer
and clearer” language than that found in § 22-320, and the language of § 28-1381(F) is
insufficient to create a substantive jury trial right. We disagree.
¶12 Section 22-320 provides that if a defendant does not request a jury trial before
trial begins, the right is waived. Generally, waiver of a jury trial does not occur by default,
but must be made knowingly and intelligently. State v. Jelks, 105 Ariz. 175, 177, 461 P.2d
473, 475 (1969) (right to jury trial must be voluntarily and intelligently waived); Ariz. R.
Crim. P. 18.1, 17 A.R.S. Section 28-1381(F) contains no waiver provision and requires the
court to inform the defendant that he or she may request a trial by jury, a requirement absent
from § 22-320. The notice requirement of § 28-1381(F) parallels the requirement of Rule
18.1 that a waiver must be knowing and intelligent, which suggests the legislature intended
in enacting § 28-1381(F) to create a statutory right to a jury trial that parallels the
constitutional right to a jury trial. See Rothweiler, 100 Ariz. at 47, 410 P.2d at 486.
¶13 Moreover, as Division One pointed out in Smith, § 22-320 governs trial
procedures in justice court, while § 28-1381 is a substantive statute that “establish[es] and
define[s] misdemeanor DUI offenses.” 211 Ariz. 101, ¶ 11, 118 P.3d at 52. The placement
of § 28-1381(F) in the substantive statute rather than in a set of procedural statutes further
6
distinguishes this case from Goldman. Additionally, as opposed to the general application
of § 22-320 to all misdemeanor crimes in justice court, § 28-1381 deals with but a single
crime.
¶14 The state insists that analysis of the legislative history of § 28-1381(F) shows
why Goldman applies. When the language of a statute is unambiguous, however, it is
“conclusive, absent clearly expressed legislative intent to the contrary.” Mail Boxes, Etc.,
v. Indus. Comm’n, 181 Ariz. 119, 121, 888 P.2d 777, 779 (1995).
¶15 The state contends that, because the language of § 28-1381(F) first appeared
in the implied consent statute enacted in 1973, instead of in the DUI statute itself, it only
served to give defendants notice of various rights and procedures at arraignment, but granted
no substantive rights. See 1973 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 150, § 1. The language at issue was
added in 1990 to the substantive DUI statute, then A.R.S. § 28-692. 1990 Ariz. Sess. Laws,
ch. 375, § 8.
¶16 Had the language in question remained in a notice statute, we might conclude
that Goldman renders it procedural. However, the legislature chose to insert that language
into the substantive DUI statute. “[W]hen the legislature amends a statute we must presume
[it] intended to change existing law rather than perform a futile act.” Lake Havasu City v.
Mohave County, 138 Ariz. 552, 558, 675 P.2d 1371, 1377 (App. 1983). The legislature’s
inserting the jury trial language into the substantive provisions of the DUI statutory scheme
lends support to our conclusion that it intended to provide a substantive right in light of
Goldman’s ruling on § 22-320. That the legislature inserted into the substantive DUI statute
7
only the provision granting jury trials and not the remainder of the language of the implied
consent statute further indicates it intended to create a substantive right. We see no “clearly
expressed legislative intent” suggesting otherwise, nor any evidence sufficient to overcome
the unambiguous language of the statute. See Mail Boxes, Etc., 181 Ariz. at 121, 888 P.2d
at 779.
¶17 The state also argues that, when the legislature moved the jury trial language
to the substantive DUI statute in 1990, it could have clarified the language in response to
Goldman, and its failure to do so “implies it had no such intent.” As discussed above,
however, the language in question was already more explicit than that of § 22-320 because
it more closely paralleled the constitutional language on the right to a jury trial. That the
legislature did not clarify it further implies nothing, nor does it mean the language the
legislature chose is insufficient. Moreover, legislative intent sufficient to overcome
unambiguous statutory language must be more than implied; it must be clearly expressed.
See Mail Boxes, Etc., 181 Ariz. at 121, 888 P.2d at 779.
¶18 The state further contends that, because the legislature is presumed to know
existing law when it enacts or modifies a statute, it could not have intended to create a
substantive right to a jury trial because Rothweiler had already declared the right existed. See
State v. Garza-Rodriguez, 164 Ariz. 107, 111, 791 P.2d 633, 637 (1990) (“We presume that
the legislature knows the existing laws when it enacts or modifies a statute.”). The state
reasons, therefore, that the enactment of § 28-1381(F) was superfluous. See Phoenix
8
Newspapers, Inc. v. Dep’t of Corrections, 188 Ariz. 237, 244, 934 P.2d 801, 808 (App. 1997)
(“[W]e presume that the legislature does not enact superfluous or reiterative legislation.”).
