Solargenix Energy, LLC v. Acciona

2014 IL App (1st) 123403

FIFTH DIVISION
August 1, 2014

No. 1-12-3403

SOLARGENIX ENERGY, LLC, Individually )
and Derivatively on Behalf of Acciona Solar ) Appeal from the
Power, Inc., ) Circuit Court of
) Cook County.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 11 L 3036
)
ACCIONA, S.A., and ACCIONA ENERGÍA, S.A., )
Defendants-Appellants ) Honorable
) Sanjay Tailor,
(Acciona Solar Energy, LLC, Acciona Solar ) Judge Presiding.
Power, Inc., Acciona Energy North America )
Corporation, Defendants). )

JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion
Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff Solargenix Energy, LLC (Solargenix), filed the instant suit against defendants

raising various claims related to defendants' alleged breach of joint venture agreements with

Solargenix. Defendants-appellants Acciona, S.A. (Acciona), and Acciona Energia, S.A.

(together, the Spanish defendants) filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. The

circuit court denied the motion. This court granted the Spanish defendants' petition for leave to

appeal that decision pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(3). Ill. S. Ct. R. 306(a)(3) (eff. Feb.

16, 2011). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
1-12-3403

¶2 I. BACKGROUND 1

¶3 According to Solargenix, in 2005 it was a leader in the concentrating solar power market

in the United States and it was constructing a large-scale concentrating thermosolar power plant

in Nevada called "Nevada Solar One." In November 2005, the Spanish defendants' United States

subsidiaries and Solargenix formed a joint venture and they executed several related agreements

to that end. Solargenix claimed that Acciona, a publicly traded, global renewable energy

company, sought Solargenix's solar power technology and expertise, while Solargenix was

interested in gaining access to Acciona's worldwide network and resources.

¶4 According to Solargenix's complaint, Solargenix is a North Carolina limited liability

company with its principal place of business in North Carolina. Acciona and Acciona Energia

are Spanish corporations with their principal places of business in Spain. Acciona Energia is

directly wholly owned by another corporation, which is in turn directly wholly owned by

Acciona. Acciona Energy North America Corporation (Acciona North America) and Acciona

Solar Energy, LLC (Acciona Solar Energy), are United States subsidiaries. Acciona North

America is a directly, wholly owned subsidiary of a corporation which is in turn directly and

wholly owned by Acciona Energia, and is organized under Delaware law with its principal place

of business in Chicago, Illinois. Acciona Solar Energy is a wholly owned subsidiary of Acciona

North America and is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal place of business in

Chicago.

¶5 Pursuant to the joint venture agreements, the parties formed a joint venture entity,

initially called Solargenix Energy, Inc., but later renamed Acciona Solar Power, Inc. (ASP), 2

which was to serve as their exclusive vehicle for developing thermosolar power plants

1
The factual allegations are taken from the complaint and the parties' briefs and accompanying exhibits
filed in the circuit court.
2
For the sake of clarity, we will refer to the joint venture entity as ASP throughout this opinion.

2
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worldwide (except for Spain and China, which were specifically carved out). However,

Solargenix alleged in its complaint that defendants 3 fraudulently induced it to form the joint

venture so that they could obtain ownership of Solargenix's valuable proprietary solar

technology, employees, and expertise, in order to pursue other projects outside of the joint

venture and at the expense of developing ASP, which eventually caused ASP to become

insolvent. 4

¶6 In its complaint, Solargenix alleged that, in an effort to rid itself of the partnership with

Solargenix, defendants ultimately "manufactured" a deadlock on the ASP board of directors and

sent a purchase notice to Solargenix in September 2010, invoking the buy/sell provision of the

shareholders agreement. 5 Solargenix indicated that Acciona also attempted to condition the

purchase notice on Solargenix waiving any claims against Acciona, but Acciona removed this

restriction after Solargenix filed a complaint in the chancery court contesting it. Solargenix

ultimately agreed to sell its interest in ASP for $11.5 million. Solargenix asserted that, by that

3
We note that it is somewhat difficult to discern Solargenix's specific contentions with regard to each
defendant, as it refers generally to defendants as "Acciona" throughout its complaint and brief.
4
In particular, alleged instances of neglect and breach of the joint venture agreements included: (1) failure
to appoint a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of ASP for 3 ½ years; (2) failure to implement a competitive
compensation package for employees; (3) failure to fill key management positions in ASP; (4) failure to convene
regular board meetings of ASP; (5) refusal of the Solargenix board members' requests for action, (6) failure to
promote ASP and at the same time pursuing other projects and informing third parties not to concern themselves
with ASP, and (7) forming joint venture partnerships outside of ASP.
Solargenix also alleged that in 2005 and 2006, the Acciona-appointed general manager of ASP, Paxti
Landa, abandoned negotiations with an energy company to build five plants without presenting the opportunity to
Solargenix's board members of ASP. Further, in 2006, John Myles met with Google CEO Larry Page regarding
Google's interest in investing in concentrating solar power projects through ASP, but defendants refused to meet or
cause ASP to meet with Google. In addition, John Myles referred Cogentrix Energy, LLC, to Acciona for
potentially developing solar power projects in the United States, but Acciona told Cogentrix that it need not deal
with ASP and could deal directly with Acciona. Acciona also unilaterally instructed ASP not to pursue an
opportunity to construct "Nevada Solar Two," even though ASP had been "short listed" for the project.
Additionally, Solargenix alleged that Acciona violated the joint venture agreements and tortiously
interfered with the joint venture agreements by entering into an agreement with Mitsubishi to pursue thermosolar
energy projects worldwide, including entering into a memorandum of understanding in 2009 and submitting a joint
application with Mitsubishi in 2010 to the Australian government for the construction a $1.2 billion solar power
plant in Australia.
5
The buy/sell provision provided that when one shareholder offered to buy all of the other shareholder's
shares in ASP, the other shareholder must respond within 30 days by either purchasing the notifying shareholder's
shares or selling all of its own shares.

