State v. Messenger

[Cite as State v. Messenger, 2010-Ohio-479.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
MARION COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 9-09-19

v.

RYAN MESSENGER, OPINION

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Marion County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 08-CR-491

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: February 16, 2010

APPEARANCES:

Kevin P. Collins for Appellant

Brent W. Yager for Appellee
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PRESTON, P.J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Ryan Messenger1 (hereinafter “Messenger”),

appeals the Marion County Court of Common Pleas’ judgment of conviction and

sentence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

{¶2} On November 26, 2008, Messenger was indicted on count one of

weapons under a disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a third degree

felony, and count two of domestic violence in violation of R.C. 2919.25(A), a first

degree misdemeanor. (Doc. No. 1). On December 1, 2008, Messenger was

arraigned and entered pleas of not guilty to both counts. (Doc. No. 3).

{¶3} On December 23, 2008, the State filed a supplemental indictment

charging Messenger with count three, a one-year firearm specification as to count

one. (Doc. No. 11). On December 29, 2008, Messenger appeared pro se, was

arraigned, and entered a plea of not guilty to count three of the amended

indictment. (Doc. No. 13).

{¶4} On March 10, 2009, Messenger, pro se, filed a motion to suppress a

four-page handwritten letter he had written to Keith Mabe, which was found at

Mabe’s residence, and an excerpt from Patrolman Isom’s incident report. (Doc.

No. 43).

1
We note that Messenger represented himself throughout the proceedings below. Messenger filed a
written waiver of counsel pursuant to Crim.R. 44(C) on January 16, 2009 for the trial court proceedings.
(Doc. No. 21). Messenger is represented by counsel on appeal, and this Court also allowed Messenger to
file a supplemental pro se brief.

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{¶5} On March 19, 2009, the State filed a supplemental indictment

charging Messenger with count three of theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1), a

third degree felony and count four of having weapons while under disability in

violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a third degree felony. (Doc. No. 63).2

{¶6} On March 20, 2009, the court held a hearing on Messenger’s motion

to suppress evidence, and, on March 23, 2009, the trial court filed its entry

denying the motion. (Doc. Nos. 51, 71). At the conclusion of the motion hearing,

the State moved to dismiss count three of the supplemental indictment filed

December 23, 2008, a one-year firearm specification as to count one, which

motion was granted by the trial court. (Doc. No. 70).

{¶7} On April 2-3, 2009, the matter proceeded to a jury trial. The jury

found Messenger guilty on count one of having weapons while under a disability

and count two of domestic violence but not guilty on count three of theft. (Doc.

Nos. 93-95).

{¶8} On April 8, 2009, the trial court sentenced Messenger to five (5)

years imprisonment on count one and one hundred eighty (180) days on count two.

(Apr. 8, 2009 Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 451); (Apr. 9, 2009 JE, Doc. No. 98).

2
At a final motion hearing held April 1, 2009, the day before the trial, the State moved to dismiss count
one of the originally filed indictment and replace it with count four of the supplemental indictment filed
March 19, 2009. These counts were substantively the same, charging Messenger with having weapons
while under disability; however, the supplemental indictment added the mental culpability standard of
recklessness. (Apr. 1, 2009 Tr. at 80-81). Messenger agreed to this substitution. (See id.).

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The trial court further ordered that these terms be served concurrently to each

other. (Id.).

{¶9} On May 7, 2009, the trial court appointed appellate counsel, and

Messenger filed his notice of appeal. (Doc. Nos. 101, 103). Messenger now

appeals raising twelve assignments of error for our review. We elect to address

some of Messenger’s assignments of error out of the order they appear in his brief

and to combine his assignments of error where appropriate.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY DENYING HIS MOTION TO
SUPPRESS HIS LETTER TO KEITH MABE.

{¶10} In his first assignment of error, Messenger argues that the trial court

erred by denying his motion to suppress his letter to Keith Mabe. Specifically,

Messenger asserts that he had capacity to challenge the search of Mabe’s residence

since he was an overnight guest. Alternatively, Messenger argues that Mabe never

voluntarily consented to the search of his home. We disagree.

{¶11} A review of the denial of a motion to suppress involves mixed

questions of law and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-

5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶8. At a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role

of trier of fact and, as such, is in the best position to evaluate the evidence and the

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credibility of witnesses. See State v. Carter (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 552, 651

N.E.2d 965.

{¶12} When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, deference is given

to the trial court’s findings of fact so long as they are supported by competent,

credible evidence. Burnside at ¶8. With respect to the trial court’s conclusions of

law, however, our standard of review is de novo and we must decide whether the

facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara (1997), 124 Ohio

App.3d 706, 710, 707 N.E.2d 539.

{¶13} Whether a defendant has standing to challenge the constitutionality

of the search of a home depends upon “whether the defendant had an expectation

of privacy in the home that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable.” State v.

