State v. Houston

[Cite as State v. Houston, 2010-Ohio-6070.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
SHELBY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 17-10-06

v.

ELLIS HOUSTON, OPINION

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Shelby County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 09CR000323

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: December 13, 2010

APPEARANCES:

Jonathan M. Richard for Appellant

Jeffrey J. Beigel for Appellee
Case No. 17-10-06

PRESTON, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Ellis Houston (hereinafter “Houston”), appeals

the Shelby County Court of Common Pleas’ judgment of sentence. For the

reasons that follow, we affirm.

{¶2} On October 22, 2009, Houston was indicted by the Shelby County

Grand Jury on three counts of breaking and entering in violation of R.C.

2911.13(A), each a felony of the third degree. These counts alleged that on three

different dates, Houston broke into a store, once at the Lassus Handy Dandy and

twice at Foodtown, both located on Wapakoneta Road in Sidney, Ohio, and stole

cigarettes. Houston entered pleas of not guilty, and on January 5, 2010, the matter

proceeded to a jury trial.

{¶3} The morning of trial, just before the venire was brought into the

courtroom, counsel for Houston informed the court that he had attempted to speak

with Houston that morning but that Houston would not answer his questions.

Houston asked that his attorney be removed from the case and he be allowed to

represent himself. The trial court discussed this request with Houston, permitted

the prosecutor to speak on the issue, and then denied Houston’s request because of

its untimeliness.

{¶4} The jury trial commenced and the State presented the testimony of

six witnesses. The State also introduced one exhibit, a DVD that contained video

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surveillance from each of the three incidents. Between the testimony of two of the

State’s witnesses, defense counsel informed the court that the alibi witness for

Houston, a witness for whom he had previously provided a notice of alibi, was not

present. He further explained that he had arranged for her to be there for trial but

that Houston had contacted her the previous night and “asked her not to be here in

part because he believed that he was going to be able to represent himself today.”

(Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 91-92.) Thus, Attorney Clinard told the court that he did not

have an alibi witness to present and was withdrawing the notice of alibi. (id.) At

the conclusion of the State’s case, the defense made a motion for acquittal, which

was denied. The defense presented no evidence.

{¶5} After closing arguments, the jury was given instructions and

returned verdicts of guilty on all three counts. The court ordered a pre-sentence

investigation, and a sentencing hearing was conducted on February 8, 2010.

Houston was sentenced to eleven months in prison on each count to be served

consecutively to one another for an aggregate term of thirty-three months.

{¶6} Houston now appeals, raising three assignments of error for our

review.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN NOT
PERMITTING THE DEFENDANT/APPELLANT TO
REPRESENT HIMSELF AND DISMISS HIS COURT
APPOINTED ATTORNEY.

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{¶7} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides

that an accused shall have the right “to have the Assistance of Counsel for his

defense.” Alternatively, a criminal defendant has the “right to conduct his own

defense.” McKaskle v. Wiggins (1984), 465 U.S. 168, 170, 104 S.Ct. 944, citing

Faretta v. California (1975), 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525. Thus, although a

defendant has a right to counsel, the defendant may “waive that right when the

waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.” State v. Petaway, 3rd Dist. No. 8-

05-11, 2006-Ohio-2941, ¶ 8, citing State v. Gibson (1976), 45 Ohio St.2d 366, 345

N.E.2d 399, paragraph one of the syllabus, citing Faretta, supra. “If a trial court

denies the right to self-representation, when properly invoked, the denial is per se

reversible error.” State v. Cassano, 96 Ohio St.3d 94, 2002-Ohio-3751, 772

N.E.2d 81, ¶ 32, citing State v. Reed, 74 Ohio St.3d 534, 1996-Ohio-21, 660

N.E.2d 456, citing McKaskle, 465 U.S. at 177, 104 S.Ct. 944.

{¶8} While a defendant has the right to represent himself, that right is not

absolute. Notably, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that an untimely invocation

of the right of self-representation may be disallowed by a trial court. State v.