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time, Acciona's neglect of ASP had rendered ASP insolvent and reduced the value of the shares,

and had it purchased Acciona's shares instead, it would have been left with a worthless company.

¶7 After completion of the sale in 2011, Solargenix filed an initial complaint seeking

rescission of the joint venture agreements and compensatory damages of more than $100 million,

among other relief. Solargenix later filed an amended complaint in which it alleged that Acciona

Energia, Acciona North America, and Acciona Solar Energy fraudulently induced it to enter into

the joint venture agreements; breach of contract by Acciona Energia (with respect to the letter of

adhesion it executed, discussed further, infra); tortious interference with contractual rights

against Acciona for allegedly causing Acciona Energia and the United States subsidiaries to

breach the joint venture agreements; and unjust enrichment against Acciona and Acciona Energia

for the alleged torts.

¶8 A. Joint Venture Agreements

¶9 Solargenix alleged in its complaint that its principal, John Myles, initially contacted the

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Acciona Energia, Esteban Morras, in November 2004 and

proposed the creation of a formalized joint venture. In February 2005, Acciona North America

and Solargenix signed a cooperation agreement pursuant to which Acciona North America

loaned $13 million to Solargenix to finance the development of Nevada Solar One, while

retaining the right to convert the loan into a controlling equity investment in Solargenix's solar

power plant business.

¶10 Several months later, following more negotiations, several days of which occurred in

Chicago, 6 an amended cooperation agreement and other joint venture agreements were executed

6
We note that Solargenix argues that John Myles negotiated with Alberto de Miguel, an officer of Acciona
North America and an employee of Acciona Energia, and that Myles was under the impression that he was
negotiating with the Spanish defendants. On the other hand, the Spanish defendants assert that de Miguel testified in
his deposition that he negotiated on behalf of the US Acciona subsidiaries.

4
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on November 30, 2005. The signatory parties to the amended cooperation agreement were

representatives of Solargenix, Acciona Solar Energy, Acciona North America, and ASP. Under

the agreements, the $13 million loan debt was canceled and, in exchange, Acciona North

America received a 55% interest in ASP, through its subsidiary Acciona Solar Energy. Acciona

Solar Energy was granted the right to appoint three of the five board of director positions of ASP

and ASP's chief executive officer. Solargenix held a 45% stake in ASP and had the right to

appoint two directors and the chief financial officer. Solargenix assigned over its solar power

plant division, including its project assets (such as Nevada Solar One, leases, agreements,

equipment, technology, patents, intellectual property, and inventory). The amended cooperation

agreement provided that the parties intended to amend the initial cooperation agreement "in

contemplation of a larger cooperative relationship between the parties."

¶11 The amended cooperation agreement also stated in section V, paragraph A, entitled

"Worldwide Investment Vehicle":

"[T]he parties agree that one of the primary business purposes of the Company [ASP]

shall be to serve as the investment vehicle for future thermosolar power generation

projects undertaken by [Solargenix], [Acciona Solar Energy], or their affiliates

worldwide, except in Spain ***. The participation and final ownership of such projects

shall be determined according to the respective financial investment and risk assumptions

of each of the parties involved, *** but the parties agree that one of the principal

purposes of the Company [ASP] is to accrue sufficient available cash so as to invest in

and pursue ownership opportunities with respect to such projects. Each party agrees that

the opportunity to invest in such projects shall be deemed corporate opportunities of the

Company, and may not be pursued by either party outside the Company [ASP] except

5
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with the unanimous consent of the Company's Board of Directors."

¶12 Under the same section, in paragraph B, entitled "Worldwide Thermosolar

Development," it provided:

"[T]he parties agree that one of the primary business purposes of the Company [ASP]

shall be to serve as the development, engineering, operations, and management services

provider for future thermosolar power generation projects (i) undertaken by third parties

and developed by either shareholder or (ii) undertaken by [Solargenix], [Acciona Solar

Energy], or their affiliates worldwide, except in Spain and in China ***. Each party

agrees that the opportunity to provide development, engineering, operations, and

management services to such projects shall be deemed corporate opportunities of the

Company [ASP], and may not be pursued by either party outside the Company except

with the unanimous consent of the Company's Board of Directors."

¶13 Also under section V, in paragraph D, entitled "Future Projects," it stated that Acciona

North America agreed to contract with ASP to perform basic engineering and project

management for two thermosolar projects in Spain, and that "[t]he parties acknowledge that

[Acciona Energia] has agreed that it is bound by the agreements in paragraphs A [(the

Worldwide Investment Vehicle provision)], B [(the Worldwide Thermosolar Development

provision)], and D above through the Letter of Adhesion."

¶14 Under section III, entitled "SPAIN," and paragraph A, "Exclusive Agent," it provided

that the parties "discussed an arrangement under which [Acciona North America] would become

the exclusive agent of [Solargenix and ASP] in Spain for solar thermal power plants" and the

parties agreed to negotiate further in that regard in good faith. It further provided that "[t]he

parties acknowledge that Acciona Energia, SA ('Acciona') has agreed that it is bound by this

6
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agreement through the letter of adhesion attached hereto."

¶15 Additionally, in section VIII, entitled "MISCELLANEOUS," the amended cooperation

agreement contained a provision which designated Illinois law as the law governing the

agreement. It also contained the following forum selection provision:

"G. Consent to Jurisdiction; Waiver. The parties hereby consent to the

exclusive jurisdiction of any state or federal court situated in the State of Illinois,

City of Chicago, and waive any objection based on lack of personal jurisdiction,

improper venue or forum non conveniens, with regard to any actions, claims,

disputes or proceedings relating to this Agreement, or any document delivered

hereunder or in connection herewith, or any transaction arising from or connected

to any of the foregoing. Nothing herein shall affect any party's right to serve process in

any manner permitted by law, or limit any party's right to bring proceedings against the

other party or their property or assets in the competent courts or any other jurisdiction or

jurisdictions."

