[Cite as State ex rel. Phillips Supply Co. v. Cincinnati, 2012-Ohio-6096.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE EX REL. PHILLIPS SUPPLY : APPEAL NO. C-120168
CO., TRIAL NO. A-1104905
:
STATE EX REL. ROY TAILORS
UNIFORM CO., INC, :
O P I N I O N.
STATE EX REL. U.S. BANK, N.A., :
TRUSTEE OF THE CHARLES
PHILLIPS IRREVOCABLE TRUST :
u/a/d 6/1/1961,
:
STATE EX REL. DALTON STREET
PROPERTIES, LTD.,
:
PHILLIPS SUPPLY COMPANY,
:
ROY TAILORS UNIFORM CO., INC.,
:
U.S. BANK, N.A., TRUSTEE OF THE
CHARLES PHILLIPS IRREVOCABLE :
TRUST u/a/d 6/1/1961,
:
and
:
DALTON STREET PROPERTIES, LTD.
:
Plaintiffs-Relators-Appellants
:
vs.
:
CITY OF CINCINNATI,
:
AMIT B. GHOSH, P.E.,
CITY GOSPEL MISSION, :
FOUNDATION OF COMPASSIONATE :
AMERICAN SAMARITANS, d.b.a.
LORD’S GYM, :
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
FOUNDATION OF COMPASSIONATE :
AMERICAN SAMARITANS d.b.a.
LORD’S PANTRY, :
JOBS PLUS EMPLOYMENT :
NETWORK, INC.,
:
and
:
032811 HOLDINGS, LLC.,
:
Defendants-Respondents-
Appellees.
:
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Common Pleas Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 26, 2012
Buechner Haffer Meyers and Koenig Co., LPA, and Peter E. Koenig, for Plaintiffs-Relators-
Appellants,
John P. Curp, City Solicitor, Terrance A. Nestor, Chief Counsel, and Sean S. Suder,
Assistant City Solicitor, for Defendants-Respondents-Appellees, City of Cincinnati and Amit
B. Ghosh, P.E.,
Manley Burke L.P.A. and Timothy M. Burke, for Defendants-Respondents-Appellees City
Gospel Mission, Foundation of Compassionate American Samaritans d.b.a. Lord’s Gym and
Lord’s Pantry, Jobs Plus Employment Network, Inc., and 038211 Holdings, LLC.,
Taft Stettinius & Hollister, LLP, W. Stuart Dornette and Emily C. McNicholas, for Amici
Curiae, Strategies to End Homelessness, Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless,
Lighthouse Youth Services, Cincinnati Union Bethel, Society of St. Vincent De Paul, Christ
Emmanuel Christian Fellowship, Crossroads Church, Metropolitan Area Religious Coalition
of Cincinnati, YWCA of Greater Cincinnati and Talbert House,
Barrett and Weber LPA and C. Francis Barrett, for Amicus Curiae Columbia Development
Corporation.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
J. H OWARD S UNDERMANN , Presiding Judge.
{¶1} This case concerns the proposed relocation of a homeless shelter operated by
defendant-respondent-appellee City Gospel Mission to an area of Cincinnati commonly
referred to as Queensgate. Plaintiffs-relators-appellants Phillips Supply Company, Roy
Tailors Uniform Company, Inc., U.S. Bank, and Dalton Street Properties, Ltd., are
neighboring Queensgate businesses and property owners (“Queensgate Businesses”) who
are opposed to the shelter’s relocation. They filed suit against defendants-respondents-
appellees the City of Cincinnati, Amit E. Ghosh, the chief building official of the City of
Cincinnati, (“the City”) social service agencies City Gospel Mission, Foundation of
Compassionate American Samaritans “FOCAS,” Jobs Plus Employment Network, Inc., and
032811 Holdings, LLC, the owner of the property (“private party appellees”), challenging
City Council’s decision to pass a “notwithstanding ordinance” to allow City Gospel Mission
to operate a homeless shelter at the property.
{¶2} In this appeal, they challenge the trial court’s judgment upholding the
constitutionality of the notwithstanding ordinance. Because the Queensgate Businesses lack
standing to pursue their taxpayer claim for injunctive relief, we dismiss that claim. And
because they have not raised any genuine issues of material fact in support of their
constitutional attack upon the notwithstanding ordinance in their capacity as neighboring
businesses and property owners, we affirm the trial court’s decision granting summary
judgment to the City and the private party appellees on their declaratory judgment claim.
I. Relocation of the City Gospel Mission Shelter
{¶3} City Gospel Mission is planning to relocate its existing Over-the-Rhine
homeless shelter to a new facility on the property located at 1801-1805 Dalton Avenue (“the
Dalton Avenue property”). The Dalton Avenue property is located in an “MG”
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
manufacturing zoning district in a section of the West End neighborhood commonly known
as “Queensgate.” The Queensgate Businesses own property and operate businesses directly
adjacent to or near the Dalton Avenue property.
{¶4} The proposed facility is classified as a “special assistance shelter” in the
Cincinnati Zoning Code. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 1401-01-S11. Special assistance
shelters are not permitted by right in any zoning district in the city of Cincinnati. They are
conditionally permitted in certain zones and prohibited in others, such as the “MG”
manufacturing zoning district. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 1413-05. The “MG”
manufacturing zoning district is a permissive zone which, in addition to industrial and
manufacturing zoning uses, permits uses such as sexually-oriented businesses, drinking
establishments, and power plants, along with residential uses such as transitional housing
and loft dwelling units. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 1413-05.
{¶5} City Gospel Mission sought approval for a special assistance shelter using the
notwithstanding ordinance procedure set forth in Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5.
According to Article VII, Section 6 of the City Charter, zoning ordinances must be reviewed
by the City Planning Commission before being enacted by council. If not approved by the
commission, notwithstanding ordinances can only be passed by a two-thirds vote of the city
council. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5. After review by the planning commission,
before a notwithstanding ordinance can be passed by city council, a committee of council
must hold a public hearing and make a recommendation on the ordinance. See id.