Williams (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 153, 166, 652 N.E.2d 721, citing Rakas v. Illinois

(1978), 439 U.S. 128, 131, 99 S.Ct. 421, 424, 58 L.Ed.2d 387, 393, fn. 1, and State

v. Steele (1981), 2 Ohio App.3d 105, 107, 440 N.E.2d 1353. However, “[t]he

burden is upon the defendant to prove facts sufficient to establish such an

expectation.” Williams, 73 Ohio St.3d at 166. An overnight guest may have a

reasonable expectation of privacy in another’s home, but whether that expectation

is reasonable depends upon the totality of the circumstances. Minnesota v. Olson

(1990), 495 U.S. 91, 96-97, 110 S.Ct. 1684, 109 L.Ed.2d 85; State v. Coleman

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(1997), 118 Ohio App.3d 522, 525, 693 N.E.2d 825, citing Williams, 73 Ohio

St.3d at 166.

{¶14} The evidence presented at the suppression hearing demonstrated that

Messenger was Keith Mabe’s childhood friend of seventeen (17) years. (Mar. 20,

2009 Tr. at 21). Mabe testified that he lived with his mother at 148 Kenmore

Avenue (hereinafter the “residence” or “house”), but Messenger never “lived” at

this residence. (Id. at 21-22). Mabe estimated that, at one point, Messenger was

staying at the residence five to six (5-6) days per week, but the last time

Messenger stayed there was the night before he was arrested, on November 24th

or 25th of 2008. (Id. at 22, 24). Mabe testified that he consented to the search of

the residence on January 25, 2009, and that the letter Messenger wrote to him

(State’s exhibit 1) was found during that search. (Id. at 23-24). Mabe further

testified that Messenger had been at the residence twice within the past two (2)

weeks prior to the suppression hearing, but Messenger did not stay overnight. (Id.

at 24-25). Messenger did not have any specific room in the house nor did he have

a dresser for his clothes, though Messenger may have left “a shirt or two there.”

(Id. at 25).

{¶15} On cross-examination, Mabe testified that, a year or two ago,

Messenger was “pretty much living” at the residence. (Id. at 27). Mabe testified

that he gave no restrictions on Messenger as a guest and that Messenger had

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permission to use any of the household items. (Id. at 27-28). Messenger washed

and dried his clothes and took showers at the residence. (Id. at 28). Mabe testified

that on the day of the search, January 23, 2009, Messenger was in jail. (Id. at 30).

Mabe further testified that, on the day of Messenger’s arrest, Messenger was

moving into the residence but was ultimately arrested and unable to move in. (Id.

at 32). On redirect, Mabe testified that, at the time of Messenger’s arrest, he was

living with Jessica Mullins. (Id. at 42). Messenger had his clothes and belongings

at the apartment he shared with Mullins. (Id.). Mabe testified that Messenger did

not have his belongings in the residence, except for a shirt or some miscellaneous

items that Messenger left there. (Id. at 42-43).

{¶16} Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we cannot conclude

that the trial court erred in finding that Messenger failed to establish standing to

challenge the constitutionality of the search of Mabe’s residence. The facts of this

case are analogous to those in Williams, supra. Like the defendant-appellant in

Williams, the residence searched belongs to another person (Mabe’s mother);

Messenger possibly had some personal items (one or two shirts) in the residence;

and Messenger was staying somewhere else at the time of the search (jail). 73

Ohio St.3d at 166. Although there was evidence that Messenger was staying at

Mabe’s residence almost daily a year or two ago, for several months prior to the

search Messenger was in jail and not an overnight guest in the house. The fact

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that Messenger was not an overnight guest at the time of the search is an important

factor to consider. Williams, 73 Ohio St.3d at 166 (“* * * there was no evidence

that appellant was an overnight guest in the apartment at the time the police

executed the search warrant.”) (emphasis added); State v. Davis (1992), 80 Ohio

App.3d 277, 285, 609 N.E.2d 174 (distinguishing the facts therein from Minnesota

v. Olson, supra, on the basis that the defendant was not an overnight guest the

evening of the search, nor even a week prior to the search.).

{¶17} Aside from lacking a reasonable expectation of privacy in Mabe’s

residence, Messenger also lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the letter

he sent through the U.S. postal service to Mabe. State v. Haberek (1988), 47 Ohio

App.3d 35, 41-43, 546 N.E.2d 1361. “[A]n individual has no legitimate

expectation of privacy when he reveals information to a third party on the

assumption it will be used for only a limited purpose and the third party betrays

such confidence and conveys the information to the government.” Id., citing Smith

v. Maryland (1979), 442 U.S. 735, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 61 L.Ed.2d 220, citing U.S. v.

Miller (1976), 425 U.S. 435, 96 S.Ct. 1619, 48 L.Ed.2d 71. Furthermore, the letter

at issue here was left on the kitchen counter outside its envelope in open sight

available for anyone in the residence to read. Accordingly, Messenger did not

have a “reasonable expectation of privacy” in the letter; and therefore, he lacked

standing to challenge the search of the contents of the letter as well.

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{¶18} Since we have determined that Messenger lacked standing, we need

not consider his argument that Mabe’s consent to the search was not voluntary.