Vrabel, 99 Ohio St.3d 184, 2003-Ohio-3193, 790 N.E.2d 303, ¶ 50. In Vrabel, the

Court stated,

In the recent case of State v. Cassano, 96 Ohio St.3d 94, 2002-
Ohio-3751, 772 N.E.2d 81, ¶ 37, we reasoned that the
defendant’s request to represent himself was untimely, since it

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was made only three days before the trial was to begin. Other
courts, as noted in Cassano, have also found that invocation of
the right of self-representation can be disallowed where such a
request is untimely. See, e.g., United States v. Mackovich
(C.A.10, 2000), 209 F.3d 1227, 1237 (requests made within ten
days before trial “were merely a tactic for delay”); United States
v. George (C.A.9, 1995), 56 F.3d 1078, 1084 (request made on
eve of trial untimely); Parton v. Wyrick (C.A.8, 1983), 704 F.2d
415, 417 (request made morning of trial untimely); United States
v. Frazier-El (C.A.4, 2000), 204 F.3d 553, 560 (the “right does
not exist * * * to be used as a tactic for delay”).

Vrabel, 2003-Ohio-3193, at ¶ 50.

{¶9} Here, Houston did not request to represent himself until the day of

trial. In fact, the trial court specifically found that the prospective jury members

were “in the jury room ready to proceed[.]” (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 6.) Therefore, the

trial court concluded that Houston’s invocation of his right of self-representation

was untimely. We agree.

{¶10} Not only did Houston wait until the day of trial, with the venire

present and waiting to proceed, to invoke his right to self-representation, his

reasons for the request to represent himself did not arise that day. To the contrary,

Houston stated that December 17, 2009, was the first time his attorney came to see

him at the jail, that at his first pre-trial he had problems with his attorney, and that

he wanted to get more witnesses. Although Houston did not directly ask for a

continuance, his stated reason, that he wanted to represent himself because he

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wanted “to get more witnesses,” certainly implied that he would need a

continuance to do so, thereby delaying the trial of this matter.

{¶11} We find that Houston had sufficient time to properly invoke his right

to self-representation and to then prepare for trial, but he chose not to do so until

the day of trial. Thus, the trial court properly concluded that his request was

untimely and did not err in overruling his request to represent himself. The first

assignment of error is overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

THE DEFENDANT/APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS ARE
NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT EVIDIENCE [sic] IN
VIOLATION OF HIS DUE PROCESS RIGHTS, OR IN THE
ALTERNATIVE ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT
OF THE EVIDENCE.

{¶12} In his second assignment of error, Houston contends that his

convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence or, alternatively, were

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, Houston does not

maintain that the State failed to prove that three offenses of breaking and entering

occurred in Shelby County, Ohio, on the dates alleged. Rather, he asserts that the

State failed to prove that he was the actual perpetrator of these offenses. In

support of this assertion, Houston argues that the two witnesses who identified

him on the surveillance video as the perpetrator were both convicted felons and

that neither was present at the crime scenes.

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{¶13} The Ohio Supreme Court has set forth the sufficiency of the

evidence test as follows:

[A]n appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency
of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine
the evidence admitted at trial and determine whether such
evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant
inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.

State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273, 574 N.E.2d 492, superseded by

state constitutional amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 80

Ohio St.3d 89, 1997-Ohio-355, 684 N.E.2d 668.

{¶14} Alternatively, an appellate court’s function when reviewing the

weight of the evidence is to determine whether the greater amount of credible

evidence supports the verdict. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-

Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541. In reviewing whether the trial court’s judgment was

against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a “thirteenth juror”

and examines the conflicting testimony. Id. In doing so, this Court must review

the entire record, weigh the evidence and all of the reasonable inferences, consider

the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the factfinder “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

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ordered.” State v. Andrews, 3rd Dist. No. 1-05-70, 2006-Ohio-3764, ¶ 30, citing

State v. Martin (1983), 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717; Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541.

{¶15} In this case, the State presented the following evidence. Meredith

Groves testified that she is the manager of the Handy Dandy on Wapakoneta

Avenue in Sidney, Ohio, and has worked there for three years. (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr.

at 50.) Handy Dandy is a convenience store that includes a Subway restaurant

carry-out but does not include a dine-in area. (id. at 52.) She further testified that

in the early morning hours of August 21, 2009, someone threw a “huge rock”

through the store’s glass door and stole numerous “cartons of cigarettes and Black

& Mild cigars.” (id. at 50-52.) During her testimony, Groves also identified

State’s Exhibit 1 as a DVD that included a true and accurate copy of the video

surveillance of the break-in at the Handy Dandy that she had given to the detective

assigned to investigate the case.1 (id. at 51.) This video shows an object being

thrown through the lower portion of the glass door, shattering the glass, and two

men entering the store through the opening created when the glass was shattered.

