[Cite as Pflanz v. Pilkington LOF, 2011-Ohio-2670.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
THOMAS PFLANZ, : APPEAL NO. C-100574
TRIAL NO. A-0805269
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
PILKINGTON LOF, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
:
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed from Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: June 3, 2011
Gerald Grubbs, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Robert M. Robenalt and Schottenstein Zox & Dunn Co., L.P.A., for Defendant-
Appellant.
Please note: This case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
H ILDEBRANDT , Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Pilkington LOF, appeals the judgment of the
Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas allowing plaintiff-appellee, Thomas Pflanz,
to participate in the workers’ compensation fund for the substantial aggravation of a
preexisting medical condition. The judgment was entered following a bench trial.
Pflanz’s Back Problems and His Workplace Injuries
{¶2} Pflanz began experiencing back pain in 1983. In 1989, he was
working in a warehouse. While moving a large object, he severely injured his back.
He sought treatment with Dr. Thomas Sullivan, D.C., a chiropractor. Dr. Sullivan
referred Pflanz to a surgeon, who performed a lumbar laminectomy.
{¶3} In 2001, Pflanz again went to Dr. Sullivan complaining of low back
pain and weakness in his legs. Dr. Sullivan ordered a magnetic resonance imaging
scan (MRI). Dr. Sullivan testified that the MRI had revealed a lumbar disc
displacement at L-4/L-5.
{¶4} In 2007, Pflanz began working at Pilkington. One of his duties was to
unload large panes of glass from delivery trucks. On July 5, 2007, Pflanz was lifting
a pane of glass when he felt a “snap” and experienced what he termed an “electric
shock” in his back.
{¶5} Pflanz went to Dr. Sullivan, who ordered another MRI. In Dr.
Sullivan’s opinion, the MRI indicated that the July 5, 2007, incident had
substantially aggravated the preexisting lumbar disc displacement and preexisting
facet-joint osteoarthropathy. In addition to the MRI, Dr. Sullivan based his
diagnosis on range-of-motion tests and on other diagnostic tools he had
administered himself.
{¶6} Pflanz went to Dr. Sullivan for further chiropractic treatments
through August 24, 2007. He did not receive further treatment from Dr. Sullivan
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
until December 24, 2007, when he reported that he had injured himself putting up
his Christmas tree. Pflanz explained that he had not sought treatment in the interim
because he could not afford it.
{¶7} Dr. Steven Wunder, M.D, testified on behalf of Pilkington. Wunder
examined Pflanz and reviewed the MRIs and other records relating to Pflanz’s
medical history. Dr. Wunder expressed the opinion that Pflanz merely suffered from
chronic back pain. Dr. Wunder concluded that the chronic pain had been
exacerbated by the July 5, 2007, incident, which had caused what Dr. Wunder
characterized as a sprain or strain. He based that opinion in part on Pflanz’s ongoing
complaints of back pain since the 1980s and on the fact that Pflanz had ceased
treatment between August 24, 2007, and December 24, 2007, with the implication
being that the sprain or strain had healed.
{¶8} The Industrial Commission allowed Pflanz to participate in the fund
for the substantial aggravation of the preexisting disc displacement and facet-joint
osteoarthropathy. The trial court upheld the determination of the Industrial
Commission, and Pilkington has appealed.
The Trial Court’s Construction of “Substantial Aggravation”
{¶9} We begin with the third and final assignment of error, in which
Pilkington contends that the trial court did not apply the correct “substantial
aggravation” standard in concluding that Pflanz had suffered a compensable injury.
{¶10} First, we must identify our standard of review. In an appeal under
R.C. 4123.512 from an order of the Industrial Commission, the trial court reviews de
novo the issue of whether the claimant can participate in the worker’s compensation
fund.1 This court reviews the decision of the trial court under a manifest-weight-of-
1 Krull v. Ryan, 1st Dist. No. C-100019, 2010-Ohio-4422, ¶9.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the-evidence standard, and we will not reverse the trial court’s judgment if it is
supported by some competent, credible evidence.2
{¶11} To participate in Ohio’s workers’ compensation fund, a claimant must
establish an “injury” as defined by R.C. 4123.01(C). This statute provides that an
injury includes “any injury, whether caused by external accidental means or
accidental in character and result, received in the course of, and arising out of, the
injured employee’s employment.”3
{¶12} The subdivisions of R.C. 4123.01(C) qualify the definition of a
compensable injury. R.C. 4123.01(C)(4) provides that an injury does not include “[a]
condition that pre-existed an injury unless that pre-existing condition is
substantially aggravated by the injury. Such a substantial aggravation must be
documented by objective diagnostic findings, objective clinical findings, or objective
test results. Subjective complaints may be evidence of such a substantial
aggravation. However, subjective complaints without objective diagnostic findings,
objective clinical findings, or objective test results are insufficient to substantiate a
substantial aggravation.”
