[Cite as State v. Tate, 138 Ohio St.3d 139, 2014-Ohio-44.]
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLANT, v. TATE, APPELLEE.
[Cite as State v. Tate, 138 Ohio St.3d 139, 2014-Ohio-44.]
Criminal Law—Domestic violence—Prior convictions elevate level of offense
under R.C. 2919.25(D)(4)—Stipulation to prior convictions—Plain error
not present when context of stipulation indicates that accused is person
who was previously convicted—Court of appeals’ judgment reversed.
(No. 2012-1861—Submitted October 23, 2013—Decided January 15, 2014.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County,
No. 97697, 2012-Ohio-4276.
____________________
O’DONNELL, J.
{¶ 1} The state appeals from a judgment of the Eighth District Court of
Appeals reversing Timothy Tate’s felony domestic violence conviction because it
determined that the state had failed to establish the necessary element of Tate’s
prior domestic violence convictions. The record reveals, however, that during
trial, the defense stipulated to the authenticity of Tate’s two prior first degree
misdemeanor domestic violence convictions, and therefore, the state did properly
prove the instant conviction. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the
appellate court and reinstate the judgment of the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On July 18, 2011, an altercation occurred between Timothy Tate
and his girlfriend, Yesolde Collins. Tate was upset because Collins did not
immediately respond when he called her asking for a key to the house they
shared.
{¶ 3} As Collins and her friend Charlotte Thomas walked toward the
apartment complex where Tate had been waiting in the courtyard, he and Collins
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“started going back and forth,” and Thomas continued walking with them, trying
to prevent a fight. Thomas testified that during the argument, Tate hit Collins in
the eye, and it “started closing up immediately.” In response, Collins pushed and
hit Tate, and his glasses fell and broke. Collins ran to a secluded area, and Tate
chased her and hit her “three or four times more” as she tried to defend herself. A
male bystander tried to stop the fight. At Collins’s urging, Thomas went to a gas
station and called 9-1-1. Tate ran, and when Officer Timothy Combs and his
partner arrived, a short chase ensued. After Tate’s apprehension, Officer Combs’s
partner arrested him for misdemeanor domestic violence. Following Tate’s arrest,
an assistant city prosecutor informed Detective Steve Ricketti that she “had
located two prior convictions for Mr. Tate, Timothy Tate, out of Columbus,
Ohio.”
{¶ 4} On August 11, 2011, a Cuyahoga County grand jury returned an
indictment charging Tate with felony domestic violence, which contained an
allegation that Tate had previously been convicted of two offenses of domestic
violence in Franklin County.
{¶ 5} Tate pled not guilty, and the matter proceeded to a jury trial. Prior
to commencing voir dire, the state informed the trial court that the parties were
“going to do a stipulation,” and after the trial court addressed another issue, the
following colloquy occurred:
THE COURT: So there’s a stipulation that needs to be dealt
with.
MR. KLOPP [Defense Counsel]: Two prior convictions.
MS. TURNER-MCCALL [Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney]: Your Honor, I have a certified copy from Franklin
County Municipal Court of the defendant’s two prior first degree
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misdemeanor domestic violence convictions, and there’s a
stipulation.
THE COURT: You stipulate to the authenticity?
MR. KLOPP: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Okay. That will be noted.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 6} The court later informed the jury:
[T]he state and defense have stipulated to evidence and there’s
going to be evidence presented to you by the state of those
convictions, namely court records, supporting those prior
convictions because those are known as elements of this offense.
They enhance the offense and make it a felony degree, that’s why
this court has jurisdiction over those new charges.
{¶ 7} The court also instructed:
[Y]ou can consider the evidence that will be stipulated to to
support that furthermore clause [in the indictment], which would
make this a felony for that purpose only, that the state proves those
convictions exist. What you cannot use those convictions for is to
infer that, because he has convictions in those cases, he is, in fact,
guilty of what’s being alleged as occurring on July 18th, 2011.
The state then presented its case-in-chief.
{¶ 8} After the state’s final witness testified, the trial court admitted into
evidence the state’s exhibit containing copies of the Franklin County convictions,
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and the state rested its case-in-chief. The defense then moved for acquittal “as far
as the prior convictions would be dismissed to establish the enhancement from the
misdemeanor to the felony 3 level,” asserting that the state did not present
evidence establishing Tate’s identity as the same Timothy Tate referred to in the
Franklin County convictions. The trial court denied this motion and the defense
rested.
{¶ 9} Before the trial court charged the jury, however, the defense
requested the following limiting instruction regarding the use of the two prior
convictions:
Evidence was received that the Defendant has two prior
convictions for domestic violence. That evidence was received
because a prior conviction is an element of the offense charged.