One man has no covering on his face, and the other has his face partially covered

with a white, scarf-like object. The two are directly in front of the camera during

1
State’s Exhibit 1 is a single DVD that contains the relevant portions of the video surveillance footage
from each of the three break-ins.

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the time they are in the store and the video shows them removing a number of

items from the store.

{¶16} Keith Curtis, the manager of the Foodtown grocery store on

Wapakoneta Avenue in Sidney, Ohio, also testified. (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 57.)

Curtis testified that in the early morning hours of August 24, 2009, someone broke

the glass in the lower portion of the front door to the store by throwing a concrete

block through it. (id. at 57-58, 61.) The intruder then entered the store and stole

approximately $2,000.00 worth of cigarettes. (id. at 57-58.) Although the store

was equipped with an alarm system, the alarm failed to activate on that occasion.

(id. at 61.) Curtis also testified that the store was broken into again in the early

morning hours of September 25, 2009. (id. at 58, 60.) Once again, the glass in the

lower portion of the front door was broken to gain entry. (id. at 60.) However,

this time a concrete flower pot was used to break the glass. (id. at 61.) Although

the alarm was activated on this occasion, the intruder managed to steal

approximately $1,000.00 worth of cigarettes and flee the scene. (id. at 60-61.)

{¶17} During his testimony, Curtis also identified State’s Exhibit 1 as a

DVD that contained true and accurate copies of the video surveillance taken at

Foodtown during the two break-ins that he had given to the detective assigned to

investigate the cases. (id. at 58-59.) Unlike the video footage from Handy Dandy,

which was a streaming video, the Foodtown video surveillance was time lapsed.

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This time lapse system operates by the camera taking still shots of whatever is in

its sight approximately every six seconds. (id. at 62-63.) In addition, Foodtown

had a number of time-lapse cameras in different locations of the store. These

videos showed on both occasions the lower portion of the glass door being

shattered, a man entering through the door, and that person taking items from the

store. On the first video, the man is wearing the same white, scarf-like object to

partially cover his face as one of the men in the Handy Dandy video is wearing.

On the second video, the intruder is wearing a hooded sweatshirt but nothing

directly over his face. The outside shot in this surveillance video also shows that it

is raining.

{¶18} Officer Rodney Robbins of the Sidney Police Department testified

that he was working third shift on August 21, 2009. (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 65-66.)

As he was patrolling in his police cruiser at approximately 2:00 a.m., he drove past

the Handy Dandy store and noticed that the glass in the front door was broken.

(id. at 66.) He and other officers secured the store and found multiple packs of

Black & Mild cigars lying just outside the door. (id. at 67.) Officer Robbins also

had his canine partner, Sid, with him, and he and Sid attempted to track the

suspects. (id. at 68-69.) Although they did not locate any suspects in the fifteen to

twenty minutes they spent tracking, they did recover more packages of Black &

Mild cigars behind the store along the tree line. (id. at 69.)

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{¶19} Dustin Hawkins also testified. Hawkins testified that he was

currently in jail and that he had entered into a plea agreement with the State,

whereby he plead guilty to one count of breaking and entering, a felony of the fifth

degree, and agreed to testify in Houston’s case, and in exchange the State

dismissed two other counts of breaking and entering, both felonies of the fifth

degree, against Hawkins. (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 73.) Hawkins also acknowledged

that he had prior felony convictions for robbery and burglary. (id. at 72.)

{¶20} Hawkins testified that he met Houston and Houston’s brother,

Anthony, in early August of 2009, or perhaps earlier through the Houstons’

cousin, TJ Henderson. (id. at 83.) According to Hawkins, Houston told Hawkins

that he and Anthony were the ones who broke into the Handy Dandy store and

stole cigarettes. (id. at 73.) Hawkins also testified that he picked up Houston and

Anthony at their home on September 25, 2009, and drove to Kossuth Street by the

Sidney Foodtown and parked. (id. at 77-78.) Houston and his brother exited the

vehicle while Hawkins waited in the car. Hawkins then heard a big bang and,

shortly thereafter, the brothers ran back to the vehicle. (id. at 79.) When they

returned, Houston was carrying a large bag that “looked like it had a bunch of

cartons of cigarettes in it.” (id. at 81.) In exchange for driving them, Hawkins

testified that he was given cocaine. (id.)

