FILED BY CLERK
OCT 31 2012
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO
DIVISION TWO
THE STATE OF ARIZONA, )
) 2 CA-SA 2012-0065
Petitioner, ) DEPARTMENT B
)
v. ) OPINION
)
HON. JANE A. BUTLER, Judge Pro )
Tempore of the Superior Court of the )
State of Arizona, in and for the County )
of Pima, )
)
Respondent, )
)
and )
)
TYLER B., )
)
Real Party in Interest. )
)
SPECIAL ACTION PROCEEDING
Pima County Cause No. JV19004301
JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED
Barbara LaWall, Pima County Attorney
By Nicolette Kneup Tucson
Attorneys for Petitioner
Hernandez & Robles, P.C.
By Joshua F. Hamilton Tucson
Attorneys for Real Party in Interest
E S P I N O S A, Judge.
¶1 In this special action arising from a juvenile delinquency proceeding
against Tyler B., the state maintains the juvenile court abused its discretion in granting
Tyler’s motion to suppress the results of a blood test, taken pursuant to Arizona’s implied
consent law without his parents’ consent. We agree and, because the state has no equally
plain or speedy remedy by appeal, accept special action jurisdiction and reverse the
court’s ruling.
¶2 Our exercise of special action jurisdiction is appropriate when a party has
no “equally plain, speedy, and adequate remedy by appeal.” Ariz. R. P. Spec.
Actions 1(a). This is particularly so when the issue presented is a purely legal question.
State ex rel. Romley v. Martin, 203 Ariz. 46, ¶ 4, 49 P.3d 1142, 1143 (App. 2002), aff’d,
205 Ariz. 279, 69 P.3d 1000 (2003). Here, as the state points out, because Tyler will turn
eighteen in March 2013, the state has no equally plain or speedy remedy by appeal. 1 See
A.R.S. § 8-246 (juvenile court retains jurisdiction until minor’s eighteenth birthday).
Also, the matter may be resolved solely on the basis of two legal questions—whether
1
Both parties assert that the state is able to appeal suppression orders pursuant to
A.R.S. § 13-4032. Although this is true in criminal cases, neither party cites any
authority to support the application of that statute in the juvenile context. Appeals from
delinquency adjudications are controlled by A.R.S. § 8-235, which provides, “Any
aggrieved party in any juvenile court proceeding under this title may appeal from a final
order of the juvenile court to the court of appeals in the manner provided in the Arizona
rules of procedure for the juvenile court as adopted or approved by the Arizona supreme
court.”
2
Arizona’s Parents’ Bill of Rights is applicable to the blood test at issue here and whether
Tyler’s consent to that test was obtained constitutionally.
¶3 In February 2012, a monitor at Tyler’s school noticed him and two other
students arriving late to school and smelled marijuana on their clothing. The monitor
searched the vehicle in which they had arrived and found drug paraphernalia inside.
School officials reported the incident, and Pima County Sheriff’s Deputy Eric Heath
responded. After Heath informed Tyler of his rights pursuant to Miranda,2 Tyler
admitted he and his friends had left school, smoked marijuana, and then returned to
campus, with Tyler driving the vehicle. Heath then informed Tyler he was under arrest
for driving under the influence (DUI). When Tyler became agitated and upset, Heath
placed him in handcuffs for a brief period, removing them after less than ten minutes.
After Tyler had calmed down, Heath read him the admonitions contained in an “admin
per se/implied consent affidavit,” and Tyler agreed, both verbally and in writing, to
submit to blood testing pursuant to A.R.S. § 28-1321.
¶4 School administrators also contacted Tyler’s parents. His father arrived
and checked in with the office, and his mother arrived sometime shortly thereafter.
Tyler’s father waited in the lobby for about thirty minutes until the assistant principal told
him there was a “situation with Tyler.” Tyler’s father was aware the police were present
because he had seen a patrol vehicle outside and saw Officer Heath go out to the vehicle
to get his blood-testing kit. But Heath was not informed Tyler’s father had arrived until
2
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
3
after he had finished drawing Tyler’s blood. At that point, about ten minutes after the
assistant principal had spoken to them, Tyler’s parents were called into the office where
Tyler was and were told he had been “caught smoking marijuana” and arrested for DUI.
They were never asked for permission to draw or test Tyler’s blood.
¶5 Before his delinquency hearing, Tyler moved to suppress the results of his
blood test, arguing his consent to the test had not been voluntary and he lacked the legal
capacity to consent due to his age. After a hearing on the matter, the juvenile court
granted the motion, concluding that the Parents’ Bill of Rights “includes the right to
consent in writing before any record of the minor child’s blood . . . is created[,] shared or
stored” and did not include an exception for the implied consent law. The court also
concluded Tyler’s consent to the test had not been voluntary.3 We review a juvenile
court’s finding on voluntariness for an abuse of discretion, In re Andre M., 207 Ariz. 482,
¶ 19, 88 P.3d 552, 556 (2004), which includes an error of law. In re Erika V., 194 Ariz.
399, ¶ 2, 983 P.2d 768, 769 (App. 1999) (“In exercising its discretion . . . the juvenile
court may not misapply the law or a legal principle.”). And we review de novo a court’s
interpretation and application of a statute. In re Paul M., 198 Ariz. 122, ¶ 1, 7 P.3d 131,
132 (App. 2000).
3
Tyler’s motion to suppress asked that the juvenile court suppress “any and all
evidence derived” from the blood test, and the court broadly granted that motion. But
based on its comment that “this case does not raise the issue of whether Tyler’s
confession was voluntary,” the court apparently only suppressed the results of the blood
test, and we therefore address only the propriety of the suppression of that evidence.