{¶6} Under Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5, among the issues to be considered by
the council committee in making a recommendation to city council on a notwithstanding
ordinance are: “[w]hether the proposed application will not have an adverse effect on the
character of the area or the public health, safety, and welfare; and whether the proposed
application is consistent with the purposes of this code and the zoning district where the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
subject property is located.” Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5. The committee can also
incorporate limitations or conditions on the use of the property into its recommendation to
council in order to ensure that the use of the property is consistent with the character of the
area and with the public health, safety, and welfare. Id.
{¶7} On June 17, 2011, the City Planning Commission held a public hearing on City
Gospel Mission’s application for a notwithstanding ordinance. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the City Planning Commission rejected the recommendation of the staff of the
Department of City Planning and Buildings to deny the notwithstanding ordinance, and
unanimously recommended approval of the notwithstanding ordinance. On June 21, 2011,
a committee of council, the Livable Communities Commission, held a public hearing on the
matter. The Livable Communities Commission, which is comprised of seven of the nine
members of city council, recommended approval of the notwithstanding ordinance by the
full city council.
{¶8} Both the Planning Commission and the Livable Communities Commission
heard extensive testimony on the relocation of the shelter to the new site from individuals
both in favor of and opposed to the relocation. The Queensgate Businesses’ representatives
and their counsel appeared at both hearings and presented argument that the
notwithstanding ordinance would be detrimental to the public health, safety, and welfare.
{¶9} On June 22, 2011, city council passed the notwithstanding ordinance,
Ordinance No. 0223-2011, by a vote of 7-2, thereby approving the operation of a special
assistance shelter on the Dalton property by the City Gospel Mission. The notwithstanding
ordinance contains a preamble which provides the reasons for city council’s action, as well
as 11 conditions that address any potential impact of the use of the property as a special
assistance shelter. Section three of the ordinance further provides that “the property is
permitted to be used as a special assistance shelter as limited by the Ordinance, [that] the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Property has not been rezoned and remains in a “MG” Manufacturing General zoning
district and [that it] shall be treated as such for all other purposes.” The notwithstanding
ordinance further provides that the zoning approval to use the property as a special
assistance shelter expires if the property is transferred to a party unaffiliated with the City
Gospel Mission.
{¶10} Following the ordinance’s passage, the Queensgate Businesses sent a taxpayer
demand letter to City Solicitor John Curp, demanding that he file a taxpayer lawsuit on their
behalf. When Curp declined to initiate the requested action, the Queensgate Businesses
filed this lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the notwithstanding ordinance.
II. The Current Lawsuit
{¶11} In their first three causes of action, the Queensgate Businesses sought a
declaratory judgment 1) that the notwithstanding ordinance is clearly arbitrary and
unreasonable and not substantially related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare
of the city of Cincinnati; 2) that they were denied their procedural due process rights
protected by the United States and Ohio Constitutions through the enactment of the
notwithstanding ordinance; and 3) that the city had violated their equal protection rights by
“allowing City Gospel to bypass the procedures for obtaining a zoning change, text
amendment, or use variance set forth in the zoning code and charter and obtain a
notwithstanding ordinance in an arbitrary and unequal manner.”
{¶12} In their fourth and fifth causes of action, the Queensgate Businesses asserted
claims for injunctive relief and a writ of mandamus under the taxpayer standing provisions
of Ohio law. In count six of their complaint, they requested damages, and in count seven
they sought a declaratory judgment that the proposed uses of the York Street property were
impermissible in the MG district.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶13} The private party appellees filed a motion to dismiss on July 20, 2011. The
city of Cincinnati filed a motion to dismiss on July 27, 2011. That same day, the Queensgate
Businesses filed a first amended complaint, which inserted the name of a previously
unknown party, and added a claim for a preliminary injunction. The private party appellees
and the City filed motions to dismiss the amended complaint. The trial court granted their
motions to dismiss in part, dismissing the claims in counts two, three, five, and seven of the
Queensgate Businesses’ amended complaint.
{¶14} Because the parties had relied on evidence outside the pleadings, the trial
court converted their motions to dismiss the three remaining counts in the complaint—
count one for declaratory judgment, count four for injunctive relief, and count six for
damages—into motions for summary judgment. Following the parties’ filing of
supplemental memoranda and materials, the trial court granted summary judgment to the
City and the private party appellees. The trial court held that the Queensgate Businesses
had failed to point to any evidence in the record that would meet the standard for
determining the constitutionality of zoning ordinances as set forth by the Ohio Supreme
Court in Goldberg Cos. Inc v. Richmond Hts. City Council, 81 Ohio St.3d 207, 214, 690
N.E.2d 510 (1998).
III. Taxpayer Standing
{¶15} On appeal, the Queensgate Businesses argue in a single assignment of error
that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the City and the private
party appellees on counts one, four, and six of their amended complaint because genuine
issues of material fact remain. But before we can reach the merits of their assignment of
error, we must first determine whether they have standing to assert their taxpayer claim for
injunctive relief in count four of their complaint. See State ex rel. Teamsters Local Union
No. 456 v. Bd. of Cty. Commrs., 132 Ohio St.3d 47, 2012-Ohio-1861, 969 N.E.2d 224, ¶ 10.
7
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶16} The City argues that the Queensgate Businesses lack standing to bring their
taxpayer claim for injunctive relief because they do not seek to enforce a public right, but
merely seek to benefit themselves. Whether a party has established standing to bring an
action before the court is a question of law, which the court reviews de novo. Cuyahoga Cty.
Bd. of Commrs. v. State, 112 Ohio St.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-6499, 858 N.E.2d 330, ¶ 23.
{¶17} To have standing to pursue a taxpayer claim under R.C. 733.59, a party must
not only satisfy the statutory requirements prior to initiating his action—that he has made a
written demand upon the city’s law director and that security for the claim has been posted
—but he must also demonstrate that he is enforcing “a right of action on behalf of and for
the benefit of the public.” See R.C. 733.59; Teamsters at ¶ 11-12; Cincinnati ex rel. Zimmer
v. Cincinnati, 176 Ohio App.3d 588, 2008-Ohio-3156, 892 N.E.2d 987, ¶ 11; State ex rel.