¶16 Like the amended cooperation agreement, the letter of adhesion was similarly dated

November 30, 2005. It was addressed to Solargenix and John and Jeff Myles, and signed by

Morras as CEO of Acciona Energia. In the letter, Acciona Energia "acknowledge[d] that certain

provisions of the [amended cooperation agreement] *** refer to and affect Acciona Energia, SA

*** and some of its other affiliates that are not parties to the [amended cooperation agreement]

(hereinafter the 'Relevant ASE Subsidiaries')." Further, Acciona Energia "accept[ed] and

consent[ed] to be bound by and to comply with the contents and obligations set forth in the

Applicable Sections" of the amended cooperation agreement, and to "cause the Relevant ASE

Subsidiaries to comply with the contents and obligations of the Applicable Sections for as long

7
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as the Agreement remains in force, provided that ASE [Acciona Solar Energy] or any of its

affiliates is a party thereto." The "applicable sections" set forth in the letter of adhesion were:

section III, paragraph A, and section V, paragraphs A, B, and D. The letter did not specifically

incorporate the forum selection clause of the amended cooperation agreement.

¶17 B. Motion to Dismiss

¶18 The Spanish defendants moved to dismiss Solargenix's complaint pursuant to section 2-

301 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-301(a) (West 2010)), on

grounds that that court lacked personal jurisdiction over them. The parties engaged in extensive

briefing and discovery related to the motion to dismiss, and each side submitted numerous

exhibits consisting of the joint venture agreements, depositions, affidavits, emails, letters, and

other documentation.

¶19 The Spanish defendants asserted that there was no basis for specific or general

jurisdiction over them because, unlike their United States subsidiaries, they did not have

sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois as they did not lease or own property, maintain offices,

pay taxes, conduct business, market their services, or maintain employees in Illinois, 7 and

jurisdiction in Illinois would be unfair and burdensome. They pointed out that Solargenix was

not an Illinois company and ASP did not do business in Illinois, and had only held board of

director meetings in Chicago. They also argued that they (Acciona and Acciona Energia) were

not signatories to the joint venture agreements. With respect to the letter of adhesion, they

asserted that it did not incorporate the forum selection provision of the amended cooperation

agreement and it was signed in Spain. The Spanish defendants insisted that its United States

subsidiaries, which were signatories to the joint venture agreements, were more than merely

"shell" corporations of the Spanish defendants because they owned Nevada Solar One and ASP,
7
Acciona Energia conceded that it occasionally "seconded" employees to Acciona North America.

8
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and Acciona North America was involved in wind energy and was trying to develop solar plants.

The Spanish defendants denied exercising an unusually high degree of control over ASP's daily

operations, and noted that corporate formalities were observed. They argued that although

Alberto de Miguel (an officer of Acciona North America and an employee of Acciona Energia)

made decisions for ASP and was one of the directors of the board, but he was not on the boards

of the Spanish defendants. Further, ASP paid its own payroll and was not financially supported

by the Spanish defendants, and there were no common directors or comingling of assets.

¶20 In opposition to the motion, Solargenix asserted that the court had personal jurisdiction

over the Spanish defendants under several provisions of the Illinois's long-arm statute (735 ILCS

5/2-209 (West 2010)): (1) the Spanish defendants transacted business in Illinois (section 2-

209(a)(1)); (2) they made or performed a contract substantially connected to Illinois based on the

performance of the joint venture agreements (section 2-209(a)(7)); and (3) they committed

tortious acts within Illinois (section 2-209(a)(2)). Solargenix further asserted that jurisdiction

was proper because the parent companies exercised so much control over the subsidiaries such

that they were essentially "doing business" in Illinois through their control over their Illinois

subsidiaries (735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(4) (West 2010)). Finally, Solargenix argued that the Spanish

defendants were bound by the forum selection clause in the amended cooperation agreement

because they were so closely related to the dispute that it was foreseeable they would be bound.

Based on its discovery relating to the motion to dismiss, Solargenix asserted that Acciona and

Acciona Energia were the parties actually involved in negotiations and decision making, and

they were also the only parties with the ability to pursue the purposes of the joint venture, i.e.,

building thermosolar power generation projects throughout the world through ASP. Solargenix

contended that Acciona Solar Energy was created one month before the joint venture agreements

9
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for the purpose of holding stock in ASP, it had no employees or operations of its own, it did not

hold board of director meetings, and the only person who acted for it was de Miguel, who held a

high position at Acciona Energia. Further, Acciona North America was just starting its business

at the time, it was not licensed to do business in Illinois, it focused on wind power generation, it

did not have worldwide operations, and it had only six employees. Solargenix pointed out that

the agreements were negotiated in Chicago, including the letter of adhesion, by Acciona Energia

representatives. Solargenix also asserted that the Spanish defendants made decisions for ASP,

interviewed job candidates for ASP, resolved personnel issues, set the salary scale, claimed

ownership of Nevada Solar One in the press, and decided which projects to pursue.

¶21 The parties provided supplemental briefing and additional exhibits in connection with the

motion to dismiss. Following oral arguments, the circuit court denied the motion to dismiss and

held that it had personal jurisdiction over the Spanish defendants, finding that the Spanish

defendants were bound by the forum selection clause because they were so closely related to the

dispute that it became foreseeable that they would be bound. The court declined to address the

remainder of the jurisdictional arguments advanced by Solargenix.

¶22 As stated, we granted Acciona and Acciona Energia's subsequent petition for leave to

appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(3) (eff. Feb. 16, 2011).