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{¶21} During Hawkins’ direct examination, the prosecutor played the

video footage from all three break-ins. (id. at 74-77, 79-80.) Hawkins identified

both Houston and Anthony as the people depicted in the Handy Dandy footage,

specifically indicating that Houston was the person with the white, scarf-like

object partially covering his face. (id. at 74.) He further identified Houston as the

person depicted in three different shots from the video footage of the first

Foodtown break-in. (id. at 75-77.) Hawkins also identified Houston in the video

footage of the second Foodtown break-in. More specifically, he noted that in this

footage, Houston was wearing a “hoodie with, like, sweatpants[,]” and that these

were the clothes Houston was wearing that night when Hawkins picked him up.

(id. at 79-80.) Hawkins was shown another shot from the video of the second

Foodtown break-in and testified that the person in that shot appeared to be

Houston as well. (id. at 80.)

{¶22} On cross-examination, Hawkins testified that he was convicted of

burglary and robbery in Kentucky in either 2003 or 2004, and that he had served

six years in prison for these offenses. (id. at 85-86.) He also testified that in order

to have two of his charges dismissed, he had to “give up Ellis and his brother,” had

to testify against Houston and Anthony, and that if he did not testify against

Houston, the “deal may * * * disappear[.]” (id. at 86-87.) When asked if he was

expecting to be placed on community control at this time, Hawkins stated that he

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did not expect that would happen. (id. at 86.) Hawkins also acknowledged that he

allowed Anthony to obtain cable services at the home that Anthony and Houston

shared by using Hawkins’ name on the account but that he did not know whether

Anthony “ran up the bill” and then did not pay it as asked by defense counsel. (id.

at 83-84, 87.) He further testified that he was not present for the first break-in at

Foodtown and when asked whether he told the police he was there, Hawkins

answered that he did not tell the police that. (id. at 89.) When questioned further

about this, Hawkins testified that he drove the Houston brothers in September and

that he only drove them to one break-in, one time. (id.)

{¶23} During re-direct examination, the prosecutor asked Hawkins if there

was “some reason why you remember September 25, ’09, something that jarred

your memory?” (id. at 90.) In response, Hawkins testified that “it was rainin’ and

I remember what, you know, I remember he – he had, like, a hoodie on when we

got – we got in the car and he got out of the car.” (id.) The prosecutor then asked

Hawkins if the September 25, 2009 video showed that it was raining, and Hawkins

stated that it did. (id.)

{¶24} The next witness to testify was Ulysee Robinson, Jr. Robinson

testified that he had felony convictions in Georgia for armed robbery, assault, drug

abuse, drug trafficking, and providing false information. (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 94.)

He also testified that he knew Houston and that Houston lived in his

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neighborhood. (id. at 95.) Robinson testified that Houston told him about the

breaking and entering at Handy Dandy and that he had some cigarettes that he got

from the Handy Dandy without buying them. (id.) The prosecutor then asked

Robinson if Houston told him about the breaking and entering of Foodtown, and

Robinson replied, “[n]ot him quite, his brother did.” (id.) Robinson further

testified that he had watched the video surveillance from the Handy Dandy break-

in and the first Foodtown break-in and that he saw Houston in both of these

videos. (id. at 95-97.)

{¶25} During cross-examination, Robinson was asked if his conviction in

Georgia for providing false information was based on testimony in court. (id. at

97.) Robinson answered that it was not and explained, “It had nothin’ to do with

court. It was – I had did [sic] somethin’ else and I wasn’t puttin’ myself involved

with it so they just got me with lying.” (id. ) Defense counsel then asked if he

meant that he gave false information to the police officers during part of an

investigation, and Robinson stated, “He was providing false information to me too

so we both was doin’ it.” (id. at 98.) Robinson also admitted that he was

convicted of three counts of drug trafficking in Ohio. Robinson further testified

that he was first contacted about these break-ins when the police came to his home

to execute a search warrant. (id. at 99-100.) During this search, the police found

cigarettes. (id. at 100.) Robinson was asked if Hawkins gave him these cigarettes

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and what his relationship was with Hawkins. (id.) Robinson testified that he did

not know Hawkins and that Hawkins did not give him the cigarettes that were

found in his home. (id.) Robinson further testified that he was not charged with

anything relating to the cigarettes found in his home and he did not expect to be.

