State v. Wallace

[Cite as State v. Wallace, 2011-Ohio-1728.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
UNION COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 14-10-20

v.

JOHN THURSTON WALLACE, III, OPINION

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Union County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 09-CR-0135

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: April 11, 2011

APPEARANCES:

Terry K. Sherman and David J. Graeff for Appellant

David J. Phillips for Appellee
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PRESTON, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, John Thurston Wallace, III (hereinafter

“Wallace”), appeals the Union County Court of Common Pleas’ judgment of

conviction and sentence. We affirm.

{¶2} On August 25, 2009, the Union County Grand Jury indicted Wallace

on three counts, including: count one of rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(1)(2), a first degree felony; count two of kidnapping in violation of

R.C. 2905.01(A)(4), a first degree felony; and count three of abduction in violation

of R.C. 2905.02(A)(2), (B), a second degree felony. (Doc. No. 1).

{¶3} On September 4, 2009, Williams appeared for arraignment and

entered pleas of not guilty. (Doc. No. 5).

{¶4} A jury trial was held June 2-3, 2010, and, on June 4, 2010, the jury

returned a guilty verdict on count one but not guilty verdicts on counts two and

three. (Doc. Nos. 76-78).

{¶5} On July 23, 2010, the trial court sentenced Wallace to seven (7) years

imprisonment. (Doc. No. 83).

{¶6} On August 18, 2010, Wallace filed a notice of appeal. (Doc. No. 89).

Wallace now appeals raising three assignments of error for our review. We elect

to address Wallace’s assignments of error out of the order that they appear in his

brief.

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ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

WHERE TESTIMONY SHOWS A CONFESSION BY THE
ACCUSED ADMITTED DURING TRIAL, WAS COERCED,
PLAIN ERROR RESULTS, SINCE THE INVOLUNTARY
STATEMENT WAS ADMITTED CONTRA THE FIFTH,
SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE
CONSTITUTION.

{¶7} In his second assignment of error, Wallace argues that the trial court

committed plain error and violated his due process rights by allowing his coerced

and involuntary confession into evidence.

{¶8} Wallace failed to file a motion to suppress with the trial court in

accordance with Crim.R. 12(C)(3) and (D); and therefore, has waived all but plain

error on appeal. Crim.R. 12(H); State v. Daniels, 8th Dist. No. 93545, 2010-Ohio-

3871, ¶17; State v. Montgomery, 5th Dist. No. 2007 CA 95, 2008-Ohio-6077, ¶43;

State v. Taylor, 9th Dist No. 22882, 2006-Ohio-2041, ¶17. We recognize plain

error “‘with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to

prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State v. Landrum (1990), 53 Ohio

St.3d 107, 110, 559 N.E.2d 710, quoting State v. Long (1978) 53 Ohio St.2d 91,

372 N.E.2d 804, paragraph three of the syllabus. For plain error to apply, the trial

court must have deviated from a legal rule, the error must have been an obvious

defect in the proceeding, and the error must have affected a substantial right. State

v. Barnes (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240. Under the plain error

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standard, the appellant must demonstrate that the outcome of his trial would

clearly have been different but for the trial court’s errors. State v. Waddell (1996),

75 Ohio St.3d 163, 166, 661 N.E.2d 1043, citing State v. Moreland (1990), 50

Ohio St.3d 58, 552 N.E.2d 894.

{¶9} In order to determine whether a pretrial statement is involuntary, a

court ‘“should consider the totality of the circumstances, including the age,

mentality, and prior criminal experience of the accused; the length, intensity, and

frequency of interrogation; the existence of physical deprivation or mistreatment;

and the existence of threat or inducement.”’ State v. Brown, 100 Ohio St.3d 51,

2003-Ohio-5059, 796 N.E.2d 506, ¶13, quoting State v. Edwards (1976), 49 Ohio

St.2d 31, 358 N.E.2d 1051, paragraph two of the syllabus. An appellate court

must determine whether the totality of the circumstances surrounding the

confession indicates that a defendant’s “will was overborne and his capacity for

self-determination was critically impaired because of coercive police conduct.”

State v. Hazlett, 3d Dist. No. 8-06-04, 2006-Ohio-6927, ¶13, quoting State v. Otte

(1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 555, 562, 660 N.E.2d 711, citing Colorado v. Connelly

(1986), 479 U.S. 157, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473; State v. Dailey (1990), 53

Ohio St.3d 88, 559 N.E.2d 459, paragraph two of the syllabus.