4
¶6 In its petition, the state first contends that Arizona’s Parents’ Bill of Rights,
A.R.S. §§ 1-601 through 1-602, on which the juvenile court relied in part, is inapplicable
here. We agree. Section 1-602(A)(8) gives parents “[t]he right to consent in writing
before any record of the minor child’s blood or deoxyribonucleic acid is created, stored
or shared,” except as required or authorized by certain statutes or authorized by court
order. But § 1-602(B) provides that the “section does not prohibit courts, law
enforcement officers or employees of a government agency responsible for child welfare
from acting in their official capacity within the scope of their authority.” Thus, even
assuming that a blood test taken during a DUI investigation qualifies as a “record of the
minor child’s blood,” § 1-602(A)(8) is inapplicable when, as here, a law enforcement
officer draws the blood in the course of his duties in investigating a crime. Therefore, to
the extent the juvenile court relied on the Parents’ Bill of Rights in concluding Tyler’s
blood test results should be suppressed, it erred in applying the statute and abused its
discretion.4
¶7 Relying on Andre M., 207 Ariz. 482, 88 P.3d 552, the juvenile court also
concluded Tyler’s consent to the blood test was involuntary. The state contends this
4
We also reject Tyler’s argument that, because other statutes require parental
permission for blood draws for medical or voluntary reasons, such permission is required
pursuant to the implied consent statute. The statute includes no such requirement, and,
had the legislature intended to impose such a constraint, it certainly could have done so.
See State v. Gamez, 227 Ariz. 445, ¶ 30, 258 P.3d 263, 268 (App. 2011) (if legislature
intended to require state to prove defendant’s knowledge of victim’s age “it would have
said so”).
5
conclusion was an abuse of discretion and points out that “every driver gives implied
consent to a blood draw under the implied consent statute.”
¶8 Section 28-1321(A) provides:
A person who operates a motor vehicle in this state
gives consent . . . to a test or tests of the person’s blood,
breath, urine or other bodily substance for the purpose of
determining alcohol concentration or drug content if the
person is arrested for any offense arising out of acts alleged to
have been committed in violation [of the DUI statutes] . . . .
Although “the ‘consent’ referenced in subsection (A) [does not] authorize[] warrantless
testing of all persons arrested for [DUI],” when a person is arrested for DUI he or she is
not truly asked again to “consent” to a test, but rather must decide whether to refuse or
withdraw consent by failing to expressly agree to submit to the test. Carrillo v. Houser,
224 Ariz. 463, ¶¶ 11, 18, 232 P.3d 1245, 1247, 1248 (2010) (“[A]n arrestee’s failure to
expressly agree constitutes a refusal,” and “[t]he implied consent . . . statutorily disclaims
any asserted ‘right’ by an arrestee to refuse testing.”); see also § 28-1321(C) (person
incapable of refusal “deemed not to have withdrawn the consent provided”).
¶9 The implied consent statute also states that, if a person refuses to submit to
a blood, breath, or urine test, “[t]he test shall not be given, except as provided in
§ 28-1388, subsection E or pursuant to a search warrant.” § 28-1321(D)(1). Under the
statute, therefore, a DUI arrestee has the power, but not the right, to refuse to submit to
such testing. See State ex rel. Verburg v. Jones, 211 Ariz. 413, ¶ 9, 121 P.3d 1283, 1285
(App. 2005); Tornabene v. Bonine ex rel. Ariz. Highway Dep’t, 203 Ariz. 326, ¶ 19, 54
6
P.3d 355, 363 (App. 2002); State v. Krantz, 174 Ariz. 211, 215, 848 P.2d 296, 300 (App.
1992).
¶10 Unlike the statements to police officers at issue in Andre M., blood
evidence is not testimonial and therefore is not subject to suppression on a Fifth
Amendment voluntariness basis, State v. White, 102 Ariz. 162, 164, 426 P.2d 796, 798
(1967), citing Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757 (1966), and neither is the refusal to
submit to blood testing, State v. Superior Court, 155 Ariz. 408, 411, 747 P.2d 569, 572
(1987); State v. Superior Court, 154 Ariz. 574, 578, 744 P.2d 675, 679 (1987). And,
although a defendant’s understanding that police are requesting a blood test may be
relevant to a due process analysis,5 “the use of the term voluntary in the sense of
intelligent and knowing has no relevancy to the matter.” State v. Superior Court, 155
Ariz. at 411-12 & 411, 747 P.2d at 572-73 & 572.6 Thus, the juvenile court’s reliance on
Andre M. and notions of voluntariness for Fifth Amendment purposes was misplaced, and
it therefore abused its discretion in suppressing the results of Tyler’s blood test. In view
5
Because the record here does not suggest Tyler did not understand what was
being asked of him, we do not address whether due process would require any such
understanding when a defendant expressly agrees to a test and thereby avoids the
statutory penalty for refusal. See State v. Superior Court, 155 Ariz. 403, 407, 747 P.2d
564, 568 (App. 1986) (“Basic due process requires that in order for a person to be
penalized for disobeying a request, that person must understand what is being
requested . . . .”), approved as supplemented by State v. Superior Court, 155 Ariz. 408,
747 P.2d 569.
6
We also note the informed consent statute presents no Fourth Amendment issue.
Campbell v. Superior Court, 106 Ariz. 542, 554, 479 P.2d 685, 697 (1971); State v.
Noceo, 223 Ariz. 222, ¶ 7, 221 P.3d 1036, 1038-39 (App. 2009).
7
of this conclusion, we need not address the state’s argument that “Tyler’s blood result
would inevitably have been discovered” and therefore was admissible.
¶11 For all the above reasons, special-action jurisdiction is accepted and relief
is granted.
/s/ Philip G. Espinosa
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ Garye L. Vásquez
GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Presiding Judge
/s/ Virginia C. Kelly
VIRGINIA C. KELLY, Judge
8