(id.)

{¶26} On re-direct examination, Robinson testified that cigarettes were not

found in his home and explained that they were actually cigarettos, which he

described as mini-cigars. (id. at 101-102.) Robinson also testified that the

cigarettos came from Houston and his brother and that he bought them from

Houston for $2.00-2.50 a pack although they have a retail price of $3.00-4.00. (id.

at 102.)

{¶27} Detective Jack Baker of the Sidney Police Department also testified.

Det. Baker was assigned to investigate the three break-ins at issue. During his

investigation, he viewed the video surveillance from all three break-ins. (Jan. 5,

2010, Tr. at 105-106.) He further testified regarding the mode of entry into Handy

Dandy and Foodtown when they were broken into and what was taken from the

businesses. (id. at 106-107.) Det. Baker also testified that the Black & Mild

“cigars” that were taken were cigarettos such as the ones described by Robinson

during his testimony. (id. at 106.)

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{¶28} During cross-examination, Det. Baker stated that he was not in

charge of collecting evidence for these three break-ins, but rather, that was the

responsibility of the respective evidence technicians called to each scene. (id. at

107-108.) However, he did acknowledge that as the detective assigned to these

cases, he was aware of the evidence that was collected in each incident. (id. at

108.) Det. Baker testified that none of the objects used to break the glass in the

doors was collected but that the Black & Mild packages found behind Handy

Dandy by Officer Robbins, the glass, and a lift of a shoeprint found at one of the

scenes were collected. (id. at 109-110.) However, none of these items had any

testing performed on them.2 (id. at 110.) Det. Baker also testified that to his

knowledge no cigarettes or Black & Milds were found at Houston’s home after his

arrest. (id.) Defense counsel also had Det. Baker read a portion of his police

report detailing the discussion he had with Hawkins on October 2, 2009, which

stated, “Dustin did not drive them to Sidney Foodtown on the second occasion it

was broken into but he knows – but he knows they did it. * * * They [sic] knows

they did that, too.” (id. at 113.)

{¶29} On re-direct, Det. Baker testified that the objects used to break the

glass in the doors were not taken as evidence and examined because fingerprints

are never lifted from concrete blocks or rocks. (id. at 115.) He also testified that

2
Det. Baker testified that the shoeprint lift was sent to the lab but he never heard anything back from the
lab regarding the lift. (id. at 110.)

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the video surveillance shows the blocks and flower pot used to break the glass in

the doors. (id. at 114-115.) During re-cross examination, Det. Baker was asked

about obtaining fingerprints from the cellophane wrapping of the cigarettes that

were recovered by Officer Robbins, and he testified that obtaining fingerprints

from evidence is difficult. (id. at 115.)

{¶30} At the conclusion of this evidence, the State moved to admit Exhibit

1, it was admitted, and the State rested. Houston did not present any evidence.

{¶31} After reviewing this evidence and in construing it in a light most

favorable to the prosecution, we cannot conclude that there was insufficient

evidence for Houston’s convictions. Moreover, we cannot conclude that his

convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶32} The jury was able to view the demeanor of the witnesses, including

their candor. Both Hawkins and Robinson positively identified Houston in the

surveillance videos from Handy Dandy and the first Foodtown break-in, and

Hawkins also identified Houston in the footage from the second Foodtown break-

in. Hawkins testified that Houston admitted to him that he broke into the Handy

Dandy. In addition, Hawkins stated that he drove Houston to the second break-in

at Foodtown, which he remembered involved inclement weather. The video

surveillance of this break-in shows that it was raining during this time. The

weather also served to explain the difference in Hawkins’ statement to Det. Baker

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that he drove Houston to the first Foodtown break-in and his testimony at trial that

he drove Houston to the second Foodtown break-in because he testified that his

memory was “jarred” about it being rainy on the night that he drove. Robinson

further testified that Houston told him about breaking and entering into Handy

Dandy and attempted to sell him cigarettes that he got from Handy Dandy but did

not pay for them.