Citizens for a Better Portsmouth v. Sydnor, 61 Ohio St.3d 49, 54, 572 N.E.2d 649 (1991).
{¶18} In determining that the Queensgate Businesses had taxpayer standing, the
trial court held that the Queensgate Businesses had alleged a “public interest” in preserving
the industrial nature of the Queensgate area, as manifested in several city planning
documents, including the “Liberty Dalton Urban Design Plan” and the “Go Cincinnati Plan,”
and that this “public interest” was as “significant as the public interest” presented by the
employees in State ex rel. Fisher v. City of Cleveland, 109 Ohio St.3d 33, 2006-Ohio-1827,
845 N.E.2d 500. The trial court reasoned that the adherence to comprehensive zoning and
urban development plans could be said to benefit the public as a whole, and that there was
“at least arguably a public right at stake in the preservation of pre-existing zoning of the
Queensgate area consistent with City urban design plans.”
{¶19} In State ex rel. Teamsters Local Union No. 456 v. Bd. of County
Commissioners, supra, the Ohio Supreme Court recently addressed its decision in the
Fisher case. In Teamsters, a public sector union filed a taxpayer suit against Cuyahoga
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
County to invalidate a county resolution that excused their members from participating in
an employee retirement incentive plan. Id. at ¶ 6. The Teamsters court reviewed its prior
decisions in State ex rel Caspar v. Dayton, 53 Ohio St.3d 16, 20, 558 N.E.2d 49 (1990) and
in Fisher. Id. at ¶ 13-16. In determining whether the complainants in Teamsters had
taxpayer standing in light of Caspar and Fisher, the court distinguished the challenge
brought in Teamsters from the taxpayer action in Fisher. Id. at ¶ 15. The court held that
Fisher had involved an unnecessary violation of privacy by the city of Cleveland and a
resulting abuse of its corporate powers. Id. The Supreme Court held that the taxpayer
complainants in Teamsters had failed to allege any “concrete taxpayer interest,” but instead
had alleged that the “existence of a statutorily noncompliant county resolution had
constitute[d] an injury in and of itself.” Id. at ¶ 16.
{¶20} The Teamsters court held that while “taxpayers ‘may judicially contest the
validity of any official act which directly affects prejudicially their rights as taxpayers by
increasing the burden of taxes or otherwise,’ taxpayers cannot contest official acts ‘merely
upon the ground that they are unauthorized or invalid.’ ” Id. quoting Pierce v. Hagans, 79
Ohio St. 9, 22, 86 N.E. 519 (1908). The Teamsters court clarified that the taxpayer’s
objective must be the enforcement of a “public right.” Id. at ¶ 17. The Teamsters court
acknowledged that if it were to permit taxpayer standing “merely upon a showing of a city’s
failure to comply with a statute, such standing would not benefit the public, because it
would allow constant judicial intervention into government affairs for matters that do not
involve a clear public right and do not benefit the public.” Id. The Teamsters court held
that because “there [wa]s no vindication of public rights or conferral of public benefits to be
found in the union’s attempt to obtain retirement benefits for a small number of
employees,” they lacked taxpayer standing. Id.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶21} Here, the Queensgate Businesses argue that the notwithstanding ordinance
will negatively affect their individual property values. But we agree with the City that this is
quintisentially a private motive. See State ex rel. Karwowski v. Granger Twp. Trustees, 9th
Dist. No. 08CA0017-M, 2008-Ohio-4946, ¶ 28-31 (holding that a property owner lacked
taxpayer standing under R.C. 733.59 because his interest in making changes to a zoning
ordinance affected only his property and did not benefit the public at large). The trial court
held that their objective in challenging the ordinance was to protect the character of the
Queensgate area, and that such a motive would benefit the public as a whole. But we must
disagree. Queensgate is but one neighborhood among Cincinnati’s fifty-two neighborhoods.
Any alleged benefits from their action will affect relatively few individuals in relation to the
city as a whole. Moreover, no public rights have the potential of being affected by their
action in invalidating the ordinance. As the Ohio Supreme Court affirmed in Teamsters, a
challenge to benefit a few will not operate to confer taxpayer standing. Teamsters, 135 Ohio
St.3d 47, 2012-Ohio-1861, 969 N.E.2d 224, at ¶ 14.
{¶22} And while we agree that there may be some public benefit when a private
litigant prevails against the government, ancillary public benefits are not enough to confer
taxpayer standing. See Home Builders Assn. of Dayton v. Lebanon, 167 Ohio App.3d 247,
2006-Ohio-595, 854 N.E.2d 1097, ¶ 54 (12th Dist.). Because the Queensgate Businesses
have not alleged that a clear public right is at stake, they are not entitled to taxpayer
standing.
{¶23} Our conclusion that the Queensgate Businesses lack taxpayer standing to
pursue the injunctive relief in count four of their complaint does not dispose of their appeal.
They have also sought declaratory relief in count one in their individual capacities, which
provides them standing that is separate from their standing as taxpayers. See Teamsters at
¶ 18; see also Moore v. Middletown, 133 Ohio St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-3897, 975 N.E.2d 977 ¶
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
33 (“when a municipality rezones a property, the owner of the adjacent property has
standing to challenge the constitutionality of the zoning decision”). We, therefore, turn to
the merits of the arguments raised in conjunction with their declaratory-judgment claim.
IV. The Constitutionality of the Zoning Ordinance
{¶24} The Queensgate Businesses argue that the constitutionality of the
notwithstanding ordinance cannot be decided as a matter of law because genuine issues of
material fact remain as to whether the notwithstanding ordinance (1) is clearly arbitrary and
unreasonable and not substantially related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare
of the city of Cincinnati, (2) illegally spot zones the Dalton Property; (3) violates the Ohio
Constitution, Article XVII, Section 3; and whether (4) it violates the charter of the city of
Cincinnati because City Council usurped the authority of the City of Cincinnati Planning
Commission in passing the notwithstanding ordinance.