¶19 The authorities the state cited, however, only address situations in which the
legislature has enacted a statute that may be superfluous to existing statutes rather than
superfluous to existing case law, and we have found no authority that addresses that issue.3
Indeed, it is not unusual for the legislature to codify existing case law, and it has done so with
regularity. See, e.g., State v. Barreras, 181 Ariz. 516, 520, 892 P.2d 852, 856 (1995) (statute
codifies case holding on access to psychiatric evaluations for capital sentencing
determinations); Stewart v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 169 Ariz. 99, 103, 817 P.2d 44, 48
(App. 1991) (statute codifies court decisions on proof required to prove legal fraud). Also,
codification of the Rothweiler rule is not, in fact, superfluous; the statute adds a notice
requirement not included in Rothweiler’s ruling and, further, gives the right a statutory basis
not dependent on the constitutional underpinnings of Rothweiler. Moreover, although in
dictum, our supreme court has described the DUI statute as “codif[ying] the Rothweiler rule
requiring jury trials.” State ex rel. McDougall v. Strohson, 190 Ariz. 120, 126, 945 P.2d
1251, 1257 (1997).
¶20 Lastly, the state argues that the legislature failed to comply with article IV,
pt. 2, § 13 of the Arizona Constitution when it inserted the language from the implied consent
3
The state cites Phoenix Newspapers, Inc. v. Department of Corrections, 188 Ariz.
237, 244, 934 P.2d 801, 808 (App. 1997) (construing two statutes) and Patterson v.
Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, 177 Ariz. 153, 156, 865 P.2d 814, 817 (App. 1993)
(construing elements of same statute).
9
statute into the DUI statute. Article IV, pt. 2, § 13 requires every legislative act to “embrace
but one subject and matters properly connected therewith.” It also requires the subject to “be
expressed in the title” and declares that, if an act includes a subject not expressed in the title,
the missing portion of the act is void. The state contends that, because the title of House Bill
2433, which included amendments to a number of statutes and added the jury trial language,
did not state it was creating a statutory right to a jury trial, then the portion of the bill doing
so must be void. See 1990 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 375.
¶21 The purpose of article IV, pt. 2, § 13, known as the single subject rule, is to
prevent “the practice of ‘logrolling’, or the combining of disparate minorities into a majority
through a combination of unrelated legislative goals in a single bill [and] to prevent the evils
of omnibus bills, surreptitious and ‘hodgepodge’ legislation.” Litchfield Elementary Sch.
Dist. No. 79 v. Babbitt, 125 Ariz. 215, 223-24, 608 P.2d 792, 800-01 (App. 1980). When
examining whether an act complies with the single subject provision, we construe the
questioned legislation liberally in favor of finding it constitutional.” See id. at 224, 608 P.2d
at 801. “[T]he title to an act need not be a complete index to its contents,” and a provision
need only “directly or indirectly relate[] to the subject of the title and hav[e] a natural
connection therewith” or be “germane to the subject expressed in the title” to be
constitutional. State v. Harold, 74 Ariz. 210, 214-15, 246 P.2d 178, 180 (1952). Further, we
must be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the constitutional provision has been
violated before we will declare it void. Id. at 215, 246 P.2d at 180-81.
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¶22 The state contends, however, that because House Bill 2433 only amended
existing law and the title particularized the changes made, “‘the legislation is [therefore]
limited to the matters specified [in the title] and anything beyond them is void, however
germane it may be to the subject of the original act,’” quoting State v. Sutton, 115 Ariz. 417,
420, 565 P.2d 1278, 1281 (App. 1977). The state’s argument assumes that the implied
consent statute enacted in 1973 did not create a statutory right to a jury trial because, if it did,
then there would have been no change in existing law for the title of House Bill 2433 to
reflect. See Hoyle v. Superior Court, 161 Ariz. 224, 231, 778 P.2d 259, 266 (App. 1989) (if
amendment does not change existing law, then title need not give notice of amendment).
But, because we find House Bill 2433 did not violate the single subject provision and
definitively creates a substantive right to a jury trial, we need not decide whether the 1973
implied consent law created the right.
¶23 Although the state describes House Bill 2433 as an amendment and although
the title stated the act amended the substantive DUI statute, the title also stated that the bill
prescribes the offenses of driving under the influence of an intoxicant. 1990 Ariz. Sess.
Laws ch. 375. That portion of the title gave notice that those provisions could also prescribe
rights and defenses directly associated with those offenses. See Dennis v. Jordan, 71 Ariz.
430, 439, 229 P.2d 692, 698 (1951) (acts prescribing rights and duties may include
punishment even if not included in title); State v. Dixon, 127 Ariz. 554, 558, 622 P.2d 501,
508 (App. 1980) (rights related to trial by jury not included in title of act are reasonably part
of criminal code). The act’s title gave sufficient notice of its subject matter, and the
11
provision granting a trial by jury in DUI cases is certainly germane to an act prescribing DUI
offenses. We find no evidence of the evils that the single subject provision is intended to
prevent; there is no “logrolling” or “surreptitious legislation” contained in House Bill 2433.
Accordingly, it does not run afoul of the single subject requirement. See Litchfield
Elementary Sch. Dist., 125 Ariz. at 223-24, 608 P.2d at 800-01.
¶24 We affirm the superior court’s ruling.
J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge
CONCURRING:
PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge
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Pamela Manic v. Tucson City Attorney's Office
Combined Opinion