{¶33} While Hawkins received the benefit of two charges being dismissed

by testifying against Houston, Robinson had no such benefit. Further, the jury was

well aware of the credibility issues of these two men, including their respective

felony records. However, they saw these witnesses testify, were able to view the

video surveillance themselves, and were able to see Houston first-hand and

determine whether he was the person in the videos. Although two of the videos

showed the man identified as Houston wearing a white, scarf-like covering over

his face, much of his face can still be seen and his build and what he was wearing

are readily ascertainable. Furthermore, the evidence showed the same modus

operendi during each incident: the perpetrator obtained entry by breaking the

lower portion of the glass front door, immediately went to the tobacco products,

stole only cigarettes and Black & Milds, stayed inside the store for a very short

period of time, and wore similar clothing and head coverings. Thus, a reasonable

juror could conclude that Houston committed all three offenses. Accordingly, we

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do not find that the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the convictions must be reversed and a new trial

ordered. The second assignment of error is overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

THE DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS CONSTITUIONAL
[sic] RIGHT TO EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.

{¶34} In his third assignment of error, Houston maintains that he was

denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel. More specifically, Houston

asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to meet with him and

prepare, failing to request that the court make further inquiry into his desire to

represent himself, failing to issue a subpoena for the alibi witness, failing to file a

motion to sever the counts, and failing to object to the hearsay testimony of

Robinson.

{¶35} A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

must establish that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under

the circumstances; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.

State v. Kole, 92 Ohio St.3d 303, 306, 2001-Ohio-191, 750 N.E.2d 148, citing

Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052. In order to

show counsel’s conduct was deficient or unreasonable, the defendant must

overcome the presumption that counsel provided competent representation and

must show that counsel’s actions were not trial strategies prompted by reasonable

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professional judgment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Counsel is entitled to a strong

presumption that all decisions fall within the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance. State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675, 1998-Ohio-343,

693 N.E.2d 267.

{¶36} Tactical or strategic trial decisions, even if unsuccessful, do not

generally constitute ineffective assistance. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545,

558, 1995-Ohio-104, 651 N.E.2d 965. Rather, the errors complained of must

amount to a substantial violation of counsel’s essential duties to his client. See

State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-42, 538 N.E.2d 373, quoting State

v. Lytle (1976), 48 Ohio St.2d 391, 396, 358 N.E.2d 623. Prejudice results when

“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d at

142, citing Strickland, 466 U.S. 691. “A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d at

142; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

{¶37} Houston’s first claim that his counsel was ineffective is that his

attorney did not meet with him and prepare. However, the record belies this

claim, as Houston actually informed the court that his attorney came to see him on

December 17, 2009, and counsel stated that he had met with Houston the previous

day and discussed the case with him. (Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 6.) Further, the only

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complaints lodged by Houston about trial counsel was that he did not come to see

him at the jail until mid-December and that he needed more witnesses. The record

is devoid, as is the brief in this case, as to what trial counsel should have or even

could have done to prepare this case, much less what prejudice Houston suffered

as a result. Therefore, we cannot conclude that trial counsel was ineffective in this

regard.

{¶38} Houston next asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

request that the trial court make further inquiry into his desire to represent himself.

Again, Houston has failed to demonstrate how counsel’s performance was

deficient or unreasonable under the circumstances or how he was prejudiced as a

result of this failure, particularly in light of our discussion in the first assignment

of error.

{¶39} As for Houston’s claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to

issue a subpoena to his alibi witness, the record also belies this assertion. Defense

counsel informed the court that he had made arrangements to have Bridgette

Stoudimire, Houston’s alibi witness, testify at trial but that Houston contacted her

the day before trial and told her not to appear at trial. Trial counsel had no duty to

subpoena Stoudimire under these circumstances because he had made

arrangements with her to voluntarily testify for Houston and there is nothing in the

record to indicate that she would not have appeared. Apparently, the only reason

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she did not appear was because Houston, the party on whose behalf she was going

to testify, called her and told her not to come. Thus, even if defense counsel

issued the subpoena on Houston’s behalf, Stoudimire was not obligated to follow

the commands of the subpoena once Houston told her that she need not appear.