V. Summary Judgment Standard
{¶25} We review the trial court’s entry of summary judgment de novo, using the
same standard that the trial court applied. Koos v. Cent. Ohio Cellular, Inc., 94 Ohio
App.3d 579, 588, 641 N.E.2d 265 (8th Dist.1994). Summary judgment is appropriate under
Civ.R. 56(C) when “(1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated; (2)
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the
evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence
most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the party
against whom the motion for summary judgment is made.” State ex rel. Parsons v.
Fleming, 68 Ohio St.3d 509, 511, 628 N.E.2d 1377 (1994). The material issues in each case
are identified by the substantive law and “ ‘[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect the
outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary
judgment.’ ” Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d 337, 339, 617 N.E.2d 1123 (1993), quoting
11
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986);
see also Mayo v. Kenwood Country Club, Inc., 134 Ohio App.3d 336, 340, 731 N.E.2d 190
(1st Dist.1999).
A. The Ordinance is Not Arbitrary or Unreasonable and Is Substantially
Related to the Health, Safety, and General Welfare of the City of
Cincinnati
{¶26} In their first issue presented for review, the Queensgate Businesses argue that
the constitutionality of the notwithstanding ordinance cannot be decided as a matter of law
because there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the notwithstanding
ordinance is clearly arbitrary and unreasonable and not substantially related to the health,
safety, and general welfare of the city of Cincinnati.
{¶27} Municipalities have a great deal of power to enact zoning regulations. “The
power of a municipality to * * * determine land use policy is a legislative function which will
not be interfered with by the courts, unless such power is exercised in an arbitrary,
confiscatory, or unreasonable manner as to be in violation of constitutional guarantees.”
Jaylin Invs., Inc. v. Moreland Hills, 107 Ohio St.3d 339, 2006-Ohio-4, 839 N.E.2d 903, ¶ 21
quoting Willott v. Beachwood, 175 Ohio St. 557, 197 N.E.2d 901 (1964), paragraph three of
the syllabus. “A zoning regulation is presumed to be constitutional unless determined by a
court to be clearly arbitrary and unreasonable and without substantial relation to the public
health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the community.” Goldberg Cos. Inc, 81 Ohio
St.3d at 214, 690 N.E.2d 510.
{¶28} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “[t]he legislative, not the judicial,
authority is charged with the duty of determining the wisdom of zoning regulations and the
judicial judgment is not to be substituted for the legislative judgment in any case in which
the issue or matter is fairly debatable.” Willott, 175 Ohio St. at 560, 197 N.E.2d 201. Thus,
the burden of proof remains with the party challenging an ordinance’s constitutionality and
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the standard of proof remains “beyond fair debate.” Jaylin Invs. Inc, 107 Ohio St.3d 339,
2006-Ohio-4, 839 N.E.2d 903, ¶ 13 quoting Goldberg Cos. Inc., 81 Ohio St.3d at 214, 690
N.E.2d 510. The “beyond fair debate” standard is analogous to the “beyond a reasonable
doubt” standard in a criminal case. Cent. Motors Corp. v. Pepper Pike, 73 Ohio St.3d 581,
584, 653 N.E.2d 639 (1995); see also State ex rel. Ridge Club v. Amberley Village, 1st Dist.
No. C-070012, 2007-Ohio-6089, ¶ 10.
{¶29} Here, the notwithstanding ordinance’s preamble embodies City Council’s
rationale for its decision to permit the homeless shelter on the Dalton property. The
preamble states in relevant part:
***
* * * the relocation of the City Gospel Mission from its existing location
in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood to the West End neighborhood
advances the City’s goal of de-concentrating social service agencies so
that the land use of any one neighborhood is not over-saturated with
social service agencies; and
* * * too many social service agencies concentrated in any one
neighborhood can crowd out other land uses such as residential and
retail uses in that neighborhood; and
* * * relocating the City Gospel Mission from Over-the-Rhine helps
promote the economic stability of existing land uses within the Over-
the-Rhine neighborhood and promotes the preservation of the
character and quality of the residential neighborhoods that make up
Over-the-Rhine; and
* * * the relocation of the City Gospel Mission to the West End
neighborhood is in keeping with the Go Cincinnati and Revive 75
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
plans, is in the best interest of the City of Cincinnati, and is in the
furtherance of the public health, safety, and welfare; and
***
* * * the Cincinnati Museum Center, a West End resident and
institution, has engaged City Gospel Mission to address its concerns
about the potential effects of the use of the Property for a special
assistance shelter, and the parties have reached a good neighbor
agreement that adequately addresses the concerns of the Cincinnati
Museum Center and reduces the likelihood of impacts of such use on
the surrounding West End neighborhood; and
* * * pursuing a use variance is not feasible because the prohibition of
the use of the Property for a special assistance shelter would not
deprive the property owner of all economically viable use of the
Property, and as such, there is no viable administrative process
available to permit a special assistance shelter on the Property; and
* * * a rezoning of the Property to a zone which conditionally permits a
special assistance shelter is not desired by the applicant, and a
notwithstanding ordinance, unlike a zoning, will not alter the zone
map * * *.
{¶30} The City and private party appellees argue that the city’s interest in
deconcentrating social service agencies, promoting economic stability, and preserving
neighborhoods is rationally related to the health, safety, and welfare of its citizens and that
granting legislative relief to City Gospel Mission to use the Dalton property for a special
assistance shelter is a reasonable and deliberate means to achieve these interests. They
contend that to invalidate the ordinance, the Queensgate Businesses would have to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
demonstrate with near certainty that the ordinance is completely irrational and
unreasonable and that reasonable minds could only conclude that the ordinance is outside
the city’s constitutionally derived powers. Thus, they argue that the Queensgate Businesses
must demonstrate that there are factual issues that legally affect the outcome of their
claims.