¶23 II. ANALYSIS

¶24 A. Standard of Review

¶25 When seeking jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, "the plaintiff has the burden to

establish a prima facie basis to exercise personal jurisdiction." Russell v. SNFA, 2013 IL

113909, ¶ 28. The court considers the " 'uncontroverted pleadings, documents and affidavits, as

well as any facts asserted by the defendant that have not been contradicted by the plaintiff.' "

10
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Madison Miracle Productions, LLC v. MGM Distribution Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 112334, ¶ 34

(quoting Cardenas Marketing Network, Inc. v. Pabon, 2012 IL App (1st) 111645, ¶ 28). "Any

conflicts in the pleadings and affidavits must be resolved in the plaintiff's favor, but the

defendant may overcome plaintiff's prima facie case for jurisdiction by offering uncontradicted

evidence that defeats jurisdiction." Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 28. However, "[i]f any material

evidentiary conflicts exist, *** the trial court must conduct an evidentiary hearing to resolve

those disputes." Madison Miracle Productions, 2012 IL App (1st) 112334, ¶ 35. Where the

circuit court determines a jurisdictional issue based only on the documentary evidence submitted

by the parties, without an evidentiary hearing, this court reviews that decision de novo. Id. ¶ 34.

On appeal, " 'we may affirm the judgment of the trial court on any basis in the record, regardless

of whether the trial court relied upon that basis or whether the trial court's reasoning was correct.'

" Garrido v. Arena, 2013 IL App (1st) 120466, ¶ 36 (quoting Alpha School Bus Co. v. Wagner,

391 Ill. App. 3d 722, 734 (2009)).

¶26 B. Jurisdictional Provisions

¶27 The Illinois long-arm statute, section 2-209 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2010)),

provides several bases upon which Illinois courts may exercise personal jurisdiction over a

nonresident defendant. Cardenas Marketing Network, 2012 IL App (1st) 111645, ¶ 29. First,

section 2-209(a) "outlines specific actions by a defendant that will subject him or her to specific

personal jurisdiction in Illinois." Id. (citing 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a) (West 2010)). For example,

specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant exists if the cause of action arose from the

transaction of business or committing a tort in Illinois. Soria v. Chrysler Canada, Inc., 2011 IL

App (2d) 101236, ¶ 16 (citing 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a) (West 2010)). Second, section 2-209(b)

"outlines the instances in which Illinois has general jurisdiction over a nonresident corporation."

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Cardenas Marketing Network, 2012 IL App (1st) 111645, ¶ 29 (citing 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)

(West 2010)). As it pertains to corporations, this includes when a corporation is either organized

under Illinois law or is doing business in Illinois. Soria, 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶ 16 (citing

735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(3), (b)(4) (West 2010)). And third, section 2-209(c) "is a 'catchall

provision' [citation], which permits Illinois courts to 'exercise jurisdiction on any other basis now

or hereafter permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the Constitution of the United States.'

[Citation.]" Cardenas Marketing Network, 2012 IL App (1st) 111645, ¶ 29 (quoting 735 ILCS

5/2-209(c) (West 2010)). Accordingly, "if the contacts between a defendant and Illinois are

sufficient to satisfy both federal and state due process concerns, the requirements of Illinois'

long-arm statute have been met, and no other inquiry is necessary." (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) Id. 8

¶28 Federal due process requires that, in order to exercise personal jurisdiction over a

nonresident defendant, the defendant must have " 'certain minimum contacts with [the forum]

such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend "traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice." ' " Soria, 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶ 18 (quoting International Shoe Co. v.

Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945), quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)).

"The minimum contacts necessary for jurisdiction depend on whether the jurisdiction asserted is

general or specific." Id. To exercise general jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, it must

be shown that the defendant has "continuous and systematic general business contacts, such that

it may be sued in the forum state for suits unrelated to its contacts within the forum." (Internal

8
We note that, in general, where federal due process requirements for personal jurisdiction are satisfied,
Illinois due process concerns are also satisfied. Madison Miracle Productions, 2012 IL App (1st) 112334, ¶ 44.
"Under the Illinois Constitution's guarantee of due process, '[j]urisdiction is to be asserted only when it is fair, just,
and reasonable to require a nonresident defendant to defend an action in Illinois, considering the quality and nature
of the defendant's acts' that occur in Illinois or that affect interests located in Illinois." Compass Environmental, Inc.
v. Polu Kai Services, L.L.C., 379 Ill. App. 3d 549, 558 (2008) (quoting Rollins v. Ellwood, 141 Ill. 2d 244, 275
(1990)).

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quotation marks omitted). Cardenas Marketing Network, 2012 IL App (1st) 111645, ¶ 30. To

exercise specific jurisdiction, a nonresident defendant has sufficient "minimum contacts" where

it has "purposefully directed its activities at the forum," and the litigation arises from those

activities. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 33. "Personal jurisdiction is present under

such circumstances because, where a defendant has purposefully availed itself of the privilege of

conducting activities within a state, it invokes the benefits and protections of the state's laws, and

it is therefore not unreasonable to require the defendant to submit to litigation in that forum."

Soria, 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶ 18.

¶29 C. Application

¶30 The Spanish defendants argue on appeal that because they were not signatories to the

amended cooperation agreement, they did not consent to it and it was not foreseeable that they

would be bound by the forum selection provision. They contend that the parties deliberately

structured their relationship such that the Spanish defendants were not parties to the amended

cooperation agreement, and the forum selection clause was not among those expressly adopted

by Acciona Energia in the letter of adhesion. 9 The Spanish defendants disagree with the circuit

court's conclusion that personal jurisdiction could be established based on the fact that, because

they were closely related to the dispute, it was foreseeable that they would be bound by the

forum selection clause. They further contend that Solargenix failed to show that they engaged in

some action that provided the requisite minimum contacts with Illinois, and, therefore, the court

cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over them. At most, whether Acciona Energia had

sufficient minimum contacts with the forum to support specific jurisdiction involved questions of

9
The Spanish defendants argue that de Miguel averred that, as the negotiator for Acciona North America,
the decision not to include the forum selection clause in the letter of adhesion was a deliberate choice, and that this
statement was uncontroverted, or at the very least, created a question of fact regarding whether Acciona Energia
intended to be bound by the forum selection clause.