{¶19} Messenger’s first assignment of error is overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IX

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR HAVING
A WEAPON UNDER DISABILITY IS AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

{¶20} In his ninth assignment of error, Messenger argues that his

conviction for having a weapon while under a disability was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. Specifically, Messenger argues that the State failed to

prove that he knowingly acquired, had, carried, or used a firearm since: his

personal belongings were not found near the firearm; his fingerprints were not

found on the firearm; and the only evidence connecting him with the gun was the

testimony of the victim, which was not credible or trustworthy. We disagree.

{¶21} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight

of the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record, “‘[weigh] the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and

[determine] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact]

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins (1997),

78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin (1983), 20 Ohio

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App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. A reviewing court must, however, allow the

trier of fact appropriate discretion on matters relating to the weight of the evidence

and the credibility of the witnesses. State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230,

231, 227 N.E.2d 212.

{¶22} Circumstantial evidence is given the same weight as direct evidence.

State v. Treesh (2001), 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 485, 739 N.E.2d 749, citing State v.

Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492. In fact, “circumstantial

evidence * * * may also be more certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct

evidence.” State v. Lott (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 167, 555 N.E.2d 293, citations

omitted.

{¶23} R.C. 2923.13 provides, in pertinent part:

(A) * * * no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use
any firearm or dangerous ordnance, if any of the following
apply: * * * (2) The person is under indictment for or has been
convicted of any felony offense of violence[.]

“In order to ‘have’ a firearm [within the meaning of R.C. 2923.13], one must

either actually or constructively possess it.” (Emphasis omitted.) State v. Hardy

(1978), 60 Ohio App.2d 325, 327, 397 N.E.2d 773. A person has constructive

possession of something when he is able to exercise dominion and control over

that item. State v. Wolery (1976), 46 Ohio St.2d 316, 329, 348 N.E.2d 351.

{¶24} At the beginning of the trial, Messenger stipulated that: he had a

prior felony offense of violence and is, therefore, under a disability and could not

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acquire, have, carry, or use a firearm. (Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 205). Messenger

further stipulated that he knew he was under disability and was reckless in that

regard. (Id.). Therefore, the State was only required to show that Messenger

acquired, had, carried, or used a firearm for purposes of a conviction.

{¶25} Jessica Mullins, Messenger’s girlfriend, testified that Messenger

brought a shotgun into the apartment they shared together about a week prior to

the domestic violence incident because of a high number of break-ins in the area.

(Id. at 261-62). Mullins was not sure where Messenger obtained the gun, but

testified that Messenger knew he was not supposed to have it. (Id. at 262).

Mullins identified State’s exhibit one (1) as the shotgun that Messenger brought to

the apartment. (Id. at 261); (State’s Ex. 1). On the day of the domestic violence

incident, Mullins called 9-1-1 and informed the operator about the gun. (Id. at

261); (State’s Ex.28). Mullins testified that Messenger and her slept in the same

bedroom where the shotgun was found. (Id. at 268-69).

{¶26} Officer Andrew Isom identified State’s exhibit one (1) as the

Remington 12 gauge Express Magnum shotgun he located on the master bedroom

dresser in Mullins’ apartment. (Id. at 213-14); (State’s Ex. 3). Officer Isom

testified that the shotgun was operable, and he found the shotgun with several

rounds next to it and with the safety off. (Id. at 215); (State’s Ex. 3). Officer Isom

identified State’s exhibit seventeen (17) as Mullins’ written statement wherein she

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indicated that Messenger brought the shotgun to the apartment about a week prior

to the incident for protection from break-ins. (Id. at 226-27). Officer Isom also

confirmed that Mullins’ written statement was consistent with what she told him at

the scene. (Id. at 226).

{¶27} Officer Baldridge testified that he sent a request for an ATF firearms

trace on the shotgun and discovered it was purchased at a Dunham’s Discount

Sports store by Nicole Sils Ongalisbang. (Id. at 302-05). Ongalisbang testified

that she purchased the shotgun as a Christmas gift in 1999 for her then boyfriend

and father of her daughter, Keith Mabe. (Id. at 306-07). Messenger’s childhood

friend, Keith Mabe, confirmed that he received a 12 gauge Remington shotgun

from Ongalisbang as a Christmas gift. (Id. at 311-12). Mabe testified that he

thought State’s exhibit one (1) was the same gun he received from Ongalisbang,

which he noticed was missing from his house. (Id. at 312-14). Mabe testified that

Messenger would have had access to the gun in his home, though many other

people did as well. (Id. at 315). However, Mabe identified State’s exhibit thirty-

two (32) as a taped conversation between Messenger and him that occurred while

Messenger was in jail. (Id. at 327); (State’s Ex. 32). Mabe testified that, during a

portion of the conversation where he was talking about getting various items from

Mullins’ apartment, he was referring to the shotgun as well. (Id. at 327). Mabe

testified:

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Q: The segment I just played for you, you state “I need to get all
the shit and everything, yeah, on the other hand on that other
shit dude, what am I gonna do? I’m going to scratch that, and
you’re gonna have to make that right later.” First of all, this
gun, is it the first gun you owned?
A: I’ve owned other guns, but – yeah, it was one of my first guns.
Q: Okay. Mr. Messenger says “Yeah, you know what I mean.
Yeah definitely. You know, cause that was my first shit, you
hear me, that I ever had.” What are you talking about?
A: I’m talking about the gun.

