State v. Davis

[Cite as State v. Davis, 2012-Ohio-5756.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-120076
TRIAL NOS. B-1104965
Plaintiff-Appellee, : B-1104966

vs. :
O P I N I O N.
ANDRE DAVIS, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 7, 2012

Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and James Michael
Keeling, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Christine Y. Jones, for Defendant-Appellant.

Please note: This case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.
 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

F ISCHER , Judge.

{¶1} Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant Andre Davis was convicted

of fourteen counts of felonious assault, each in violation of R.C. 2903.11(B)(1). This

statute prohibits any person with knowledge that he or she has tested positive as a

carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (“AIDS”) from

engaging in sexual conduct with another person before disclosing that knowledge to the

other person. Davis was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 32 years, and this

appeal followed. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Facts and Procedural Posture

{¶2} In October 2011, the Hamilton County Grand Jury returned two

indictments together charging Davis with 15 counts of felonious assault. The charges

stemmed from allegations of 15 sexual encounters with 12 women that occurred

between September 2009 and April 2011.

{¶3} At trial, Alex Uehline testified that she had moved in with Davis in

February 2009. Around the same time, Davis was attempting to secure employment

with World Wrestling Entertainment (“WWE”) as either a wrestler or a referee. A few

months later, Davis received a physical examination in connection with his WWE

application. Following that examination, in July 2009, Davis texted Uehline that he

had tested positive for “HIV.” Shortly thereafter, Uehline discovered a laboratory

report in their home indicating that Davis was HIV positive. The report was

authenticated as a record of regularly conducted activity under Evid.R. 803(6) and

901(B)(10) by Nancy Kreuger, a compliance officer for Quest Diagnostics, which

performs laboratory tests for physicians. Dr. William Ralston later interpreted that

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report and testified that HIV, also known as the human immunodeficiency virus, is a

retrovirus that causes AIDS.

{¶4} According to Uehline, in December 2009, the couple sought

information about the pathogen from an organization known as STOP AIDS. They

spoke with Phyllis Leathers, who testified that “[i]t was a requirement to be diagnosed

with the HIV virus to even be a client at STOP AIDS.” Leathers further stated that she

had informed Davis about the criminal implications of having sex without disclosing his

HIV status, and that Davis had signed a document acknowledging that he was

“requesting medical case management services and supportive services offered by

STOP AIDS.”

{¶5} Twelve women then testified that they had engaged in a total of 15

sexual encounters with Davis: one in September 2009, one in March 2010, one in

September 2010, three in December 2010, one in January 2011, three in February 2011,

one in March 2011, and four in April 2011. Each woman claimed that Davis had failed

to notify her before each sexual encounter that he was HIV positive.

{¶6} The jury ultimately found Davis guilty of 14 of the 15 felonious-assault

counts. He was found not guilty, however, on the count concerning the September

2009 allegation. The trial court sentenced him to an aggregate prison term of 32 years,

and this appeal followed. Davis raises six assignments of error.

Sufficiency and Weight of the Evidence

{¶7} In his first, second, and third assignments of error, Davis argues that his

convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence and were contrary to the

manifest weight of the evidence, and also that the trial court erred in denying his

Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal. We consider these assignments of error together.

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{¶8} When we review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction,

“the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). See State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997) (“In essence, sufficiency is a test of adequacy.”). We

apply the same standard of review when deciding whether a trial court erred in denying

a motion for acquittal under Crim.R. 29. State v. Tenace, 109 Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-

Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 37. But when considering whether a conviction was

contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence, we must review the entire record,

weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether

the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice. State

v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). See Thompkins at

387 (“When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis that

the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a

‘thirteenth juror’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting

testimony.”).

{¶9} Davis maintains that there was no evidence presented at trial that he

knew he was a carrier of a virus that causes AIDS. He specifically contends that

(1) there was no evidence that he had seen the laboratory report found by Uehline;

(2) even if he had seen the laboratory report, the document indicated only that he had

tested positive for antibodies that attack HIV, not HIV itself; and (3) even if he had

known that he was a carrier of HIV, he is not criminally culpable under R.C.

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2903.11(B)(1) because the pathogen is a retrovirus and, therefore, not a virus that

causes AIDS.

{¶10} These arguments are without merit. We first recognize that the

laboratory report was not the only evidence presented to show that Davis knew he was a

carrier of HIV. For instance, Uehline testified that Davis had texted her in July 2009

that he was HIV positive, and that in December 2009, she and Davis had sought

information about HIV and AIDS from STOP AIDS. In addition, Phyllis Leathers

testified that when the couple visited STOP AIDS, she had informed Davis about the

criminal implications of having sex without disclosing his HIV status, and that Davis

had signed a document acknowledging his request for “medical case management

services and supportive services offered by STOP AIDS.”1 Furthermore, we reject

Davis’s tenuous assertion that R.C. 2903.11(B)(1) does not implicate those who merely

carry HIV. As Dr. Ralston testified, retroviruses are viruses, and HIV is a retrovirus

that causes AIDS.