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fact necessitating an evidentiary hearing. With regard to Acciona specifically, Acciona argues

that Solargenix failed to make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction, and Acciona

requests that it be dismissed from the lawsuit.

¶31 Solargenix counters that the Spanish defendants should be bound by the forum selection

clause because it includes any "action, claims, disputes, or proceedings relating to" the joint

venture agreements, all of its claims arise from and relate to the joint venture agreements, and the

Spanish defendants were so closely related to the dispute that it was foreseeable that they would

be bound by the forum selection clause. Solargenix reiterates that the Spanish defendants were

the only entities on the Acciona side that were capable of carrying out the purpose of the joint

venture, and Acciona Energia agreed to the central provision of the amended cooperation

agreement. Solargenix asserts that ample evidence from discovery on the motion to dismiss

supports that both Acciona Energia and Acciona were heavily involved in negotiating and

approving the joint venture agreements, and continued to be involved after their approval and

formation of ASP.

¶32 The circuit court here did not determine that it had personal jurisdiction over the Spanish

defendants based on general jurisdiction (i.e., continuous and systematic contacts with Illinois)

or specific jurisdiction (i.e., sufficient minimum purposeful contacts with Illinois and the dispute

arose out of those contacts). Rather, the court held that the Spanish defendants were so "closely

related" to the dispute such that it became "foreseeable" that they would be bound by the forum

selection clause in the amended cooperation agreement.

¶33 It is well established that "the personal jurisdiction requirement is a waivable right, [and]

there are a 'variety of legal arrangements' by which a litigant may give 'express or implied

consent to the personal jurisdiction of the court.' " Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S.

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462, 472 n.14 (1985) (quoting Insurance Corp. of Ireland Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de

Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 703 (1982)). This includes forum selection provisions which are agreed

to in advance by the parties, where such provisions are freely negotiated and are not

unreasonable or unjust. Id. See The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 12-13 (1972)

(noting that "[t]here are compelling reasons why a freely negotiated private international

agreement, unaffected by fraud, undue influence, or overweening bargaining power, such as that

involved here, should be given full effect").

¶34 Additionally, forum selection clauses have been held to apply not merely to contract

claims involving the terms of the contract in which the clause appears, but also to other claims

that are otherwise connected to the contract, such as tort claims arising from the contract. Hugel

v. Corp. of Lloyd's, 999 F.2d 206, 209 (7th Cir. 1993). " '[W]here the relationship between the

parties is contractual, the pleading of alternative non-contractual theories of liability should not

prevent enforcement of such a bargain [as to the appropriate forum for litigation].' " Id. (quoting

Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir. 1983) (tort

claims covered by forum selection clause)). See also Omron Healthcare, Inc. v. Maclaren

Exports Ltd., 28 F.3d 600, 603 (7th Cir. 1994) ("all disputes the resolution of which arguably

depend on the construction of an agreement 'arise out of' that agreement for purposes of [a forum

selection clause]").

¶35 Moreover, in Illinois, forum selection clauses are presumed valid and enforceable, unless

proven otherwise by the party contesting their application. "A forum selection agreement

reached through arm's-length negotiation between experienced and sophisticated businessmen

should be honored by them and enforced by the courts, absent some compelling and

countervailing reason for not enforcing it." Mellon First United Leasing v. Hansen, 301 Ill. App.

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3d 1041, 1045 (1998). The Spanish defendants have raised no argument that the forum selection

clause at issue in this case should not be enforced because it was unreasonable or otherwise

invalid. As such, we consider the forum selection clause at issue to be prima facie valid and

enforceable.

¶36 Although the Spanish defendants were not signatories to the amended cooperation

agreement in the present case, courts have determined that a nonparty to a contract containing a

forum selection clause can nonetheless be bound by that clause where the nonsignatory is "

'closely related' to the dispute such that it becomes 'foreseeable' that it will be bound." Hugel,

999 F.2d at 209. The nonsignatory need not also be deemed a third-party beneficiary of the

contract in order for a court to find that the forum selection clause applies to it, although third-

party beneficiary status "would, by definition, satisfy the 'closely related' and 'foreseeability'

requirements." Id. at 210 n.7. In Hugel, for example, the court dismissed the plaintiffs'

complaint for improper venue based on a forum selection clause (designating England as the

forum) contained in an agreement signed by the plaintiff president. Id. at 209-11. The court

found that the other two plaintiffs, who were not parties to the agreement, were bound by the

clause because they were "closely related." Id. The court reasoned that, in addition to being

president and chairman of the other two plaintiffs—a brokerage firm and a subsidiary—the

plaintiff president also owned 99% of the brokerage firm, which in turn wholly owned the

subsidiary, and the president had involved the other two plaintiffs in the dispute. Id. at 210.

¶37 Similarly, in Manetti-Farrow, Inc. v. Gucci America, Inc., 858 F.2d 509, 513-15, 514 n.5

(9th Cir. 1988), a forum selection clause designating Italy as the forum in the plaintiff's contract

with an Italian subsidiary of Gucci was enforceable not only against the plaintiff, but also as to

the nonsignatory defendants (the Italian Gucci parent and a United States subsidiary). The court

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held that "a range of transaction participants, parties and non-parties, should benefit from and be

subject to forum selection clauses. [Citations.]" (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 514

n.5. The nonsignatory defendants (the Italian Gucci parent and the United States subsidiary)

were subject to the forum selection clause because "the alleged conduct of the non-parties is so

closely related to the contractual relationship that the forum selection clause applies to all

defendants." Id.

¶38 We note that, in contrast to our present situation, Hugel and Manetti-Farrow involved

enforcing a forum selection clause against a signatory plaintiff, or closely related nonsignatory

plaintiff, and it did not appear that any nonsignatory defendants contested its application.