(Id.). Mabe also identified State’s exhibit twenty-nine (29) as the original and

State’s exhibit thirty-three (33) as an accurate copy of a letter he received from

Messenger. (Id. at 330-32). Mabe read aloud certain pertinent portions of the

letter, including:

Don’t let anyone read this letter and be sure to destroy it if you –
when you’re done reading it. Be sure to destroy the envelope
also.” * * * “First never say anything about anything on the
phone. If they haven’t already, they are going to ask her what –
ask her where that came from. I know she’ll say you, without a
doubt she’ll say you gave it to me and you’ll get charged and
you’ll go to the joint for some real time. If they can’t prove it
you can probably save yourself if you just stay silent. Or they
find this letter or if they pull the phone records and listen to our
conversations and read between the lines you could be in
trouble. If she does – if she hasn’t already the first thing they’ll
do is try to get Jess to tell them where shit came from. You
already know where things will go from there. The best way to *
* * deter her is to be courteous but keep her at a distance like the
snitch she is. * * * Flush it or mutilate it and throw it away.
Don’t let anyone see this. You can’t trust anyone out there. You
already know that. This is more important than a few measly
dollars. Be careful on the phone. Incryptic (sic) talk can be
decrypted or deciphered by crafty law enforcement people.
Alright bro, I’ll call you soon. I’ll only say if you’ve got this or

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not. Do not talk about the case at all. Please, for both our good,
destroy this letter. Later bro.

(Id. at 332-34); (State’s Exs. 29, 33).

{¶28} After reviewing this evidence, we cannot conclude that Messenger’s

conviction for having a weapon while under disability was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. The jury had both direct and circumstantial evidence from

which it could have concluded that Messenger had both actual and constructive

possession of the shotgun. Mullins testified that Messenger brought the gun into

the apartment. Mullins also testified that Messenger kept the gun in the bedroom

where they both slept, upon which the jury could have concluded that Messenger

had, at minimum, constructive possession of the shotgun. State v. Wyatt, 9th Dist.

No. 22070, 2004-Ohio-6546, ¶¶23-26. Aside from Mullins’ testimony, Mabe,

Messenger’s childhood friend, testified that he thought the gun found in Mullins’

and Messenger’s shared apartment was his gun. Furthermore, Mabe testified that

Messenger called him from jail to talk about the gun, and the letter Messenger

wrote Mabe contained references about something in Mullins’ apartment that

Messenger was not supposed to have. A reasonable juror could have inferred from

this evidence that Messenger obtained the gun from Mabe.

{¶29} Messenger’s ninth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

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ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. XI

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. X

THE RECORD CONTAINS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO
SUPPORT DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.

{¶30} In his eleventh assignment of error, Messenger argues that his

domestic violence conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Specifically, Messenger argues that his domestic violence conviction was against

the manifest weight of the evidence because the only testimony that he caused

physical harm to Mullins was her testimony, which was not credible. In his tenth

assignment of error, Messenger argues that his domestic violence conviction was

not supported by sufficient evidence because the State failed to prove he was “a

person living as a spouse” since it failed to present evidence of cohabitation. We

disagree.

{¶31} As an initial matter, Messenger failed to move for a Crim.R. 29(A)

motion for acquittal; and therefore, he has waived all but plain error with regard to

the sufficiency of the evidence. (Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 361); State v. Robinson, 177

Ohio App.3d 560, 2008-Ohio-4160, 895 N.E.2d 262, ¶18, overruled on other

grounds by State v. Robinson, 124 Ohio St. 3d 76, 2009-Ohio-5937, 919 N.E.2d

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190. We recognize plain error “‘with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State v.

Landrum (1990), 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 111, 559 N.E.2d 710, quoting State v. Long

(1978) 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804, paragraph three of the syllabus. Under

the plain error standard, the appellant must demonstrate that the outcome of his

trial would clearly have been different but for the trial court’s errors. State v.

Waddell (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 163, 166, 661 N.E.2d 1043, citing State v.

Moreland (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 58, 552 N.E.2d 894. The standard of review for

manifest weight was provided above.

{¶32} R.C. 2919.25 provides, in pertinent part:

(A) No person shall knowingly cause or attempt to cause
physical harm to a family or household member.
***
(1) “Family or household member” means any of the following:
(a) Any of the following who is residing or has resided with the
offender:
(i) A spouse, a person living as a spouse, or a former spouse of
the offender;
***
(F) As used in this section * * *
(2) “Person living as a spouse” means a person * * * who
otherwise is cohabiting with the offender, * * *

{¶33} Jessica Mullins testified that Messenger was her boyfriend. (Apr. 2-

3, 2009 Tr. at 255). Mullins further testified that, on November 24, 2008,

Messenger and she had an argument about driving directions while they were

driving home from Columbus. (Id. at 257-58). Mullins testified that she stayed at

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her mother’s house that night, and Messenger stayed at Mabe’s house. (Id. at 258).

The next day, November 25, 2008, Mullins called Messenger, and Messenger

informed her that he wanted to get his belongings from her apartment. (Id.).