{¶11} Based on the foregoing and the record before us, we conclude that a

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of each offense proven

beyond a reasonable doubt, and that the jury neither clearly lost its way nor created a

manifest miscarriage of justice in convicting Davis of 14 counts of felonious assault.

The first, second, and third assignments of error are, therefore, overruled.

Excessive Sentence

{¶12} In his fourth assignment of error, Davis maintains that the trial court

erred in imposing a sentence in violation of R.C. 2953.08(C)(1). This statute provides

that a defendant convicted of a felony “may seek leave to appeal a sentence imposed

1 Notably, Davis was convicted of only those felonious-assault charges that concerned alleged
sexual encounters after he had met with Leathers.

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upon the defendant on the basis that the sentencing judge has imposed consecutive

sentences * * * and that the consecutive sentences exceed the maximum prison term

allowed by [R.C. 2929.14(A)] for the most serious offense of which the defendant was

convicted.” Davis argues that because his “most serious offense” was felonious assault,

a felony of the second-degree under R.C. 2903.11(D)(1)(a), the trial court erred in

imposing more than the maximum eight-year prison term allowed by R.C.

2929.14(A)(2) for such a felony.

{¶13} We disagree. Instead we follow the great weight of authority in Ohio

and hold that R.C. 2953.08(C)(1) does not limit a sentencing court’s discretion to

impose consecutive sentences. State v. Owens, 5th Dist. No. 11-COA-37, 2012-Ohio-

2951, ¶ 15; State v. Nicely, 6th Dist. No. F-09-14, 2010-Ohio-2797, ¶ 28-29; State v.

Gonzalez, 3d Dist No. 1-98-84, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 3103, *3-4 (Jun. 30, 1999); State

v. Haines, 10th Dist. No. 98AP-195, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 5332, *16 (Oct. 29, 1998).

Instead, the statute merely provides an opportunity to seek leave to appeal. See Owens

at ¶ 15; Haines at *16.

{¶14} Our interpretation is bolstered by the fact that R.C. 2929.14(C)(4),

which authorizes sentencing courts to impose consecutive prison terms subject to

certain findings, neither refers to R.C. 2953.08(C)(1) nor bars the imposition of

aggregate prison terms in excess of the most serious offense of which the defendant was

convicted. Moreover, to construe the statute as Davis advocates “would demean the

sentencing process to the point that it would permit one person to receive a maximum

sentence for committing one felony while allowing another person to receive only the

same maximum sentence for committing one hundred similar felonies.” Haines at *16.

The fourth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

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The Laboratory Report

{¶15} In his fifth assignment of error, Davis argues that the trial court erred in

admitting the laboratory report that Uehline found in their home as a record of

regularly conducted activity, i.e. a business record, because Nancy Kreuger of Quest

Diagnostics was not the record’s custodian. “The admission of evidence is generally

within the sound discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court may reverse only

upon the showing of an abuse of that discretion.” Peters v. Ohio State Lottery Comm.,

63 Ohio St.3d 296, 299, 587 N.E.2d 290 (1992) (applying this standard in reviewing the

admission of business records under Evid.R. 803(6)).

{¶16} Under Evid.R. 803,

The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even

though the declarant is available as a witness: * * *

(6) A memorandum, report, record, or data

compilation, in any form, of acts, events, or conditions,

made at or near the time by, or from information

transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the

course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if

it was the regular practice of that business activity to

make the memorandum, report, record, or data

compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the

custodian or other qualified witness or as provided by

Rule 901(B)(10), unless the source of information or the

method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of

trustworthiness.

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{¶17} It is widely recognized that the term “qualified witness” should be

interpreted broadly to include those witnesses who are

sufficiently familiar with the operation of the business and

with the circumstances of the record’s preparation,

maintenance and retrieval, that he [or she] can reasonably

testify on the basis of this knowledge that the record is

what it purports to be and that it was made in the ordinary

course of business consistent with the elements of Rule

803(6).

State v. Vrona, 47 Ohio App.3d 145, 148, 547 N.E.2d 1189 (9th Dist.), quoting 1

Weissenberger’s Ohio Evidence 76, Section 803.79 (1985). Accord State v. Blake,

2012-Ohio-3124, 974 N.E.2d 730, ¶ 29 (12th Dist.); Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v.

Hansen, 5th Dist. No. 2010-CA-1, 2011-Ohio-1223, ¶ 26; State v. Wagner, 8th Dist. No.