{¶31} The Queensgate Businesses argue, on the other hand, that summary judgment
is precluded based on three affidavits presented by professionals: Jordan Weisman, Psy.D.,
Menelaos Triantafillou, and Colleen McTeague, Ph.D. Ms. Weisman, a Philadephia clinical
psychologist, opines that the location of the City Gospel Mission will not result in a
deconcentration of social service agencies in Cincinnati, is not compliant with the suitability
criteria in the Homeless to Homes Plan—Cincinnati’s adopted comprehensive plan for the
homeless—and is “contrary to the best interests of Cincinnati’s homeless population.” As a
result, she concludes that the notwithstanding ordinance is “clearly arbitrary and
unreasonable, and is adverse to the health, safety, and general welfare of the citizens of the
City of Cincinnati” based upon her experience in “clinical psychology and social services.”
{¶32} Mr. Triantafillou, a Cincinnati-based land use planner and professor, reaches
the same conclusion as Weisman—that the notwithstanding ordinance is “clearly arbitrary
and unreasonable.” He opines that the relocation of the City Gospel Mission will not result
in the deconcentration of social services; it is inconsistent with the suitability requirement
of the Homeless to Homes Plan; it is inconsistent with the existing land use patterns; and it
is not in the best interest of Cincinnati’s homeless population. Ms. McTeague, a Cincinnati
based geographer and professor, also opines that the notwithstanding ordinance is
unconstitutional for substantially similar reasons as those set forth in the affidavits of Ms.
Weisman and Mr. Triantafillou.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶33} But the difficulty with the Queensgate Businesses’ argument is that even if all
these statements were credible and believable, they are nothing more than opinions about
whether the ordinance is a good idea. See Downing v. Cook, 69 Ohio St.2d 149, 151, 431
NE.2d 995 (1982) (holding that “evidence, largely consisting of opinions, is conclusory in
nature or irrelevant, and does not rebut the presumption that an ordinance is
[constitutional]”). They show that the wisdom of relocating the City Gospel Mission to
Queensgate is fairly debatable. The Queensgate Businesses participated in that debate
during the legislative process. The evidence presented in these three affidavits—testimony
that they could have presented to the City Planning Commission or to City Council—may
add to the debate, but it does not support a finding that the zoning ordinance is almost
certainly unconstitutional. See Ridge Club, 1st Dist. No. C-070012, 2007-Ohio-6089, at ¶ 6,
quoting Cent. Motors Corp. v. Pepper Pike, 63 Ohio App.2d 34, 409 N.E.2d 258, rev’d on
other grounds Cent. Motors Corp. v. Pepper Pike, 73 Ohio St.3d 581, 653 N.E.2d 639
(1995). Thus, we conclude that the expert opinions in the three affidavits are insufficient to
overcome the significant presumption of constitutionality afforded to the notwithstanding
ordinance, and the ample evidence in the record that City Council’s act of adopting the
notwithstanding ordinance was not arbitrary and unreasonable and was substantially
related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the city of Cincinnati.
{¶34} The Queensgate Businesses further argue that the trial court was required to
“balance” the public and private interests involved, and that this balancing requires a factual
inquiry that cannot be resolved on summary judgment. They argue that any individual
claiming to be aggrieved by a permitted use on an adjoining property is entitled to a trial
that weighs the relative benefits of this designation against the potential burdens to the
neighboring property owner. But the Queensgate Businesses have no legally recognized
16
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
interest in the Dalton property. Under the guise of balancing interests, they seek to reargue
whether the Dalton property is the best location for City Gospel Mission’s operations.
{¶35} In support of their argument, they cite several cases involving claims by
property owners that zoning had unreasonably limited the use of their own land. They rely
on language in Jaylin Invs., Inc., 107 Ohio St.3d 339, 2006-Ohio-4, 839 N.E.2d 903 at ¶ 14
which states that “[i]n a constitutional analysis, courts must strive to balance the benefits to
the public against the disadvantages to the private interests of the landowner.” (Emphasis
added.) The Queensgate Businesses use this language to argue that their own interests as
neighbors must be considered. But that is not what Jaylin held.
{¶36} In Jaylin, a property owner planned to build a 29-home subdivision on one-
half acre lots in the Village of Moreland Hills, Ohio, but the village’s zoning ordinance
contained a two-acre minimum lot size requirement. Id. at ¶ 4. The purpose for the
minimum lot size was to address the village’s environmental concerns related to overly
dense development. Id. The property owner brought an “as applied” constitutional
challenge to the minimum lot size requirement, arguing that it would not allow him to
profitably develop the properties and that the environmental concerns could be addressed
in other ways. Id. at ¶ 15. The Ohio Supreme Court, however, held that these issues were
not enough to establish that the two-acre lot limitation was unconstitutional. Id. at ¶ 26.
{¶37} In its analysis, the Supreme Court held that “the zoning is the focal point of
the analysis, not the property owner’s proposed use, and the analysis begins with a
presumption that the ordinance is constitutional.” Id. at ¶ 18. The Jaylin court held that
the proper focus was not whether the “proposed use meets the government’s legitimate
goals underlying the zoning * * *,” but whether [the] zoning ordinance [at issue] advances a
legitimate government interest.” Id. at ¶ 23. Thus, in Jaylin, the Supreme Court, when
confronted with a property owner’s request for a less restrictive use, considered the property
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
owner’s interest in putting the property to a profitable use as well as the municipality’s
interest in restricting the use of the property to achieve legitimate governmental interests.
Id. But even then the Supreme Court did not find the zoning ordinance unconstitutional
simply because it denied the property owner the most profitable use of its land. See id. at ¶
22; see also C. Miller Chevrolet v. Willoughby Hills, 38 Ohio St.2d 298, 304, 313 N.E.2d
400 (1974).
{¶38} Similarly, our review of Clarke v. Warren Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 150 Ohio
App.3d 14, 21, 2002-Ohio-6006, 778 N.E.2d 1116, ¶ 19 (12th Dist.) and Ridge Club, 1st Dist.