It was not received, and you may not consider it, to prove
the character of the Defendant in order to show that he acted in
conformity with that character.
(Emphasis added.) Over the state’s objection, the trial court decided to
incorporate the defense’s proposed limiting instruction as part of its jury
instructions.
{¶ 10} Thereafter, the trial court instructed the jury, stating in part:
All right. I’m going to give you another instruction about
the stipulated exhibits. You will see that the state has offered to
prove the furthermore clause. As you heard in the beginning of its
case, the furthermore clause has the same effect of raising the
allegation here to the felony level. The evidence that will be given
to you regarding the prior convictions of the defendant, this
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evidence is being given to you because one of the elements of
domestic violence in this felony charge is the existence of a prior
conviction. As with other elements of the charge, the existence of
a prior conviction must be proven by the state beyond a reasonable
doubt. You may not consider this evidence for any other purpose
other than to establish the existence of a prior conviction. You are
specifically instructed not to consider this evidence as determining
whether the defendant has committed any of the other elements of
the present charge [of] domestic violence.
{¶ 11} In its closing argument, the state asserted, “The parties have
agreed, as you heard the judge say earlier, and you’ll have with you certified
records that this defendant was found guilty of domestic violence twice in
Columbus, Ohio.” Defense counsel did not object to this statement. However,
the defense attorney in closing argument stated, “I would offer that I don’t
believe, as far as I believe, there might be an issue relative to the prior
convictions—.” The state objected and after a sidebar conference, defense
counsel told the jury, “I would offer that relative to the two prior convictions,
which enhance the offense, the defense did stipulate to the documents presented
by the state and entered into evidence. But I would argue that they have not
connected those documents to Mr. Tate.” After deliberating, the jury found Tate
guilty of domestic violence as charged in the indictment, and the trial court later
imposed a two-year prison term.
{¶ 12} Tate appealed, claiming that he had been denied effective
assistance of trial counsel. State v. Tate, 2012-Ohio-4276, 982 N.E.2d 94, ¶ 4
(8th Dist.). The appellate court overruled that claim, but in a split decision, the
majority sua sponte determined that “the trial court’s judgment of conviction
constituted a plain error as the element of prior convictions was not properly
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established to convict Tate of the felony domestic violence charge.” Id. at ¶ 28.
The appellate court reversed Tate’s conviction and remanded the case to the trial
court to enter a judgment of conviction for misdemeanor domestic violence. Id. at
¶ 37.
{¶ 13} We accepted the state’s discretionary appeal on the following
proposition of law: “Identity is established where a defendant stipulates to the
authenticity of certified copies of his own prior domestic violence convictions.”
{¶ 14} The state urges that when an accused stipulates to certified copies
of his or her prior domestic violence convictions, it is dispensed from its
obligation to offer any other evidence of identity with respect to those prior
domestic violence convictions. According to the state, it has two ways to prove
an accused’s prior conviction: it may submit a certified copy of the entry of
judgment of a prior conviction with evidence sufficient to identify the accused as
the person named in the entry or it may obtain the accused’s stipulation to the
prior conviction, which obviates the state’s need to produce evidence regarding it.
The state maintains that Tate’s stipulation in this case could not have been for the
purpose of attesting to the authenticity of the records, because certified copies of a
public record are self-authenticating and thus, if any plain error exists, Tate
invited it based on his agreement to the stipulation. The state further contends
that the record supports the conclusion that Tate is the person named in the prior
convictions and if the appellate decision is not reversed, there will be a chilling
effect on the state and a trial court’s future willingness to accept stipulations to
prior convictions.
{¶ 15} Tate contends that a stipulation to the authenticity of journal
entries does not prove the identity of an accused. He maintains that his trial
counsel stipulated to the authenticity of the documents offered by the state, but
not that he was the person named in the documents. He urges that the trial
testimony of Detective Ricketti failed to prove identity because Ricketti did not
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have personal knowledge that Tate was the same person referred to in the
Franklin County Municipal Court entries and the state conflated the defense’s
stipulation to authenticity with a stipulation conceding that Tate was the person
named in the entries. Tate maintains that even if the documents were self-
authenticating, they did not establish his identity and his trial counsel did not
invite error. Tate urges that the state did not prove his identity beyond a
reasonable doubt and public policy supports the view that an accused should be
released or have a conviction adjusted when the state does not prove its case
beyond a reasonable doubt.
{¶ 16} Accordingly, the issue presented in this appeal is whether the
stipulation to the authenticity of Tate’s prior domestic violence convictions
established his identity to sustain his conviction for felony domestic violence.