Mullins picked Messenger up and the two began driving to her apartment when

they began to rehash the prior day’s argument and also argued about him moving

out of the apartment. (Id. at 259). Mullins testified that, as she was driving,

Messenger reached over from the passenger’s side seat and grabbed her and bit her

on her face. (Id., id. at 267). Mullins identified State’s exhibits eight and nine (8

& 9) as photographs of the injuries Messenger caused when he bit her on the face.

(Id. at 267); (State’s Exs. 8-9). On cross-examination, Mullins insisted that

Messenger left teeth marks on her face from biting her, and that Messenger did not

merely put his mouth on her face. (Id. at 285). On redirect, Mullins testified that

she informed the 9-1-1 operator that Messenger bit her as well. (Id. at 290).

Mullin’s 9-1-1 call was played at trial for the jury to hear. (Id. at 271); (State’s Ex.

28). During the emergency phone call, Mullins states, “[m]y boyfriend just

grabbed me by my face and bit me * * *.” (State’s Ex. 28). Mullins’ voluntary

statement also states, “he grabbed my face and bit me under my eye on the check

[sic] * * *.” (State’s Ex. 17). State’s exhibits four thru ten (4-10) were

photographs of Mullins’ face after the biting; these pictures show redness and

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irritation to her left cheek and a red mark or gouge under her right eye. (State’s

Exs. 4-10).

{¶34} Aside from Mullins’ testimony, Officer Isom testified that, when he

reported to the scene of the incident, he observed:

* * * visible injuries to her face * * * the injuries that I saw were
a red, puffy mark under her right eye that I could see white
indentations, it’s where it looked like someone had bit somebody
in the face. And then I also saw marks on the –what would be
her left side of her face where it would appear that someone
grabbed her.

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 209, 212). Isom identified State’s exhibits four thru ten (4-

10) as the photographs he took of Mullins’ injuries. (Id. at 218-21). Michelle

Hughes, Mullins’ mother, testified that Mullins told her that Messenger bit her,

and she saw red marks under both Mullins’ chin and eye. (Id. at 366, 373-74).

From this evidence, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Messenger

“knowingly cause[d] or attempt[ed] to cause physical harm” to Mullin. R.C.

2919.25(A).

{¶35} With regard to whether Messenger was “a family or household

member” under R.C. 2919.25(A), the State presented evidence that Messenger was

“a person living as a spouse” as defined under R.C. 2919.25(F)(2), i.e. that

Messenger was cohabiting with Mullins. The essential elements of “cohabitation”

under R.C. 2919.25(F)(2) are: (1) sharing of familial or financial responsibilities;

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and (2) consortium. State v. Williams (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 459, 465, 683 N.E.2d

1126.

Possible factors establishing shared familial or financial
responsibilities might include provisions for shelter, food,
clothing, utilities, and/or commingled assets. Factors that might
establish consortium include mutual respect, fidelity, affection,
society, cooperation, solace, comfort, aid of each other,
friendship, and conjugal relations. These factors are unique to
each case and how much weight, if any, to give to each of these
factors must be decided on a case-by-case basis by the trier of
fact.

Id.

{¶36} Mullins testified that Messenger was her live-in boyfriend and was

sleeping with her in the same bedroom for three to four (3-4) months prior to the

incident of domestic violence. (Id. at 255-57). From this testimony, the jury could

have reasonably concluded consortium. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d at 465. With

regard to the sharing of financial responsibilities, Officer David Troutman

identified several photographs he took at Mullins’ apartment of mail addressed to

“Ryan Messenger, 217 Libby Lane, Marion, Ohio 43302” (Mullins’ apartment),

including: State’s exhibit fifteen (15) as an envelope from “Marion General

Hospital”; and State’s exhibit sixteen (16) as an envelope from “Great Lakes.”

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 294-95, 297-98). Officer Isom also identified these same

exhibits, and identified State’s exhibit twenty-five (25) as: “* * * a photograph of

a piece of mail which – from looking at it was –like you had to send like a

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monthly bill * * *,” which was addressed to “Ryan Messenger and 217 Libby

Lane.” (Id. at 224-25, 253); (State’s Ex. 25); (see, also, State’s Ex. 26). State’s

exhibit fifteen (15), the envelope from Marion General Hospital, clearly states on

the bottom “PLEASE DETACH AND RETURN TOP PORTION WITH YOUR

PAYMENT.” (State’s Ex. 15). Mullins further testified that she still sometimes

receives mail for Messenger at her address. (Id. at 268). From this evidence, a

rational juror could conclude that Messenger was “sharing financial

responsibility” with Mullins, especially in light of the fact that Messenger was

residing with Mullins for four (4) months prior to the incident.

{¶37} Based upon all the evidence, we cannot conclude that Messenger’s

domestic violence conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Contrary to his assertions, his conviction did not rest upon Mullins’ testimony

alone, but rather, the testimony of two independent witnesses who saw Mullins’

injuries, as well as the photographic evidence. Furthermore, we are not persuaded

that the State failed to show Messenger “cohabited” with Mullins for the purpose

of showing he was a “person living as a spouse” under R.C. 2919.25(F)(2).