93432, 2010-Ohio-2221, ¶ 25; State v. McGhee, 3d Dist. No. 13-08-12, 2009-Ohio-

4259, ¶ 38; Greenwood Rehab., Inc. v. Thacker, 6th Dist. No. L-03-1213, 2004-Ohio-

1643, ¶ 18; State v. Myers, 153 Ohio App.3d 547, 2003-Ohio-4135, 795 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 60

(10th Dist.); State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Kall, 11th Dist. No. 98-G-2203, 2000

Ohio App. LEXIS 1402, *23 (Mar. 31, 2000); State v. Hirtzinger, 124 Ohio App.3d 40,

49, 705 N.E.2d 395 (2d Dist.1997); Bishop v. Munson Transp., Inc., 109 Ohio App.3d

573, 579, 672 N.E.2d 749 (7th Dist.1996).

{¶18} In her testimony, Kreuger demonstrated that she was familiar with the

operations of Quest Diagnostics, the generation of its laboratory reports, and the

procedures for retrieving those reports. We, therefore, cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion in concluding that Kreuger could authenticate the record as a

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qualified witness under Evid.R. 803(6). See Evid.R. 901(B)(1o). The fifth assignment

of error is, therefore, overruled.

Constitutionality of R.C. 2903.11(B)

{¶19} In his sixth assignment of error, Davis argues that R.C. 2903.11(B) is

unconstitutional. He maintains that (1) the statute’s notification requirement violates

his freedom of speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution;

(2) the statute impermissibly singles out the conduct of those who carry a virus that

causes AIDS as opposed to other viruses under the Equal Protection Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Ohio Constitution,

Article I, Section 16; and (3) the statute is void for vagueness.

{¶20} We note, however, the record for the cases now on appeal does not

reflect that Davis challenged the constitutionality of R.C. 2903.11(B)(1) before the trial

court. He has, therefore, waived these issues on appeal. See State v. Awan, 22 Ohio

St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), syllabus (“Failure to raise at the trial court level the

issue of the constitutionality of a statute or its application, which issue is apparent at

the time of trial, constitutes a waiver of such issue and a deviation from this state's

orderly procedure, and therefore need not be heard for the first time on appeal.”).

{¶21} Davis and the state have attempted to circumvent this waiver rule by

filing a joint stipulation under App.R. 9(E). It states:

1. The original record contained all materials from the

trial court in Case Nos. B-1104965 and B-1104966.

2. However, upon conferring with Mr. Davis’s second

trial counsel regarding the issues in this case, appellate

counsel discovered that the cases had originated with

Case Nos. B-1102382 and B-1104966; the only reason

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the cases were re-indicted was to add the mens rea of

“knowingly” to both cases.

3. Upon review of the documents filed in those original

case numbers, it is apparent and the parties stipulate

that those records be included in the instant appeal,

especially Mr. Davis’ Motions to Dismiss based on

constitutional issues regarding R.C. Section

2903.11(B). These omitted documents from Case Nos.

B-1102382 and B-1102774 are attached hereto.

{¶22} Under App.R. 9(E), “[i]f anything material to either party is omitted

from the record by error or accident or is misstated, the parties by stipulation * * * may

direct that omission or misstatement be corrected, and if necessary that a supplemental

record be certified, filed, and transmitted.” (Emphasis added.). App.R. 9(A),

meanwhile, defines “the record” as “[t]he original papers and exhibits thereto filed in

the trial court, the transcript of proceedings, if any, including exhibits, and a certified

copy of the docket and journal entries prepared by the clerk of the trial court.”

{¶23} Davis and the state concede in their joint stipulation, however, that the

“original record contained all materials” filed in the cases now on appeal. The materials

attached to their joint stipulation, therefore, cannot constitute an omission “by error or

accident” from the “original papers and exhibits thereto filed in the trial court” under

App.R. 9. Thus, we must not consider them. See Entingh v. Old Man’s Cave Chalets,

Inc., 4th Dist. No. 08CA14, 2009-Ohio-2242, ¶ 10 (“App.R. 9(E) is only applicable

when the materials that are missing or omitted were actually part of the record in the

trial court.”); Pailet v. Univ. of Cincinnati Hosp., 10th Dist. No. 82AP-952, 1983 Ohio

App. LEXIS 16069, *5 (Jun. 30 1983) (“[App.R.9(E)] permits addition of only matter

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‘material to either party,’ which has been ‘omitted from the record by error or accident.’

This means matter which has been omitted from the record on appeal, not matter

which the party failed to present to the trial court.”); see generally State v. Ishmail, 54

Ohio St.2d 402, 377 N.E.2d 500, (1978) paragraph one of the syllabus (“A reviewing

court cannot add matter to the record before it, which was not part of the trial court’s

proceedings, and then decide the appeal on the basis of the new matter.”). To do

otherwise would disrupt our constitutional function to review the judgments of trial

courts by inviting, in essence, advisory opinions based on records not considered by the

trial courts, but rather on those manufactured post hoc by the parties. See Ohio

Constitution, Article IV, Section 3(B)(2).

{¶24} The sixth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled, and the judgment

of the trial court is affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

H ILDEBRANDT , P.J., and S UNDERMANN , J., concur.

Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.

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