No. C-070012, 2007-Ohio-6089, ¶ 34-37, which are also cited by the Queensgate
Businesses, supports this analysis. In both Clarke and Ridge Club, the trial court had found
that zoning of the landowner’s property had denied the property owner all economically
feasible uses of the property. In Ridge Club, this court stated the specific reason for
considering the property owner’s interest: by “considering only the needs of [the
municipality] * * * a purely governmental use would always pass such a test, but would be
wholly inappropriate when imposed on a private landowner.” Id. at ¶ 32.
{¶39} Thus, Jaylin, Clarke, and Ridge Club are distinguishable because they
involved a clash between the municipality and the property owner as to the best use of his or
her property. They stand for the proposition that zoning which denies property owners all
economically feasible uses of their property may be arbitrary and unreasonable. Here,
however, the City and Holdings, LLC, the property owner, have agreed to expand the uses
available on the Dalton property. The Queensgate Businesses, as neighboring businesses
and property owners, have never identified any real interests in the Dalton property or how
the permitted use on the Dalton Property would interfere with their ability to use their own
properties. Rather, they seek to portray speculative scenarios such as the possibility of
homeless people sleeping on their property as “interests” that need to be balanced by the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
trial court. But by asserting these interests, they are simply trying to argue yet again that
the allowance of the special assistance shelter on the Dalton property was not a good idea.
This is not the standard for reviewing the constitutionality of a zoning ordinance.
{¶40} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the wisdom of zoning ordinances is left
to the legislative authority to determine. See Willott, 175 Ohio St. at 560, 197 N.E.2d 201.
Because the review that is called for by the Queensgate Businesses would remove the
presumption of constitutionality that is afforded to zoning ordinances, we cannot agree that
the trial court was required to balance the Queensgate Businesses fears as “interests” in a
lengthy trial. Given that the Queensgate Businesses have pointed to no facts that, if true,
would establish that the ordinance is clearly arbitrary and unreasonable and not
substantially related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the city of
Cincinnati, the City and private party appellees are entitled to summary judgment on this
issue.
B. The Ordinance Does Not Spot Zone the Property
{¶41} The Queensgate Businesses next argue that the notwithstanding ordinance
constitutes spot zoning of the property. The ordinance permits City Gospel Mission to
operate a special assistance shelter on the Dalton Street property. It expressly provides that
it does not operate to rezone the property. Rather, it approves a use similar to transitional
housing, a use which is already permitted in the MG district. See Cincinnati Municipal Code
1413-05. Thus, the ordinance, like a use variance, permits the operation of the special
assistance shelter.
{¶42} But even if the ordinance is arguably similar enough to a rezoning to
potentially support a claim of spot zoning, spot zoning has not occurred here.
‘Spot zoning’ is another confusing term. Many people think that a rezoning of
a single parcel of land constitutes spot zoning and is unconstitutional. This is
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
incorrect. Spot zoning is simply a phrase used to conclude that a rezoning is
unconstitutional for specified reasons. Rezoning a single parcel or a small
area is not unconstitutional per se; rezoning a small area in a discriminatory
or unreasonable manner is.
Meck and Pearlman, Ohio Planning and Zoning Law, Section 8:41 (2011 Ed.).
{¶43} Willott v. Beachwood, 175 Ohio St. 557, 559, 197 N.E.2d 201 (1964), the
leading case on the issue of spot zoning, provides that “spot zoning refers to the singling out
of a lot or small area for discriminatory or different treatment from that accorded
surrounding land which is similar in character.” Willott involved an attempt to put a
commercial use in a restrictive residential district. Id. The specific facts in Willott centered
on the amendment of a zoning ordinance to allow a shopping center in an area of “highly
restricted, single family, private residence zoning.” Id. The Supreme Court held that the
rezoning did not constitute spot zoning and further emphasized the difficult burden in
overcoming the presumption of constitutionality afforded to zoning ordinances, stating:
The legislative, not the judicial authority is charged with the duty of
determining the wisdom of zoning regulations, and the judicial
judgment is not to be substituted for the legislative judgment in
any case in which the issue or matter is fairly debatable. Even
though the court, on the facts presented, might decide otherwise
than did council, so long as the matter is reasonably debatable, the
court has no authority to interfere.
Id. at 560.
{¶44} The Queensgate Businesses have cited a number of cases that discuss spot
zoning, but only one Ohio court has actually found that a township’s zoning decision
constituted spot zoning. Renner v. Markarius, 2d Dist No. CA 5993, 1979 Ohio App.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
LEXIS 9363, *3 (August 3, 1979), involved the rezoning of a single property to support an
office use. In Renner, a township took steps to adopt a zoning ordinance. The township’s
zoning advisor decided that the township needed more commercial uses and decided to
designate a single property as an office use in an area that was surrounded by residential
zoning and in a neighborhood of expensive single-family homes. Id. at *10. That single
property had been used continuously as a residence for over 60 years, although it did also
have a storage building for a well-drilling company. Id. at *6-7
{¶45} The decision to alter the property’s zoning was apparently made based on
traffic flow in the area. Id. at *10. The reasoning of the court in finding spot zoning is not
very clear, but seems to rely on the increased traffic and increased potential negative
impacts on housing values that a commercial use would bring to the residential district, and
the seemingly arbitrary decision by the zoning advisor to change zoning on long-time
residential property in a residential neighborhood. Id. at *12-14.
{¶46} Willot and Renner demonstrate the typical spot-zoning fact pattern, which
involves conflict resulting from an attempt to put a more intense commercial use in a
restrictive residential zone. The concept of spot zoning does not work well in this case,
where the MG zoning district allows a broad mix of commercial, manufacturing,
recreational, and residential uses. The lack of spot zoning cases involving mixed districts
points to a key aspect of spot zoning that has never been defined—how differently the
zoning of a property must be from a surrounding property before it constitutes spot zoning.
