NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
JOSE L. GARCIA, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D13-805
)
STATE OF FLORIDA, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed August 1, 2014.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pinellas
County; R. Timothy Peters, Judge.
Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and
Judith Ellis, Assistant Public Defender,
Bartow, for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and John M. Klawikofsky,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.
ALTENBERND, Judge.
Jose L. Garcia appeals his judgment and sentence of life in prison for
capital sexual battery. We reverse the judgment and sentence and remand for a new
trial because the trial court instructed the jury using the wrong standard instruction. This
error resulted in the jury receiving an instruction that contained a wrong element of the
offense when that element was in dispute and material to the jury's deliberations.
The amended information in this case charged a single count of capital
sexual battery. Specifically, it alleged that on July 31 or August 1 of 2011, Mr. Garcia
placed his finger into the vagina of the victim, who was less than twelve years of age.
See § 794.011(2)(a), Fla. Stat. (2011). The information also alleged that the act was
done in "a lewd, lascivious or indecent manner," which was not necessary to establish
the elements of capital sexual battery.
The trial court prepared the draft jury instructions and verdict form and
provided them to the attorneys on the morning of the second day of trial. There was a
serious error in these documents, but the lawyers did not object. The trial court properly
used Florida Standard Jury Instruction 11.1 as its core instruction for capital sexual
battery. But it selected element 2(a) from the options available for that element. Thus,
the instruction read:
[T]he State must prove the following three elements beyond
a reasonable doubt:
....
2. Jose L. Garcia committed an act upon (victim) in
which the finger of Jose L. Garcia penetrated or had union
with the vagina of (victim).
This instruction is not intended for use in cases alleging sexual battery where the
unlawful contact involves the defendant's finger.
Element 2(b) of the standard instruction actually applied in this case. That
standard instruction reads: "(Defendant) committed an act upon (victim) in which the
[anus] [vagina] of (victim) was penetrated by an object." Admittedly, "an object" is a
broad concept. Sometimes this instruction is modified to state that the defendant
-2-
committed an act upon the victim in which the vagina of the victim was penetrated by
the defendant's finger.
Thus, the offense charged required proof that Mr. Garcia penetrated the
victim's vagina with his finger. The jury instruction actually given allowed the jury to
convict him upon evidence that his finger had "union" with the victim's vagina. Evidence
of such "union" would be sufficient to prove lewd or lascivious molestation under section
800.04(5), Florida Statutes (2011), but it would not support a conviction for capital
sexual battery.1
Because this error was not preserved in the trial court, the primary
question is whether the error is fundamental. Recently, in Daniels v. State, 121 So. 3d
409, 418 (Fla. 2013), the supreme court reconfirmed the test for fundamental error in an
instruction involving the elements of the charged offense, which it had earlier
announced in Reed v. State, 837 So. 2d 366, 369-70 (Fla. 2002). It stated:
Accordingly, where the trial court fails to correctly instruct on
an element of the crime over which there is dispute, and that
element is both pertinent and material to what the jury must
consider in order to decide if the defendant is guilty of the
crime charged or any of its lesser included offenses,
fundamental error occurs.
Daniels, 121 So. 3d at 418; see also Haygood v. State, 109 So. 3d 735, 741 (Fla.
2013) ("[F]undamental error occurs in a jury instruction where the instruction
pertains to a disputed element of the offense and the error is pertinent or material
to what the jury must consider to convict.").
1
Section 800.04(5)(a) defines lewd or lascivious molestation as
"intentionally touch[ing] in a lewd or lascivious manner the breasts, genitals, genital
area, or buttocks, or the clothing covering them, of a person less than 16 years of age,
or forc[ing] or entic[ing] a person under 16 years of age to so touch the perpetrator."
-3-
A review of the record establishes that the issue of penetration was in
dispute and that the distinction between "union" and "penetration" was very pertinent
and material to what the jury was required to consider in order to decide if Mr. Garcia
was guilty of the crime charged. The victim in this case was about eleven when the
event occurred and twelve when she testified. She testified that she fell asleep while
sitting next to Mr. Garcia in a recliner. When she woke up, one of his "hands" was in
her "underwear." The transcript then reflects the following questions and answers:
Q. What did you feel?
A. His finger.
Q. Okay. And where was his finger?
A. In my vagina.
Q Did you call it a vagina back then or was it
something else?
A. I called it a killy (phonetic), because that's what
my mom called it.
Q. And you said you felt his hand in your vagina.
Was it on the outside or the inside?
A. The inside-ish.
Q. And what was—was his hand just sitting there
still or what was going on?
A. It was kind of, like, tapping.
Q. And was that his finger or his whole hand?
A. His finger.
Q. And was it tapping on the whole part or the
outside part?
A. I don't understand.
-4-
Q. Where on his—where on your vagina was his
finger tapping?