Additionally, Hugel and several of the cases discussed and relied on by the circuit court and

Solargenix involved motions to dismiss for improper venue, not for lack of personal jurisdiction.

It is therefore particularly helpful for our purposes to examine cases involving challenges to

personal jurisdiction by defendants who were not signatories to contracts containing a forum

selection clause, but the clauses were nevertheless found to bind them, even though these cases

originate from other jurisdictions.

¶39 The first is an unpublished memorandum opinion and order from the United States

District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, FCStone, LLC v. Adams, No. 10 C 508, 2011

WL 43080 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 6, 2011). 10 In that case, the defendant husbands opened a joint trading

account with the plaintiff, a futures commission merchant, and they executed an account

agreement. Id. at *1. After the defendant husbands accumulated a deficit, they entered into a

forbearance agreement with the plaintiff to assign their tax refunds to it; the agreement included

10
We recognize that "[u]npublished federal decisions are not binding or predecential in Illinois courts."
King's Health Spa, Inc. v. Village of Downers Grove, 2014 IL App (2d) 130825, ¶ 63. However, "nothing prevents
this court from using the same reasoning and logic as that used in an unpublished federal decision" where we find it
to be persuasive. Id.

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a forum selection clause designating Illinois. Id. The wives of the husbands sued the husbands

and the plaintiff in New York, arguing that the husbands had assigned only their one-half shares

of the tax refunds to the plaintiff. Id. at *2. In Illinois, the plaintiff sued the husbands for breach

of contract and fraud and for a declaration that the wives are not entitled to one-half of the

refunds. Id. at *4. The wives, defendants in the Illinois action, then moved dismiss the Illinois

case for lack of personal jurisdiction. Id. at *1. The plaintiff countered that the court had specific

jurisdiction over the wives in Illinois based on the forum selection clause. Id. at *3. The court

held that the wives, although nonsignatories to the forbearance agreement, were so closely

related to the plaintiff's dispute and the forbearance agreement that the wives were bound by the

forum selection clause in the husbands' agreement because they were closely related to it. Id.

The court noted that the wives’ interest in the dispute was derivative of and identical to the

husbands' interests. Id.

¶40 In another case involving a challenge to personal jurisdiction, Tate & Lyle Ingredients

Americas, Inc. v. Whitefox Technologies USA, Inc., 98 A.D.3d 401 (N.Y. App. Div. 2012), the

New York appellate court affirmed the denial of the parent company/counterdefendant's motion

to dismiss the defendant/counterplaintiff's counterclaims based on lack of personal jurisdiction.

The court held that the nonsignatory parent company/counterdefendant was bound by the forum

selection clause in its wholly owned plaintiff subsidiary's licensing contract with the

defendant/counterplaintiff because the parent had a "sufficiently close relationship with the

signatory and the dispute to which the forum selection clause applies." (Emphasis in original.)

Id. at 401-03 (citing Hugel, 999 F.2d at 209, and Manetti-Farrow, 858 F.2d at 514 n.5). The

court reasoned that binding closely related parties to a forum selection clause promoted "stable

and dependable trade relations" and that it would be inconsistent to permit an entity to escape

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such a clause by acting through another entity. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 402.

The parent company/counterdefendant's involvement with the plaintiff subsidiary included that

the CEO of the parent made decisions regarding instituting suit and the events giving rise to the

litigation, and that the two entitles consulted with each other and were intimately involved in

making decisions with respect to the licensing agreement. Id. at 403. The court concluded that

this involvement was "far more than a parent company's mere approval of a contract" and it was

reasonably foreseeable that the forum selection clause would apply to the parent company. Id.

¶41 Finally, following oral arguments, Solargenix moved to cite as supplemental authority a

case that was recently decided by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia,

Sabre International Security v. Torres Advanced Enterprise Solutions, LLC, No. 11-806 (D.D.C.

June 16, 2014). In that case, the plaintiff Sabre, an Iraqi private security contractor, entered into

an agreement with the defendant Torres, a domestic private security contractor, to compete as a

team to seek the award of contracts to provide security for the United States government in Iraq.

Id. at *3. The plaintiff alleged that the individual defendants later secretly decided to terminate

the agreement with Sabre and directly complete with it, causing defendant Torres to breach the

agreement. Id. at *4. The individual defendants, who were not residents of the District of

Columbia, moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Id. at *5-6. The court found that it

did not have general or specific jurisdiction over the individual defendants. Id. at *15-24. The

court noted that it declined to consider the plaintiff's argument that the forum selection clause in

its agreement with Torres constituted a forum "contact" for purposes of the "minimum contacts"

analysis relating to specific jurisdiction, because forum selection clauses were typically

"considered to be a consent to the exercise of personal jurisdiction in a particular forum and [are]

governed by contract principles rather than the minimum contacts framework." Id. at *22-23.

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Based on contract law, the court concluded that it had jurisdiction over the individual defendants,

who included the CEO and sole shareholder, the vice president, the Chief Financial Officer

(CFO), and a project and program manager who all had extensive authority and involvement in

the decisions and operation of Torres, and who were all nonparties to the contract including the

forum selection clause. Id. at *28-34. The court reasoned that it had the authority to bind a

nonparty to a forum selection clause where the " 'alleged conduct of the nonparties is closely

related to the contractual relationship, a range of transaction participants, parties and non-parties,

should benefit from and be subject to forum selection clauses.' " Id. at *24-25 (quoting Holland

American Line, Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450 456 (9th Cir. 2007)). The court noted

that other cases had expressly found that a nonparty was subject to a forum selection clause

where the nonparty was so closely related to the dispute that it became foreseeable that the

nonparty would be bound by the clause. Id. at *27. The court reasoned that forum selection

clauses could otherwise be easily evaded if courts were not willing to enforce them against

nonparties. Id. at *25 (citing Adams v. Raintree Vacation Exchange, LLC, 702 F. 3d 436, 441

(7th Cir. 2012)).