Viewing all the evidence, a rational juror could find that Messenger was

cohabiting with Mullins and was, therefore, a person living as a spouse under R.C.

2919.25(A). Furthermore, since we have found that Messenger’s domestic

violence conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, we must

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also conclude the State presented sufficient evidence to support the conviction.

State v. Ham, 3d Dist. No. 16-09-01, 2009-Ohio-3822, ¶43; State v. Sidders, 3d

Dist. No. 14-08-24, 2009-Ohio-49, ¶ 42, citations omitted. Nor do we find plain

error with regard to Messenger’s domestic violence conviction.

{¶38} Messenger’s tenth and eleventh assignments of error are overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY PROHIBITING HIM FROM
SUBPOENAING DR. TRANEN.

{¶39} In his second assignment of error, Messenger argues that he was

denied his Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process to obtain witnesses in

his favor when the trial court granted the State’s motion in limine to exclude Dr.

Tranen’s testimony. We disagree.

{¶40} A motion in limine is a request, made in advance of the actual

presentation of the evidence and usually prior to trial, that the court limits or

excludes certain evidence which the movant believes is improper. State v. Black,

172 Ohio App.3d 716, 2007-Ohio-3133, 876 N.E.2d 1255, ¶11, citing State v.

Winston (1991), 71 Ohio App.3d 154, 158, 593 N.E.2d 308. “The motion asks the

court to exclude the evidence unless and until the court is first shown that the

material is relevant and proper.” Black, 2007-Ohio-3133, at ¶11. Since a trial

court’s decision on a motion in limine is a ruling to exclude or admit evidence, we

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Case No. 9-09-19

review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion that amounted to

prejudicial error. Id., citing State v. Yohey (Mar. 18, 1996), 3d Dist. No. 9-95-46,

citing State v. Graham (1979), 58 Ohio St.2d 350, 390 N.E.2d 805, and State v.

Lundy (1987), 41 Ohio App.3d 163, 535 N.E.2d 664. An abuse of discretion

constitutes more than an error of law or judgment; rather, it implies that the trial

court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably. Blakemore v. Blakemore

(1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140.

{¶41} Messenger subpoenaed Dr. Tranen for the purpose of testifying that

Mullins had been prescribed Suboxone, which Messenger described as “one of the

most powerful narcotic [sic] on the prescription drug market today,” and which

Messenger believed affected Mullins’ state of mind during the incident. (Apr. 1,

2009 Tr. at 85-86). The trial court then asked Messenger if he had any medical

literature to support his claim that Suboxone could affect a person’s state of mind,

memories, or ability to recall. (Id. at 87). Messenger responded, “I’m not a doctor.

That’s why I wanted to get Miss Tranen on the stand and examine her in trial and

ask her ‘what do you think the effects of that drug on Miss Mullins is’”. (Id. at 88).

The following dialogue occurred thereafter:

THE COURT: So you’re sort of guessing?
MR. MESSENGER: No. I mean, I know her. I mean, I don’t
have any evidence here. I mean, I’ve been around her, I’ve lived
with her for a while. She was my girlfriend. I saw her take a
Seboxin (sic) on a daily basis. I’ve looked it up on the Internet
and researched that. It’s a very, very powerful narcotic.

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Case No. 9-09-19

THE COURT: Does it give you any indication that it affects a
person’s recall perception?
MR. MESSENGER: Other than the fact that all narcotics would
affect somebody’s memory and working of the mind.
THE COURT: Let’s put it this way. I’m inclined to sustain the
Motion in Limine at this point. But if you get some medical
literature indicating otherwise, I might reconsider the matter.
That’s the best I can do. I just can’t go on your personal beliefs
and such as far as that goes.
MR. MESSENGER: I’m not really asking you to go on my
personal beliefs, I’m just asking can we get the doctor into trial
and let the truth come out?
THE COURT: Not on your hunch. There’s a lot of disruption
you’re doing there. You call a doctor out from her medical
practice for – that’s a pretty severe disruption of things.
MR. MESSENGER: Well, I mean, with all due respect to that, I
mean, I’m on trial here for some very serious felonies.
THE COURT: And I agree.
MR. MESSENGER: Maximum penalty’s of upwards of 10 years
in prison. Sorry to inconvenience everybody, but I’m kind of
inconvenienced myself.
***
THE COURT: Maybe, but you’d better be convenient enough to
get some medical literature to support your opinions if you’re
wanting that doctor up here.
MR. MESSENGER: Okay. Then that’s what I’ll have to do,
Your Honor.
THE COURT: Very good.
MR. YAGER: The only thing on that, I have no power over that
subpoena, Your Honor. I’d ask at least it be sent back or the
doctor can no – even if he’s allowed to bring in the doctor it
won’t be till Friday, and she’s scheduled to be here tomorrow at
9.
THE COURT: Alright.
MR. YAGER: I don’t know what we can do about that.
THE COURT: Mr. Messenger, you were the one – you wouldn’t
be calling your case until they’re done presenting their side of
the case. They probably wouldn’t –might be done by tomorrow,
but you wouldn’t be going to the defense case by –

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Case No. 9-09-19

* * Let’s do it that way. We’ll take a look and see what the story
is. Yeah, we’ll set the subpoena back to Friday, I guess, as far as
that goes. Somebody gonna inform the doctor about that?
***
MR. YAGER: We’ll give her a call and just tell her she’ll still
possibly need to be here Friday morning.
THE COURT: Alright. We’ll go ahead and handle it that way.