If taken to its logical extreme, the concept of spot zoning would hold that all zoning
variances are unconstitutional. Here, the notwithstanding ordinance did not rezone the
Dalton property but allowed a special assistance shelter that can only be operated by City
Gospel Mission under a number of restrictions; it is in effect a legislative variance.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶47} The Queensgate Businesses also argue that because the zoning is not in
accordance with a comprehensive zoning plan, it constitutes spot zoning. They rely upon
this court’s decision in Monsanto Co. v. Bd. of Elections of Hamilton Cty., 1st Dist. Nos. C-
950735 and C-950748, 1996 Ohio App LEXIS 4433 (Oct. 9, 1996). But Monsanto is
distinguishable because it involved a township. Townships lack home rule authority and are
required under R.C. 519.02 to adopt zoning regulations in accordance with a comprehensive
plan. See, e.g., B.J. Alan Co. v. Congress Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 124 Ohio St.3d 1,
2009-Ohio-5863, 918 N.E.2d 501, ¶ 1 (addressing the “comprehensive plan” requirement of
R.C. 519.02). There is no similar requirement for municipalities. See Cent. Motors Corp, 73
Ohio St.3d at 586, 653 N.E.2d 639 (upholding a city’s rezoning of property when the city
lacked a comprehensive plan); see also Columbia Oldsmobile v. Montgomery, 56 Ohio St.3d
60, 66, 564 N.E.2d 455 (1990) (“there is no statutory requirement that cities * * * enact a
comprehensive community plan pursuant to its power to zone under R.C. 713.06 et seq.”).
But even if there were such a requirement, the City’s allowance of a special assistance
shelter on the Dalton property was consistent with the Homeless to Homes Plan—
Cincinnati’s adopted comprehensive plan for the homeless.
{¶48} In October 2008, City Cincinnati Council passed an emergency ordinance
which mandated that Continuum of Care “address the inadequacies of the current provision
of services for single homeless individuals in the City of Cincinnati, and to put in place a
comprehensive plan to implement such services.” Cincinnati Ordinance 347-2008, ¶ 1. This
process resulted in the development of the Homeless to Homes Plan. Among the major
issues identified by this plan were the need for more appropriate shelter facilities,
particularly for homeless men, and the need to provide more comprehensive care at the
shelter facilities. It was determined that City Gospel’s Elm Street site did not allow it to
meet the goals set forth in the Homeless to Homes Plan, and that another site must be
22
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
developed. In May 2009, Cincinnati City Council passed another ordinance incorporating
the Homeless to Homes plan into the Consolidated Plan of the City, and empowering the
Continuum of Care to respond to this mandate by implementing the goals of the Homeless
to Homes Plan. Cincinnati Ordinance 129-2009, Sections 3 and 4. This implementation
process included identifying suitable sites for the location of new shelters in cooperation
with representatives from existing shelters.
{¶49} Because this case does not provide for the typical spot-zoning scenario, we
agree with the trial court that the applicable test for determining the constitutionality of a
zoning ordinance is set forth by the Ohio Supreme Court in Goldberg. Even if the
application of a spot-zoning standard is proper in this case, the approval of a special
assistance shelter on the Dalton Property does not constitute spot zoning under the
Queensgate Businesses’ own definition. “[S]pot zoning refers to the singling out of a lot or
small area for discriminatory or different treatment from that accorded surrounding land
which is similar in character.” Willott, 175 Ohio St. at 559, 197 N.E.2d 201; see also Most
Reverend Anthony J. Pilla v. Willowick, 11th Dist. No. 9-243, 1982 Ohio App. LEXIS 13454,
*12-13 (Dec. 23, 1982). The Queensgate Businesses argue that the approval of a special
assistance shelter by the notwithstanding ordinance constitutes spot zoning because it is
different from all surrounding industrial uses, and it is expressly prohibited in the district.
{¶50} But the permitted surrounding uses will not be all industrial or even
commercial. The Queensgate Businesses ignore the residential use that is being developed
on the property adjacent to the Dalton property, the transitional housing program on the
York Street property. Transitional housing is a permitted use in the MG zone, and the
shelter operated on the Dalton Property will operate similarly to transitional housing. The
fact that a use has been approved on a property that is not a permitted use cannot, by itself,
constitute spot zoning. If this were true, then all use variances would be unconstitutional.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶51} The approval of the notwithstanding ordinance does not constitute spot
zoning as defined by Ohio courts. The standard, moreover, is ill suited to the facts in this
case, which involves neighboring business owners challenging the approval of a residential
use next to their properties, rather than on their own property. The zoning on all properties
at issue is not exclusively commercial, residential, or manufacturing. It allows a broad mix
of uses including a use quite similar to the special assistance shelter at issue in this case. In
fact, this residential use, transitional housing, will be the primary use of the adjacent
property. Thus, this case is different in several crucial respects from the small number of
cases where courts have found spot zoning. Because there are no genuine issues of material
fact as to whether the notwithstanding ordinance illegally spot zones the Dalton property,
the City and the private party appellees are entitled to summary judgment on this issue.
C. The Ordinance Does Not Conflict with R.C. 713.12
{¶52} The Queensgate Businesses next argue that genuine issues of material fact
remain as to whether the notwithstanding ordinance was enacted through an exercise of
police power that conflicts with Ohio’s general laws. They argue that Cincinnati Municipal
Code 111-5, which identifies the procedures and criteria for obtaining a notwithstanding
ordinance, conflicts with R.C. 713.12, and that as a result, the ordinance is unconstitutional.
The City and private party appellees argue that there is no conflict between R.C. 713.12 and
Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5 because R.C. 713.14 makes R.C. 713.12 inapplicable to a
charter municipality like Cincinnati. We agree with the City and private party appellees.
{¶53} The city of Cincinnati is a charter municipality which derives its powers of
local self-government from Ohio Constitution, Article XVIII, Section 3. Thus, the city’s
power to enact legislation is conferred by the City Charter, not the Ohio Revised Code.
Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-1, which governs hearings on zoning regulations expressly
states that “Section 713.12 of the Ohio Revised Code is hereby declared inoperative in the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
City of Cincinnati.” Both the City and the private party appellees assert that this statement
was made in accordance with R.C. 713.14, which provides:
Sections 713.06 to 713.12, inclusive, of the Revised Code do not repeal,
reduce, or modify any power granted by law or charter to any
municipal corporation or legislative authority thereof, or impair or
restrict the power of any municipal corporation under Article XVIII of
the Ohio Constitution.