{¶13} The legislature added subdivision (C)(4) as part of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 7
(“Senate Bill 7”) in 2006. Before this amendment to the definition of a compensable
injury, the Ohio Supreme Court had held in Schell v. Globe Trucking, Inc.4 that “[a]
workers’ compensation claimant who has proven a work-related aggravation of a
pre-existing condition is not required to prove that the aggravation is substantial in
order to be entitled to a determination of the extent of his participation in the State
Insurance Fund.”5
2 Id.
3 R.C. 4123.01(C).
4 (1990), 48 Ohio St.3d 1, 548 N.E.2d 920.
5 Id., syllabus.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶14} The Schell court based its holding on the broad language used by the
General Assembly in defining a compensable injury. The court stated that “an
aggravation of a pre-existing condition having some real adverse effect, even if that
effect was relatively slight, would be within our understanding of the definition of
‘injury’ * * *.”6 The court reasoned that to read R.C. 4123.01(C), as it existed at the
time, “[t]o require that an injury, in the form of an aggravation of a pre-existing
condition, must be of a specified magnitude would work a change in the statutory
scheme that would best be left to the legislature.”7
{¶15} Further, before Senate Bill 7, Ohio appellate courts had held that, “in
certain instances, a claimant need not establish a measurable physiological change in
the underlying condition in order to demonstrate entitlement to benefits for the
aggravation of a preexisting condition.”8 Thus, the aggravation of the underlying
condition “[could] be evinced through either symptoms (‘debilitating effects’) or
physiological changes not due to the normal progression of the disease.”9 In other
words, a trier of fact could find “an aggravation through evidence of worsened
symptoms even though objective medical testing [did] not otherwise indicate a
worsening condition.”10
The Meaning of “Substantial Aggravation”
{¶16} While the General Assembly in Senate Bill 7 used the term
“substantial” to define the extent of the aggravation required to participate in the
workers’ compensation fund, it did not expressly define the term “substantial” in the
statute.
{¶17} “[W]here the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, it is the
duty of the court to enforce the statute as written, making neither additions to the
6 Id. at fn 1.
7 Id. at 3, 548 N.E.2d 920.
8 Hess v. United Ins. Co. of America (1991), 74 Ohio App.3d 667, 674, 600 N.E.2d 285, citing
Golden v. George Gradel Co. (Feb. 17, 1989), 6th Dist. No. L-88-091.
9 Hess, supra, at 679, 600 N.E.2d 285 (emphasis in original).
10 Gower v. Conrad (2001), 146 Ohio App.3d 200, 204, 765 N.E.2d 905.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
statute nor subtractions therefrom.”11 The word “substantial” has multiple
meanings, including “considerable in amount, value, or the like” and “[f]irmly
established; solidly based.”12 But we find no ambiguity in the statute despite these
distinct meanings, because the statutory language indicates that the claimant must
demonstrate “substantial” aggravation in both senses of the word.
{¶18} R.C. 4123.01(C)(4) first excepts from the definition of a compensable
injury “[a] condition that pre-existed an injury unless that pre-existing condition is
substantially aggravated by the injury.” The statute then provides that “[s]uch a
substantial aggravation must be documented by objective diagnostic findings,
objective clinical findings, or objective test results.” The statute further states that
subjective complaints may also be evidence of “such a substantial aggravation” but
that subjective complaints without the specified objective medical evidence “are
insufficient to substantiate a substantial aggravation.” Thus, to be compensable, the
aggravation of a preexisting condition must be substantial both in the sense of being
considerable and in the sense of being firmly established through the presentation of
objective evidence.
Pflanz’s Injury and Substantial Aggravation
{¶19} In this case, Pilkington has failed to demonstrate that the trial court
applied the wrong standard regarding substantial aggravation. According to
Pilkington, the trial court relied solely on the fact that Pflanz had not sought
treatment between 2001 and 2007 in arriving at the conclusion that Pflanz’s previous
back conditions had resolved and that the 2007 incident had substantially
aggravated those conditions.
11 Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451, 2002-Ohio-6718, 780 N.E.2d
543, ¶14, superseded by statute on other grounds.
12 Seventh and ninth definitions of “substantial” in Webster’s Second New International
Dictionary (1959) 2514.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶20} But Pilkington ignores the objective and subjective evidence adduced
by Pflanz in support of his claim. Pflanz provided ample evidence that the July 5,
2007, workplace injury had substantially aggravated his preexisting back conditions.