(Id. at 88-90).

{¶42} Based upon our review of the foregoing, we cannot conclude that the

trial court abused its discretion by sustaining the State’s motion in limine with

respect to Dr. Tranen. To begin with, the trial court allowed Messenger an

opportunity to present medical literature supporting his claims, but Messenger

failed to do so. Messenger’s only reason for calling Dr. Tranen was based upon

his assumption that Suboxone affected Mullins’ state of mind. Aside from that,

we do not find the trial court’s ruling prejudiced Messenger when he was allowed

to ask Mullins directly about whether her medication impaired her thinking, to

which she answered “No.” (Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 281).

{¶43} Messenger’s second assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY ALLOWING JESSICA
MULLINS TO TESTIFY TO HEARSAY EVIDENCE OF
OTHER ACTS.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IV

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Case No. 9-09-19

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY LIMITING HIS CROSS
EXAMINATION OF MS. MULLINS REGARDING PRIOR
ALLEGATIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. V

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY LIMITING HIS
EXAMINATION OF MICHELLE HUGHES.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VI

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY LIMITING HIS
EXAMINATION OF MR. MABE REGARDING JESSICA
MULLINS [SIC] CHARACTER FOR UNTRUTHFULNESS.

{¶44} In Messenger’s third, fourth, fifth, and sixth assignments of error, he

alleges the trial court erred with regard to evidentiary matters. Generally, these

assignments of error relate to Messenger’s attempts to discredit Mullins’

credibility. Messenger’s assignments of error lack merit.

{¶45} To begin with, “[i]t is well settled * * * that decisions concerning

evidentiary matters, including the scope of cross-examination, are within the broad

discretion of the trial court and are not subject to reversal on appeal in the absence

of an abuse of that discretion.” State v. Williams (June 6, 2000), 3d Dist. No. 1-99-

86, at *7, citing In re Estate of Bednarczuk (1992), 80 Ohio App.3d 548, 554, 609

N.E.2d 1310; O'Brien v. Angley (1980), 63 Ohio St.2d 159, 163, 407 N.E.2d 490.

An abuse of discretion constitutes more than an error of law or judgment; rather, it

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Case No. 9-09-19

implies that the trial court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably.

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d at 219.

{¶46} “Additionally, any error in the admission or exclusion of evidence

will be considered harmless error unless it affects a substantial right of the

accused.” State v. Wegmann, 3d Dist. No. 1-06-98, 2008-Ohio-622, ¶41, citing

State v. Condon (2003), 152 Ohio App.3d 629, 2003-Ohio-2335, 789 N.E.2d 696,

¶80; Crim.R. 52(A); Evid.R. 103(A). Errors not affecting a defendant’s

substantial rights must be disregarded. State v. Schofield, 4th Dist. Nos. 01CA36,

02CA13, 2002-Ohio-6945, ¶138, citing Crim.R. 52(A). In other words, an

appellate court will not reverse judgments for an erroneous evidentiary ruling

unless it appears that the defendant’s rights have been prejudiced. Id., citing State

v. Woolum (Mar. 5, 1996), 4th Dist. No. 95CA2083.

{¶47} Messenger argues, in his third assignment of error, that the trial court

erred when it allowed Mullins to testify regarding hearsay evidence of other acts

which was highly prejudicial under Evid.R. 404. Messenger points to the

following testimony in support of this alleged error:

Q: Did he threaten to kill you?
A: Yes.
Q: Were you scared?
A: Yes.
Q: Why were you scared?
A: Just from past things that I’ve heard that he’s done and he’s
told me he’s done.
MR. MESSENGER: Objection.

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Case No. 9-09-19

THE COURT: Overruled.
Q: What past things did he tell you he had done?
A: Just getting into fights with other girlfriends, and I’ve heard
about, and other stuff he’s done with shootings.
MR. MESSENGER: Objection, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Sustained.

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 260). Messenger argues that sustaining the objection after

Mullins testified was “too late; the damage was done.” (Appellant’s Brief at 15).

{¶48} Evid. R. 404(A) provides: “[a]lthough relevant, evidence is not

admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.” Hearsay is

defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at

the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”

Evid.R. 801(C). Evid.R. 802 provides the general rule that hearsay is not

permitted, but Evid.R. 803(3) provides an exception to the general rule for the

declarant’s then existing state of mind. Mullins’ answer to the question “[w]hy

were you scared?” goes to Mullins’ state of mind and falls within Evid.R. 803(3)’s

exception. Furthermore, Mullins’ testimony was not offered for the truth of the

matter asserted since the truthfulness of Mullins’ testimony is irrelevant as to

whether or not she was scared; and therefore, Mullins’ testimony was not hearsay.