¶42 The touchstone illustrated by these cases is that a court may exercise personal jurisdiction

over a defendant by enforcing a forum selection clause against it, even though it was not a

signatory to the contract containing the clause, where it was closely related to the dispute such

that it became foreseeable that the nonsignatory would be bound, regardless of whether the non-

signatory is a defendant or a plaintiff in the subject litigation. Where there is a sufficiently close

relationship between the non-signatory and the dispute and the parties, it does not defy the non-

signatory's reasonable expectations that it would be bound by the clause, just as the signatory

parties are. A nonsignatory impliedly consents to the forum selection clause via its connections

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with dispute, the parties, and the contract or contracts at issue.

¶43 Turning to the language of the forum selection clause in the present case, we find that the

present dispute falls within its scope. As stated, the clause provided that the parties consented to

jurisdiction in Illinois "with regard to any actions, claims, disputes or proceedings relating to this

Agreement, or any document delivered hereunder or in connection herewith, or any transaction

arising from or connected to any of the foregoing." Solargenix alleged that defendants breached

the cooperation agreement and letter of adhesion, fraudulently induced them to enter into the

agreements, tortious interfered with contractual rights (i.e., Acciona causing the other defendants

to breach the cooperation agreement), and unjustly benefited from these alleged torts. It is clear

that Solargenix's claims arise out of and are related to the amended cooperation agreement and

the parties' joint venture.

¶44 Additionally, we agree with Solargenix's argument that the letter of adhesion constitutes

"any document delivered hereunder or in connection herewith" the amended cooperation

agreement, and consequently, also falls within the scope of the forum selection clause. The letter

of adhesion bore the same date as the other joint venture agreements. The amended cooperation

agreement expressly referenced the letter of adhesion in at least two different places: in section

III, paragraph A, and section V, paragraph D. In section III, paragraph A, it refers to the letter of

adhesion as being "attached" to the cooperation agreement: "The parties acknowledge that

Acciona Energia, SA ('Acciona') has agreed that it is bound by this agreement through the letter

of adhesion attached hereto ***." (Emphasis added). Section V, paragraph D, provides that

"[t]he parties acknowledge that Acciona has agreed that it is bound by the agreements in

paragraphs A [(the Worldwide Investment Vehicle provision)], B [(the Worldwide Thermosolar

Development provision)], and D above through the Letter of Adhesion." These sections show

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that the letter of adhesion was closely connected to the amended cooperation agreement.

¶45 Considering the broad language in the forum selection clause in referring to "any"

dispute, claim, document, or transaction connected to the agreement, we further conclude that the

forum selection clause was essentially incorporated into the all of the provisions of the amended

cooperation agreement. This obviously included those provisions specifically adopted in the

letter of adhesion, which set forth one the primary purposes of the joint venture—to form a joint

investment vehicle for the future development of thermosolar power generation projects

worldwide. Consequently, the allegations of breach, fraudulent inducement, tortious

interference, and unjust enrichment related to these obligations necessarily turns on reference to

the letter of adhesion and cooperation agreement, and are bound by the forum selection clause.

¶46 With the foregoing in mind, we first address personal jurisdiction as it relates to Acciona

Energia. As stated, in the letter of adhesion, Acciona Energia agreed to be bound by and comply

with the provisions of the amended cooperation agreement which comprised a primary purpose

of the joint venture. These provisions necessarily incorporated the broad terms of the forum

selection clause. We find that, by agreeing to these key paragraphs, Acciona Energia thereby

also impliedly agreed to jurisdiction in Illinois. Significantly, no alternative forum was

designated in the letter of adhesion.

¶47 Additionally, the evidence adduced from discovery on the motion to dismiss

demonstrated that, in addition to being a signatory to the letter of adhesion, Acciona Energia was

closely related to the joint venture contracts, the dispute, and the United States subsidiaries. As

asserted by Solargenix, at the time the joint venture was formed, only the Spanish defendants had

the international focus contemplated by the cooperation agreement and the ability to pursue the

objective of the venture—to develop thermosolar projects worldwide jointly with Solargenix. To

22
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that end, Acciona Solar Energy was created shortly before the joint venture agreements were

executed in order to hold stock in the joint venture entity, ASP, but it had no employees or

business at the time, and still had no employees as of 2011, while Acciona North America had

only six employees, limited its operations to North America, and was not in the thermosolar

power business. 11 Additionally, as asserted by Solargenix, Acciona Energia's executive

committee discussed and reviewed the investment, and the joint venture agreements were

negotiated by senior officials from Acciona Energia, Alberto de Miguel (head of international

business development for Acciona Energia) and Yolanda Herran (a lawyer for Acciona Energia),

during numerous meetings in Chicago, and that Acciona Energia's CEO Esteban Morras

designated de Miguel to negotiate. 12 Further, Acciona Energia "seconded" employees to the

United States subsidiaries, several individuals from Spain served on the boards of the United

States subsidiaries, and some individuals held positions in both Acciona Energia and ASP. For

example, de Miguel was a senior Acciona Energia employee who also served as chairman of

ASP, and Paxti Landa was an Acciona Energia employee who acted as ASP's general manager. 13

Moreover, Solargenix asserted that Acciona Energia financially supported the subsidiaries and

indemnified Boulder City in connection with Nevada Solar One, even though one of the United

States subsidiaries was the actual owner of the thermosolar power plant.