See Crim. R. 17(G). Moreover, Houston has proffered no information regarding

what Stoudimire’s testimony would have been, including whether she would have

been an alibi for one, two, or all three incidents. Therefore, he has failed to

demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under these

circumstances or that he suffered prejudice as a result.

{¶40} Houston also contends that counsel was ineffective for failing to file

a motion to sever these three offenses. A failure to file a motion does not

constitute ineffective assistance of counsel per se. See State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio

St.3d 378, 389, 2000-Ohio-448, 721 N.E.2d 52. There must also be a reasonable

probability that the motion will be successful. State v. Robinson (1996), 108 Ohio

App.3d 428, 433, 670 N.E.2d 1077; State v. Ligon, 3rd Dist. No. 4-2000-25, 2001-

Ohio-2231.

{¶41} The Rules of Criminal Procedure permit the joinder of offenses

when they “are of the same or similar character, * * * or are based on two or more

acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme

or plan[.]” Crim.R. 8(A). Generally, the law favors joining multiple offenses in a

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single trial under Crim.R. 8(A) if the offenses charged are of the same or similar

character. State v. Lott (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293.

“[J]oinder and the avoidance of multiple trials is favored for many reasons, among

which are conserving time and expense, [and] diminishing the inconvenience to

witnesses * * *.” State v. Torres (1981), 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 343, 421 N.E.2d

1288. An accused may move to sever the charges under Crim.R. 14, but he has

the burden to affirmatively demonstrate that his rights will be prejudiced by the

joinder. Lott, supra. A showing by the State that the evidence relating to each

crime is simple and direct negates any claims of prejudice and renders joinder

proper. Id.; State v. Roberts (1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 170, 405 N.E.2d 247.

{¶42} As previously discussed in the second assignment of error, these

charges were identical counts of breaking and entering and the facts surrounding

each incident was of a similar character and demonstrated a common scheme

and/or plan. Thus, they were properly tried together pursuant to Crim.R. 8.

Moreover, Houston has not demonstrated any prejudice, and any such claim of

prejudice would have been negated by the simple and direct evidence relating to

each crime. We find that there was not a reasonable probability that if counsel had

filed a motion to sever that it would have been successful, and counsel did not

render ineffective assistance by failing to file a motion to sever.

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{¶43} Lastly, Houston argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to

object to the hearsay testimony of Robinson. During Robinson’s testimony, the

following line of questioning occurred between the prosecutor and Robinson:3

Q: Defendant tell you about the breaking and entering of
Foodtown?

A: Not him quite, his brother did.

(Jan. 5, 2010, Tr. at 95.) Counsel for Houston did not object to this testimony.

{¶44} Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the

declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the

truth of the matter asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). Here, Robinson did not provide a

statement made by Anthony to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Instead, he

simply stated that Anthony told him about the breaking and entering of Foodtown;

he did not say what Anthony told him about the breaking and entering.

Accordingly, this testimony did not constitute hearsay. Further, even if this were

hearsay, there was nothing in this statement to implicate Houston, and the State

did not proceed any further with this line of questioning. Thus, Houston has not

3
Houston cites to page 98 of the trial transcript in his argument of this point. However, that page contains
the questioning of Robinson by Houston’s trial counsel regarding Robinson’s prior convictions.
Nevertheless, in his second assignment of error, Houston references hearsay testimony elicited on page 95
of the transcript. In reviewing that page, the State’s brief assumes that Houston is referring to the portion
of transcript involving what Houston told Robinson. We do not make the same assumption, understanding
that a statement of a party opponent, such as Houston, is not hearsay, see Evid.R. 801(D)(2)(a). Rather, we
can only assume that Houston is referring to the portion involving what Anthony told Robinson. Although
we elect to analyze this issue under this assumption, we note that App.R. 16(A)(7) places the responsibility
on the appellant to cite to the proper parts of the record upon which he bases his argument.

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shown any prejudice from the failure to object to this testimony. Absent a

showing of prejudice, Houston has not shown that he was denied the effective

assistance of counsel.

{¶45} For all of these reasons, the third assignment of error is overruled.

{¶46} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI, P.J., and ROGERS, J., concur.

/jlr

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