{¶10} Wallace alleges that his confession was coerced because: he was

handcuffed during his interview; he was very upset; and law enforcement officers

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repeatedly told him that he raped the victim. Since Wallace never filed a motion

to suppress, the record before this Court is limited. The limited record

demonstrates that Wallace was thirty-nine (39) years old, did not appear to have

any mental defects, and had no prior criminal history. The record is not clear

concerning the intensity of the interview, but it appears that Wallace was

interviewed a total of three times. (June 3, 2010 Tr. at 241, 245). Wallace appears

to limit his argument to the first interview that occurred while law enforcement

officers were executing a search warrant at his house, and he was detained in

handcuffs seated on his couch. (Id. at 221-22, 229, 298-99); (State’s Ex. 12).

Before Wallace made any statement, however, law enforcement informed Wallace

of his Miranda rights, and Wallace waived those rights. (Id. at 299); (State’s Ex.

12). The record does not demonstrate, nor does Wallace even allege, that law

enforcement threatened or induced him to make a statement. Although the total

length of the interview is not known, the transcript of the interview is only twenty-

one (21) pages long, suggesting a relatively short interview. (State’s Ex. 12).

Based upon the aforementioned, we cannot conclude that Wallace’s “will was

overborne and his capacity for self-determination was critically impaired because

of coercive police conduct.” Hazlet, 2006-Ohio-6927, at ¶13, citations omitted.

Furthermore, Wallace has not offered any arguments demonstrating that the

outcome of the proceedings would have been different but for the trial court’s

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alleged error, and therefore, has failed to demonstrate plain error. Waddell, 75

Ohio St.3d at 166, citing Moreland, 50 Ohio St.3d 58.

{¶11} For all these reasons, Wallace’s second assignment of error is

overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

WHEN THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF HEARSAY
STATEMENTS OF THE COMPLAINANT ARE ADMITTED
FOR INVESTIGATORY PURPOSES, AND THE MEDICAL
INDIVIDUAL TESTIFYING IS ACTING AS AN AGENT FOR
LAW ENFORCEMENT, PLAIN ERROR OCCURS, SINCE
THE HEARSAY TESTIMONY IS CONTRA EVID.R. 803(4),
AND THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE OF THE
CONSTITUTION.

{¶12} In his third assignment of error, Wallace argues that the trial court

erred by allowing the victim’s hearsay statements to the emergency room nurse,

Nicole Murray, into evidence because Murray was acting as law enforcement

agent when she advised the victim to report the incident to law enforcement.1

Wallace also argues that the admission of this testimony violated his Sixth

Amendment right of confrontation.

{¶13} As a preliminary matter, we note that appellate counsel conceded at

oral argument that there was no Confrontation Clause violation in this case

1
Although counsel for Wallace mentioned the admission of the testimony of several other medical
providers at oral argument, counsel for Wallace elected not to argue the admission of their testimony in his
assignment of error. We will address the argument as raised in the assignment of error. See, e.g. App.R.
16(A)(3), (7); App.R. 12(A)(2).

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because the victim testified at trial subject to cross-examination. We agree. See,

e.g., State v. Turks, 3d Dist. Nos. 1-10-02, 1-10-26, 2010-Ohio-5944, ¶13, quoting

Crawford v. Washington (2004), 541 U.S. 36, 59 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d

177, fn. 9 (“ * * * when the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the

Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial

statements. * * * The Clause does not bar admission of a statement so long as the

declarant is present at trial to defend or explain it.”). See, also, State v. Bryant,

12th Dist. No. 2007-02-024, 2008-Ohio-3078, ¶49.

{¶14} Next, Wallace argues that Nicole Murray’s testimony concerning

what the victim conveyed to her in the emergency room was not admissible under

Evid.R. 803(4). Specifically, Wallace argues that Nicole Murray acted as an agent

for law enforcement officers since she encouraged the victim to report the incident

to the police. As such, Wallace argues that the victim’s statements were made

primarily for a forensic or investigative purpose, not for medical diagnosis and

treatment.