¶48 Next, with respect to Acciona specifically, we similarly conclude that the evidence

11
De Miguel testified in his deposition that Acciona North America and Acciona Solar Energy did not have
any involvement in solar thermal projects other than through ASP, and neither did business outside of North
America. He testified that at the time he signed the joint venture agreements, Acciona Solar Energy's business was
to hold shares and that it was "created for this agreement. The company didn't exist. It was created for this
particular agreement to hold the shares of the Nevada Solar One set of companies***."
12
De Miguel also testified he agreed that he was the principal negotiator from the "Acciona side." He
signed the agreements on behalf of Acciona North America, but he also held a position with Acciona Energia. He
testified that Yolanda Herran was a lawyer employed by Acciona Energia, she did not hold a position with the
United States subsidiaries, and she also assisted with the negotiations in Chicago.
13
De Miguel testified that Patxi Landa was paid by Acciona Energia. De Miguel also testified that Acciona
Energia CEO Esteban Morras had to ratify the bonus incentive plan for employees of ASP.

23
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showed it was closely related to the dispute and the parties such that it was foreseeable it would

be bound by the forum selection clause even if, on paper, it was not a signatory to the amended

cooperation agreement or the letter of adhesion. As noted, Acciona and Acciona Energia were

the only entities capable of pursuing the international expansion and implementation of

Solargenix's thermosolar technology. As asserted by Solargenix, Acciona's corporate

development division was involved in due diligence with respect to the joint venture transaction

and Acciona approved of the joint venture agreements. 14 Solargenix alleged that Jose Manuel

Entrecanales, chairman and CEO of Acciona, was personally involved in the decision to invest in

the joint venture, approved the initial decision to enter the joint venture, 15 approved the name

change to ASP, and he also spoke at the ground-breaking and dedication ceremonies for Nevada

Solar One and stated at the ceremony that it was Acciona's project.

¶49 According to Solargenix and as supported by its exhibits, further evidence of Acciona's

close relationship was evidenced by its behavior following formation of the joint venture.

Solargenix alleged that senior officials of Acciona made employment and compensation

decisions for ASP, determined ASP's strategy, and decided which projects ASP would pursue.

For example, Frank Gelardin, the head of international business for Acciona, was involved in

ASP's employment and compensation issues, among other issues. 16 Solargenix pointed out that

none of these individuals held positions with the United States Acciona subsidiaries or ASP, and

thus acted solely in their capacity as representatives of Acciona. Solargenix also argued that

14
In support, Solargenix provided emails between Acciona and Acciona Energia officials discussing the
investment opportunity and presenting it to the investments committee of Acciona, and an email from de Miguel
indicating that he had to send a Term Sheet regarding the proposed venture to Acciona for approval before sending it
to Solargenix officials.
15
Solargenix provided emails from Acciona Energia CEO Morras to Acciona CEO Entrecanales (among
others), and emails from Entrecanales to Morras discussing various aspects of the proposed joint venture.
16
Solargenix provided emails from Acciona Energia CEO Morras, Frank Gelardin, the head of
international business for Acciona, along with Peter Duprey and de Miguel regarding employment and
compensation matters of ASP, discussing and deciding on ASP's business strategy, goals, and opportunities, and
discussing meetings with John Myles in which Gelardin planned to participate.

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through discovery, Acciona identified 103 employees, officers, directors, or representatives of

Acciona and Acciona Energia who traveled to Illinois to discuss ASP, Mitsubishi, and solar

power and renewable energy, including Entrecanales and Morras. Further, the president of

Acciona Energy North America lived and worked in Illinois and also served as Acciona's "Area

General Director for the United States," and reported directly to Acciona CEO Entrecanales.

¶50 Given the structure of the joint venture and its attendant agreements such as the

cooperation agreement and the letter of adhesion, in addition to the other evidence, we therefore

agree with the circuit court's determination that the Spanish defendants were so "closely related"

to the dispute, the parties, and the various agreements that it was foreseeable that they would be

bound by the forum selection clause. Indeed, it is because of Acciona's close involvement with

the joint venture that Solargenix alleges Acciona was allowed to control ASP and stifle potential

opportunities for the joint venture, while Acciona pursued the opportunities for itself. Neither

Acciona nor Acciona Energia can convincingly claim to have been surprised to find themselves

in an Illinois courtroom stemming from claims arising from the joint venture agreements with

Solargenix.

¶51 Illustrative of the present circumstances is American Patriot Insurance Agency, Inc. v.

Mutual Risk Management, Ltd., 364 F.3d 884 (7th Cir. 2004), where the Seventh Circuit found

that all of the contracts were one "package" or pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and the dispute

concerned the "package" of contracts. Id. at 889. The defendants moving to dismiss were

affiliates of the defendant which had signed the shareholder agreement, which contained a forum

selection clause, and they were signatories to other contracts with plaintiff, and they all worked

together on the insurance program. Id. at 888-89. The court held that the forum selection clause

applied to the moving defendants, reasoning that "no reason has been suggested for why the

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parties would have wanted disputes under that agreement to be litigated in Bermuda but not

disputes under the other pieces of the jigsaw puzzle." Id. at 889. As in American Patriot, we can

similarly state that no reason has been suggested for why the parties would want disputes under

certain provisions of the amended cooperation agreement to be litigated in Illinois, but not other

disputes arising under other pieces of the jigsaw puzzle, i.e., the letter of adhesion or the other

parties closely connected to the dispute.

¶52 We additionally note that the Spanish defendants cited two cases as supplemental

authority during the pendency of this appeal. Because we are finding that specific jurisdiction

existed based on their close relationship to the dispute and the forum selection clause, we need

not discuss the two cited cases, as they did not involve the exercise of personal jurisdiction based

on a forum selection clause. Daimler AG v. Bauman, __ U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 746 (2014), dealt

with whether the court had general jurisdiction over a foreign parent company based on its

domestic subsidiary's contacts with the forum, where the domestic subsidiary was unrelated to

the dispute and the dispute involved actions occurring in another country. Further, Walden v.

Fiore, __ U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 1115 (2014), involved whether the court could exercise specific

personal jurisdiction over an individual in an intentional tort case where the plaintiff, and not the

defendant's actions, provided the only contact with the forum.

¶53 CONCLUSION

¶54 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the circuit court's order denying defendant's

motion to dismiss.

¶55 Affirmed.

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