Law and Analysis
{¶ 17} R.C. 2919.25(D)(4) states that domestic violence is a felony of the
third degree if an offender “previously has pleaded guilty to or been convicted of
two or more offenses of domestic violence.” When a prior conviction elevates a
misdemeanor to a felony, “the prior conviction is an essential element of the
crime, and must be proved by the state.” State v. Allen, 29 Ohio St.3d 53, 54, 506
N.E.2d 199 (1987); State v. Henderson, 58 Ohio St.2d 171, 173, 389 N.E.2d 494
(1979).
{¶ 18} R.C. 2945.75(B)(1) specifies what is necessary to prove a prior
conviction. It provides: “Whenever in any case it is necessary to prove a prior
conviction, a certified copy of the entry of judgment in such prior conviction
together with evidence sufficient to identify the defendant named in the entry as
the offender in the case at bar, is sufficient to prove such prior conviction.”
Notably, in State v. Gwen, 134 Ohio St.3d 284, 2012-Ohio-5046, 982 N.E.2d 626,
¶ 14, this court stated that “R.C. 2945.75(B)(1) sets forth one way to provide
‘sufficient’ proof of a prior conviction, but does not provide the only method to
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prove it. For example, an offender may, and often does, stipulate to a prior
conviction to avoid the evidence being presented before a jury.” (Emphasis sic.)
{¶ 19} A stipulation in law is nothing more than agreement as to the
veracity of a fact in issue. Black’s Law Dictionary 1550 (9th Ed.2009) defines
“stipulation” as a “voluntary agreement between opposing parties concerning
some relevant point; esp., an agreement relating to a proceeding, made by
attorneys representing adverse parties to the proceeding.” At early common law,
this court recognized the well-established rule that parties
may waive certain rights which are given them in a court of justice;
they may agree that certain facts exist, without other proof of their
existence; a party may waive exception to evidence not technically
legal, may waive informalities in adversary pleading, or may
admit, generally, that the issue joined is against him, and suffer
judgment without an investigation of the facts.
Gittings v. Baker, 2 Ohio St. 21, 23-24 (1853).
{¶ 20} Here, a careful reading of the prosecutor’s statement reveals that
Tate stipulated that he was the individual referenced in the certified copy: “I have
a certified copy from Franklin County Municipal Court of the defendant’s two
prior first degree misdemeanor domestic violence convictions.” This explains the
stipulation entered into between the parties and is specific about Tate’s prior
domestic violence convictions. Although the trial court inartfully phrased its
question—“You stipulate to the authenticity?”—the court implied that the issue of
authenticity refers to the previously referenced documents, i.e., the authenticity of
this defendant’s two prior first degree misdemeanor domestic violence
convictions as specified by the prosecutor. Otherwise, there is no context for the
trial court’s reference to authenticity—it can only refer to what the prosecution
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referenced. When read in context, the stipulation referred to Tate’s two prior first
degree misdemeanor domestic violence convictions. The stipulation referred to
the same Timothy Tate who was then on trial.
{¶ 21} This analysis is further supported by defense counsel’s request that
the court instruct the jury that “[e]vidence was received that the Defendant has
two prior convictions for domestic violence,” but that this evidence should not be
used to prove his character or that he acted in conformity with this character.
(Emphasis added.) This instruction belies the defense contention that confusion
existed based on the stipulation and supports the view that the jury could, and in
fact did, convict Tate of felony domestic violence.
{¶ 22} Additionally, at trial Detective Ricketti testified on direct
examination that Tate had prior convictions from Columbus, Ohio, both involving
the same victim—Yesolde Collins. On direct examination, Collins testified that
she and Tate had lived together in Columbus for seven or eight months and they
lived together in Cleveland for two or three months before the current episode of
domestic violence. Thus, the testimony of Ricketti and Collins, as well as the
criminal complaints in the record regarding the Franklin County convictions
naming Collins as the victim in both previous incidents, provide additional
circumstantial evidence linking Tate to the Franklin County Municipal Court
domestic violence convictions.
Conclusion
{¶ 23} The court of appeals erroneously determined that plain error
existed in this case, and it improperly reversed the conviction and remanded the
case. A careful reading of the stipulation as outlined by the prosecutor with
specific reference to the defendant’s prior domestic violence convictions and the
trial court’s reference to authenticity reveal that there is no ambiguity that Tate is
the person referenced in the stipulated exhibits. For these reasons, the judgment
of the court of appeals is reversed and the judgment of the trial court is reinstated.
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Judgment reversed.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER, KENNEDY, and FRENCH, JJ., concur.
LANZINGER and O’NEILL, JJ., concur in judgment only.
____________________
Timothy J. McGinty, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Kristen
L. Sobieski and James Price, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellant.
Christopher R. Fortunato, for appellee.
Robert L. Tobik, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and John T. Martin,
Assistant Public Defender, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Cuyahoga County
Public Defender.
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