{¶54} The Ohio Supreme Court has cited R.C. 713.14 for the proposition that “a
municipality which has adopted a comprehensive charter is governed by the terms of the
charter, and statutory provisions relating to subjects covered by the charter are
inapplicable.” See State ex rel. Davis Inv. Co. v. Columbus, 175 Ohio St. 337, 341, 194
N.E.2d 859 (1963). In Bauman v. State ex rel. Underwood, 122 Ohio St. 269, 270, 171 N.E.
336 (1930), the Ohio Supreme Court addressed a previous state law, containing identical
language to R.C. 713.14, stating:
Zoning regulations are police or sanitary. Under the provisions of Section 3,
Article XVII, of the Constitution, municipalities may adopt local police or
sanitary regulations if “not in conflict with the general laws.” But the
provisions of the Akron charter are not in conflict with state law; for Section
4366-12, General Code [the precursor to R.C 713.14] yields unrestricted
powers to municipalities in respect to zoning, if such powers are granted by
the municipal charter.
{¶55} In Kachovec v. Akron, 9th Dist. No. 9948, 1981 Ohio App. LEXIS 13894, *4-5
(May 20, 1981), the Ninth District Court of Appeals, interpreted Bauman to hold that
zoning procedures were not required to be specifically set forth in the city of Akron’s
charter, as long as the charter permitted City Council to establish those procedures. Akron’s
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
charter granted the city zoning power and stated that all city powers “shall be exercised and
enforced in the manner prescribed by this Charter, or when not prescribed herein, in such
manner as shall be provided by the ordinance or resolution of the Council.” Id. at *4. The
Ninth District stated, “[W]e think it is clear that, given such a charter provision, Bauman
permits a municipality to establish its own zoning powers by ordinance.” Id.
{¶56} Cincinnati’s charter contains virtually identical language to the language in
Kachovec. Article I of the City’s Charter grants it all powers of “local self government and
home rule and all other powers possible for a city to have under the constitution of the state
of Ohio.” It further states that “[a]ll such powers shall be exercised in the manner
prescribed by this charter, or if not prescribed herein, in such manner as shall be provided
by ordinance of city council.” Like the charter considered in Kachovec, Cincinnati’s charter
grants the city the authority to adopt its own zoning regulations that differ from the default
regulations found in R.C. Chapter 713.
{¶57} The city has chosen to exercise this power by specifically rejecting R.C. 713.12
and its 30-day notice requirement in Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-1, which declares R.C.
713.12 inoperative in the city of Cincinnati. In its place, the city has adopted Cincinnati
Municipal Code 111-5, which provides 14 days’ notice for a notwithstanding ordinance.
Because there is no legitimate dispute about the city’s ability to establish its own zoning
procedures, the City and private party appellees are entitled to summary judgment on this
issue.
D. City Council Did Not Violate the City Charter by Passing the Ordinance
{¶58} Finally, the Queensgate Businesses argue that City Council violated the City
Charter by approving the notwithstanding ordinance because City Gospel Mission had only
applied for 76 beds on the Dalton property, while City Council allowed an aggregate of 125
beds in the ordinance. They argue that the City Charter does not allow City Council to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
modify a zoning ordinance after it has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. Their
argument is based upon Article VII, Sections 3 and 6 of the City Charter.
{¶59} Article VII, Section 3 of the Charter provides:
The powers and duties of the commission shall be to make plans and
maps of the whole or any portion of the city and of any land outside
the city which, in the opinion of the commission, bears a relation to the
planning of the city, and to make changes in additions to and
extensions of such plans or maps when it deems advisable. Such maps
and plans shall show the commission’s recommendations for the
location and extent of streets, alleys, ways, viaducts, bridges, subways,
parkways, parks, playgrounds and other public grounds and public
improvements, of public buildings and other public properties, and of
public utilities whether publicly or privately owned, for water, light,
sanitation, transportation, communication, power and other purposes;
and for the removal, relocation, widening, extension, narrowing,
vacation, abandonment or change of use of any of the foregoing public
places, works, buildings, or utilities. Such maps and plans may also
include the division of the city into zones for districts, in accordance
with the commission’s recommendations for the limitation and
regulation of the height, bulk, (including percentage of lot occupancy
and set-back building lines) and use of buildings and other structures
and premises in such zones or districts.
{¶60} Article VII, Section 6 of the Charter states:
No amendment of the zoning ordinance of the city or of the zone map
shall be made, passed or enacted by the council until and unless such
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
amendment shall be approved by the commission; provided that in
the case of its failure to approve, the commission shall communicate
its reason for failure to approve to the council, and the council, by a
vote of not less than two-thirds of its members, shall have the power
to overrule such failure to approve and make, adopt, or enact the
proposed amendment.
{¶61} Our reading of these sections does not support the Queensgate Businesses’
argument. The Planning Commission’s role as set forth in the city’s charter is to review
zoning matters and make recommendations to City Council. The Commission acts in an
advisory role on zoning matters and is not the decision maker. While its recommendation
may trigger the requirement of a supermajority of City Council to reject its advice, council
has the authority to act against the recommendations of the Planning Commission.
{¶62} Here, City Council passed the notwithstanding ordinance by a 7-2 vote, which
exceeded the supermajority vote requirement to overrule the City Planning Commission. As
a result, whether the City Planning Commission may have conditioned its decision on a
particular number of beds and Council may have approved a different number of beds, does
not create a genuine issue of material fact that would preclude summary judgment because
this factual issue would not invalidate the ordinance. See, e.g., Byrd v. Smith, 110 Ohio
St.3d 24, 2006-Ohio-3455, 850 N.E.2d 47 ¶ 12 (noting that “[o]nly disputes over facts that
might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the
entry of summary judgment.”). We overrule the sole assignment of error, and we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
HENDON and CUNNINGHAM, JJ., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
28
State ex rel. Phillips Supply Co. v. Cincinnati
Combined Opinion