A. Inside.
The difficulty with this testimony, of course, is that it appears very likely
that the victim's "killy" was actually a description of her genital area and not specifically
her vagina. Even in the transcript, her use of the word "vagina" seems coached. It is
possible that this child was describing a "tapping" with a finger on part of her genital
area but not actually a penetration of her vagina. Certainly, with proper instructions a
jury could easily have decided that the State had not proven a penetration of the vagina
beyond a reasonable doubt.
The child was not examined by a nurse until seventeen days after the
event. She told the nurse that Mr. Garcia had put his hands inside her underwear
"touching me." The nurse found no evidence of trauma or tearing but did not expect to
find such evidence in the case of a "fondling."
During closing argument, the prosecutor explained to the jury:
Element number two is what I anticipate there will be
some dispute with from the defense. Jose Garcia committed
an act upon (victim) in which the finger of Jose Garcia
penetrated or had union with the vagina of (the victim).
And that's the key element that I assume that's going
to be in dispute today. Where does the evidence come from
that shows you that that occurred?
We agree with the prosecutor's assessment of the "key element."
Admittedly, in this case the defense attorney never argued to the jury that the case
might involve a union or touching but not a penetration. The reason for that omission is
the same reason that the attorney did not object to the instruction; the attorney
-5-
obviously did not understand the elements of the offense with which her client was
charged.2
However, the attorneys' failure to specifically dispute this element is not
comparable to cases where the attorney elects not to dispute an element when the
evidence and theory of defense do not create an arguable dispute. By pleading not
guilty and arguing that the events did not occur, Mr. Garcia disputed every element of
the charged offense. Cf. Griffin v. State, 128 So. 3d 88 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (holding an
erroneous instruction on the lesser-included offense of manslaughter by act was not
fundamental error in a prosecution for second-degree murder because the defendant
conceded the manner of the crime but presented the defense of mistaken identity),
review granted, No. SC13-2450 (Fla. Feb. 17, 2014); Ingraham v. State, 32 So. 3d 761,
767 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) (holding that failure to instruct on the element of intent to
commit larceny in a prosecution for vending machine theft under section 877.08(3),
Florida Statutes (2004), was not fundamental error because the only disputed element
at trial was the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator).
In Mr. Garcia's case, with the correct jury instruction, his attorney could
have disputed this issue in light of the evidence at trial. In this context, we conclude that
the test for whether the issue was in dispute and whether the element was pertinent and
material to the jury's deliberations should not be based on the argument of the lawyer
who did not object to the erroneous instruction. Instead, the test should be whether the
2
Arguably, our holding in this case could be based on ineffective
assistance of counsel on the face of the record. There certainly is no conceivable
tactical reason to allow the trial court to give and the prosecutor to rely upon a "union"
instruction in this case.
-6-
evidence presented a genuine dispute that was pertinent to the jury's decision if the
correct instruction had been given. Such is clearly the case on the face of this record.
The State argues that we should conclude this error was not fundamental
based on the similar holding in Graves v. State, 704 So. 2d 147 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997).
We note that Graves was decided before Reed, 837 So. 2d 366, and that Judge Benton
dissented as to this issue. See Graves, 704 So. 2d at 149-50 (Benton, J., concurring
and dissenting). Moreover, there apparently was evidence in Graves that the defendant
injured the victim's sexual organs. 704 So. 2d at 148. The court in Graves explained
that the victim's testimony and her demonstration before the jury were sufficient
evidence of the charged offense. Id. Finally, the court in Graves noted that the
prosecutor "focused only on the evidence of penetration" and "did not try this case on a
union theory." Id. at 149. We are convinced that Mr. Garcia's case is closer to some of
the cases distinguished in the Graves opinion. See, e.g., Gill v. State, 586 So. 2d 471,
472 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991) (finding a similar jury instruction fundamentally erroneous
because even though the victim's testimony indicated that penetration occurred, "a
portion of that testimony was sufficiently ambiguous to raise a question for the jury as to
whether in fact there had been penetration").
The instructions and the verdict form prepared by the trial court in this
case did not include any lesser offense other than misdemeanor battery. Again, there
was no objection. On remand, however, both the prosecutor and the defense counsel
may need to give further thought to whether attempted capital sexual battery is a lesser
offense and, in light of the allegations in the information that the act was committed in a
lewd or lascivious manner, whether section 800.04(5)(b) may be a permissive lesser
-7-
offense in this case. Cf. Williams v. State, 957 So. 2d 595 (Fla. 2007).3
Reversed and remanded.
NORTHCUTT, J., Concurs.
CASANUEVA, J., Concurs in result only.
3
We note that section 800.04(5)(b) was added by legislative amendment
after our decision in Garcia v. State, 976 So. 2d 676 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (affirming trial
court's denial of another defendant's request to instruct jury on lewd or lascivious
molestation under section 800.04(5)(a), Florida Statutes (2004), as a permissive lesser-
included offense of capital sexual battery where statutory elements of lewd or lascivious
molestation were not alleged in the information). See ch. 2008-182, § 3, at 2154, Laws
of Fla.
-8-