{¶15} Murray testified, in pertinent part, as follows:

Q: Can you tell us, please, what was the chief complaint that you
noted when [the victim] came in your emergency department
that day?
A: She stated I’ve been raped.
***
Q: Ma’am, after she came in, you indicated her demeanor, what
she looked like. Can you describe that * * *

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A: She was very tearful, crying, she hung her head a little bit.
***
Q: * * * did you contact anyone else after [the victim] came in?
A: I contacted the victim of crime advocate representative.
***
Q: Would you explain to the jury, please, what a victims of
crime advocate, why you contact them and what their role is.
A: I contacted them because of the patient’s chief complaint.
Their role is to come in and talk with the patient and discuss any
further -- if they need any further help with law enforcement or
anything, crisis support, things like that.
***
Q: * * * had [the victim] made any complaints of physical --
physical complaints to you that you noted in that chart?
A: She did complain of cramping and pain in the vaginal area.
Q: Tell us if you would, then, how -- how did you care for her at
that point? What was the course that you took?
A: At that point I notified Doctor Seifferth of the patient’s
complaints, and then medication was ordered and administered.
***
Q: * * * when [the victim] first came into the emergency room,
did you have discussions with her regarding reporting this event
to law enforcement?
A: I did. I encouraged her to report it.
Q: And at that time did you note whether or not she was willing
to report this event to law enforcement?
A: She was not at that time, but she did want to speak with
VOCA.
Q: All right. So when she came into the emergency room she
was not willing, at least at that point, to contact law
enforcement?
A: Correct.
Q: Tell us, if you would as you recall, did that continue for some
period of time?
A: It did. I continued until -- well, I went off duty at 6:11, and at
that point in time she was still debating whether to contact law
enforcement.

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Q: So at least by 6:00 the next morning she had not decided
what -- whether or not to contact law enforcement during your
shift; is that right?
A: Correct.
Q: Ma’am, if you would, did she continue to complain of
physical problems while she was under your care?
A: She did. She continued to complain of vaginal pain.
***
Q: And did you continue to encourage her in any way?
A: I did continue to encourage her to report to law enforcement.

(Tr. at 108-118).

{¶16} Wallace never objected to Murray’s testimony, and therefore, has

waived all but plain error on appeal. (June 2, 2010 Tr. at 108-120). See, e.g., State

v. Dickinson, 3d Dist. No. 11-08-08, 2009-Ohio-2099, ¶27, citing State v.

Wegmann, 3d Dist. No. 1-06-98, 2008-Ohio-622, ¶106. Furthermore, “decisions

regarding the admissibility of evidence are within the sound discretion of the trial

court and will not be reversed absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.” State v.

Stewart, 3d Dist. No. 13-08-18, 2009-Ohio-3411, ¶¶79, 97, citations omitted. An

abuse of discretion “connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies

that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” State v.

Adams (1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144.

{¶17} Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted,” and is generally inadmissible. State v. Rollison, 3d Dist. No. 9-09-51,

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2010-Ohio-2162, ¶33, quoting Evid.R. 801(c). Evid.R. 803, however, contains an

exception for “[s]tatements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment

and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations,

or the inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar

as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.” Evid. R. 803(4).

{¶18} Murray’s testimony was properly admitted as statements made by the

victim for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment. Evid.R. 803(4). The

victim’s statement that she had been “raped” to Murray, who was an emergency

room nurse, was made for the purposes of medical diagnosis and treatment. State

v. Wade, 9th Dist. No. 02CA0076-M, 2003-Ohio-2351, ¶6. A victim’s statement

that she had been raped is relevant for medical diagnosis and treatment, because it

directs medical providers to examine the genital areas for physical injury,

administer a pregnancy test, and prescribe medications for the prevention of

sexually transmitted diseases, to name a few. (See June 2, 2010 Tr. at 155-57). A

patient’s statements concerning how the alleged rape occurred can be relevant to

show the “general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as

reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.” Evid.R. 803(4). For example, the

victim’s statements may guide medical personnel to the particular area(s) of the

victim’s body to be examined for injury, as well as indicate which areas may need

more immediate treatment than others. (June 2, 2010 Tr. at 157-58). State v.

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Menton, 7th Dist. No. 07 MA 70, 2009-Ohio-4640, ¶51 (“* * * the description of

how the [sexual] assault took place, over how long of a period, how many times a

person was hit, choked or penetrated, and what types of objects were inserted are

all specifically relevant to medical treatment. They are part of the medical history.

They are the reason for the symptoms. They let the examiner know where to

examine and what types of injuries could be latent.”). Murray’s testimony that the

victim stated she had cramping and pain in her vaginal area was properly admitted

since it concerned the victim’s statements concerning “present symptoms, pain, or

sensations.” Evid.R. 803(4). Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

by allowing Murray’s testimony.