Dr. Sullivan established, through the MRIs and other test results, that Pflanz’s
lumbar disc displacement and osteoarthropathy had been made substantially worse
by the 2007 incident. The trial court accepted that evidence and applied the proper
statutory standard.
{¶21} In arguing that the trial court applied an improper standard,
Pilkington essentially contends that the trial court failed to properly consider the
testimony of Dr. Wunder. Pilkington emphasizes Dr. Wunder’s opinion that Pflanz
had merely suffered from chronic back pain that had been temporarily aggravated by
the July 2007 incident. Thus, Pilkington claims that the evidence did not support
the trial court’s finding of a substantial aggravation.
{¶22} We find no merit in Pilkington’s argument. The trial court explicitly
considered Dr. Wunder’s opinion in its written decision, but it simply found Dr.
Sullivan’s testimony to have been more compelling. Such a conclusion did not mean
that the trial court failed to apply the proper standard. Because the trial court’s
judgment was supported by competent, credible evidence, we overrule the third
assignment of error.
Reliability of Pflanz’s Expert
{¶23} In its first and second assignments of error, Pilkington argues that the
trial court erred in relying on the expert testimony of Dr. Sullivan because that
testimony was allegedly contradictory. We address the assignments together.
{¶24} In State ex rel. Eberhardt v. Flxible Corp.,13 the Supreme Court of
Ohio discussed the inherent deficiency of equivocal or contradictory opinions. The
Eberhardt court stated that “equivocation occurs when a doctor repudiates an earlier
13 (1994), 70 Ohio St.3d 649, 640 N.E.2d 815.
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opinion, renders contradictory or uncertain opinions, or fails to clarify an ambiguous
statement.”14 Equivocal statements “reveal that the doctor is not sure what he means
and, therefore, they are inherently unreliable.”15
{¶25} In this case, we find no deficiency in Dr. Sullivan’s testimony.
Throughout the proceedings before the trial court, Dr. Sullivan maintained that the
July 2007 injury had substantially aggravated the lumbar displacement at L-4/L-5
and that the incident had substantially aggravated the osteoarthropathy in the same
area.
{¶26} But according to Pilkington, Dr. Sullivan also diagnosed the
conditions as new injuries rather than as an aggravation of previous conditions.
Pilkington bases its claim of equivocation or inconsistency largely on testimony
taken in isolation. To support its claim, Pilkington quotes Dr. Sullivan’s testimony
that Pflanz’s condition was “directly related to the mechanism of injury [Pflanz]
described from his work injury.” But in context, it is evident that he was referring to
the substantial aggravation being related to the work injury. In other words, he was
establishing that the 2007 incident had directly caused the substantial aggravation,
not that the incident had directly caused a new injury. And in any event, this court
has held that the aggravation of a preexisting injury is not a separate injury, but
merely a different theory of causation.16
{¶27} Pilkington also bases its claim of equivocation or inconsistency on Dr.
Sullivan’s concession that his opinion regarding “substantial aggravation” had not
been an explicit part of his “working diagnosis” at the outset of his evaluation of
Pflanz’s condition. But Dr. Sullivan emphasized that he had adduced evidence of
substantial aggravation before the Industrial Commission and that his diagnosis at
14 Id. at 657, 640 N.E.2d 815.
15 Id.
16 See Starkey v. Builders Firstsource Ohio Valley, LLC., 187 Ohio App.3d 199, 2010-Ohio-1571,
931 N.E.2d 633, discretionary appeal allowed, 126 Ohio St.3d 1554, 2010-Ohio-3855, 932 N.E.2d
338.
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the time of his deposition testimony remained the same. We fail to see how the
timing of the diagnosis was fatal to Dr. Sullivan’s credibility, especially in light of the
trial court’s de novo review of the case.
{¶28} Finally, we find no merit in Pilkington’s argument that the trial
court’s judgment ran afoul of the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in Ward v.
Kroger Co.17 In Ward, the court held that a claimant in an appeal under R.C.
4123.512 may seek to participate in the workers’ compensation fund only for those
conditions addressed in the administrative order from which the appeal was taken.18
Here, the conditions allowed by the trial court were the same as those addressed in
the administrative order, and we accordingly overrule the first and second
assignments of error.
Conclusion
{¶29} We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
SUNDERMANN and CUNNINGHAM, JJ., concur.
Please Note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
17 106 Ohio St.3d 35, 2005-Ohio-3560, 830 N.E.2d 1155.
18 Id., syllabus. See, also, Starkey, supra.
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Pflanz v. Pilkington LOF
Combined Opinion