{¶19} Wallace’s argument that Murray acted as a law enforcement agent

and obtained statements from the victim primarily for forensic purposes lacks

merit. Wallace’s argument is relevant to whether or not the victim’s statements

were testimonial for purposes of the Confrontation Clause, but Wallace has

already conceded that no Confrontation Clause violation occurred herein. State v.

Arnold, 126 Ohio St.3d 290, 2010-Ohio-2742, 933 N.E.2d 775. Furthermore, we

have already determined that the statements were made for purposes of medical

diagnosis or treatment. Finally, Murray was not acting as an agent of law

enforcement simply because she encouraged the victim to report the incident to

law enforcement. Notably, the victim had not yet decided to contact law

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enforcement when Murray obtained the statements. Therefore, we cannot

conclude that Murray obtained the statements primarily for forensic purposes

when it was unclear whether or not the victim was going to contact law

enforcement.

{¶20} Wallace also cites State v. Dever, State v. Muttart, and In the matter

of Ferrin J. Hopson for the proposition that the trial court should have examined

several factors for determining whether the victim’s statement was reliable.

(1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 401, 596 N.E.2d 436; 116 Ohio St.3d 5, 2007-Ohio-5267,

875 N.E.2d 944; 3d Dist. No. 9-01-54, 2002-Ohio-1293. However, the present

case is distinguishable from those cases, because the declarant here is not of tender

years like the declarants in those cases. In fact, the Court in Dever specifically

limited its holding to declarants of tender years. 64 Ohio St.3d at 412. Therefore,

Wallace has failed to demonstrate error in the admission of the victim’s statements

on this basis.

{¶21} Even if we were to find that Murray’s testimony was inadmissible

hearsay, which we do not find, the error would be harmless. “Any error in the

admission of hearsay is generally harmless where the declarant of the hearsay

statement is cross-examined on the same matters and the seemingly erroneous

evidence is cumulative in nature.” In the Matter of: M.E.G., 10th Dist. Nos. 06AP-

1256, 06AP-1257, 06AP-1258, 06AP-1263, 06AP-1264, 06AP-1265, 2007-Ohio-

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4308, ¶32, citations omitted. Here the victim was present at trial and subject to

cross-examination, and the evidence is cumulative in light of the victim’s and

other medical providers’ testimony at trial. (June 2, 2010 Tr. at 108-20, 124-46,

147-78, 194-200, 249-64).

{¶22} Finally, Wallace has not offered any arguments demonstrating that

the outcome of the proceedings would have been different but for the trial court’s

alleged error, and therefore, has failed to demonstrate plain error. Waddell, 75

Ohio St.3d at 166, citing Moreland, 50 Ohio St.3d 58.

{¶23} For all these reasons, Wallace’s third assignment of error is

overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

THE COURT ERRED BY IMPOSING A PRISON SENTENCE
GREATER THAN THE STATUTORY MINIMUM WITHOUT
THE ESSENTIAL FINDINGS OF FACT ENUMERATED IN
O.R.C. 2929.14(B)(1) AND (2).

{¶24} In his first assignment of error, Wallace argues that the trial court

erred by imposing a sentence greater than the minimum without making R.C.

2929.14(B)(1)-(2) findings. Specifically, Wallace argues that Oregon v. Ice

(2009), 555 U.S. 160, 129 S.Ct. 711, 172 L.Ed.2d 517 now requires trial courts to

make R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)-2) findings.

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{¶25} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that R.C. 2929.14(B) was

unconstitutional and has excised that provision from R.C. 2929.14 in State v.

Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470, ¶¶61, 83, 97.

Following the briefing in this case, the Ohio Supreme Court released State v.

Hodge, 128 Ohio St.3d 1, 2010-Ohio-6320, 941 N.E.2d 768, which held “that * *

* Oregon v. Ice does not revive Ohio’s former consecutive-sentencing statutory

provisions, R.C. 2929.14(E)(4) and 2929.41(A), which were held unconstitutional

in State v. Foster.” Hodge, 2010-Ohio-6320, at ¶39. Of significance to this case,

the Court in Hodge specifically noted that “[t]he other stricken provisions [i.e.

R.C. 2929.14(B)] are not at issue in this case, and the holdings in Foster regarding

these provisions were not implicated in Ice.” Id. at ¶27. Appellant’s counsel

conceded at oral argument that his argument in support of his first assignment of

error was no longer viable in Ohio courts in light of State v. Hodge, and, based

upon the aforementioned, we agree.

{¶26} Wallace’s first assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

{¶27} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Judgment Affirmed

SHAW and WILLAMOWSKI, J.J., concur.

/jlr

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