Likewise, the first part of Mullins’ testimony—“[j]ust getting into fights with

other girlfriends”—to the prosecution’s next question is not hearsay since it was a

statement against interest under Evid.R. 801(D)(2). Finally, with regard to

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Case No. 9-09-19

Mullins’ testimony that “I’ve heard about, and other stuff he’s done with

shootings,” the trial court sustained Messenger’s general objection. That

Messenger waited to object until after Mullins testified is not error on the trial

court’s part but on Messenger’s part for waiting to lodge the objection. For these

reasons, we find that Messenger’s third assignment of error lacks merit.

{¶49} In his fourth assignment of error, Messenger argues that the trial

court erred by limiting his cross-examination of Mullins regarding her past

allegations of domestic violence. Messenger’s cross-examination of Mullins at

trial was as follows:

Q: Isn’t it true that you were, in the year of 2006, around
February 22nd, you were involved an [sic] incident of Domestic
Violence whereby you had accused your mother of assaulting
you, but in fact, when the police showed up you were actually the
one arrested on Domestic Violence?
MR. YAGER: Objection.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. YAGER: I’m gonna ask that be stricken, Your Honor.
THE COURT: It is ordered stricken. The jury will disregard
the question.

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 286). Messenger argues that there was no basis for

sustaining the prosecution’s objection, and that the question was related to the

victim’s truthfulness.

{¶50} Evid. R. 404(A)(3) provides, “[e]vidence of the character of a

witness on the issue of credibility is admissible as provided in Rules 607, 608, and

609.” Evid.R. 608(B) provides, in pertinent part:

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Case No. 9-09-19

Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of
attacking or supporting the witness’s character for truthfulness,
other than conviction of crime as provided in Evid. R. 609, may
not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the
discretion of the court, if clearly probative of truthfulness or
untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the
witness (1) concerning the witness’s character for truthfulness or
untruthfulness * * *.

{¶51} A defendant is permitted, in the court’s discretion, to cross-examine

a victim about prior false accusations if they are clearly probative of truthfulness

or untruthfulness pursuant to Evid.R. 608(B). State v. Husseln, 152 Ohio App.3d

67, 2003-Ohio-1369, 786 N.E.2d 536, ¶8, citing State v. Boggs (1992), 63 Ohio

St.3d 418, 588 N.E.2d 813; State v. Fredrick (Mar. 8, 2002), 2nd Dist. No. 18996,

at *3.

{¶52} After reviewing the record, we cannot find that the trial court abused

its discretion by not allowing the testimony. As an initial matter, we must note

that the prosecution’s objection was a general objection; and therefore, the trial

court’s reason(s) for not allowing the testimony are not provided in the record.

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 286). Accordingly, the trial court may have excluded the

evidence, even though it was relevant, because Messenger’s question was

compound and confusing to the jury. Evid.R. 403(A). Although some appellate

courts have found an abuse of discretion when a trial court refused to admit

testimony of prior false accusations under Evid.R. 608(B), those cases involved

multiple false allegations against the defendant. Husseln, 2003-Ohio-1369, at ¶8

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Case No. 9-09-19

(evidence that the victim had previously filed five false domestic-violence charges

against the defendant that had resulted in either dismissals or acquittals); Fredrick,

2nd Dist. No. 18996, at *3 (evidence that the victim had previously filed multiple

domestic-violence charges against the defendant that were either dismissed or law

enforcement failed to file charges because they discovered there was no domestic

violence). Unlike the defendants in Husseln and Fredrick, supra, Messenger

attempted to offer evidence that Mullins fabricated one domestic violence charge

against her mother more than two (2) years prior to incident herein. Aside from

that, the trial court allowed Messenger to question Mullins about her 2004

conviction for check fraud to which Mullins admitted pleading guilty. (Apr. 2-3,

2009 Tr. at 383). Thus, Messenger was able to raise doubts about Mullins’

credibility through this testimony. Under these circumstances we cannot find an

abuse of discretion. Even if the trial court erred—which we do not find—its error

is not reversible error since Messenger’s convictions were based on more than

Mullins’ testimony alone. For all these reasons, we find that Messenger’s fourth

assignment of error lacks merit.

{¶53} In his fifth assignment of error, Messenger argues that the trial court

erred by limiting his examination of Michelle Hughes. Specifically, Messenger

objects to the trial court’s rulings with respect to the following line of questioning:

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Case No. 9-09-19

Q: Do you remember telling me in that phone conversation that
Jessica’s the type of girl to put marks on her own face and call
the Police and say you did it?
MR. YAGER: Objection. That’s a leading question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. MESSENGER: Your Honor, leading questions are –
THE COURT: Are not permitted in this situation.
***
Q: * * * Do you remember warning me in any way about
Jessica?
MR. YAGER: I’m going to object again, Your Honor. Well,
warning him in any way, I don’t know if that’s – he’s looking for
some specific incidents.
MR. MESSENGER: You know, I’ll move to strike that question
and withdraw it.
THE COURT: Okay.
***
Q: Did I express concern that Jessica may do something bad to
me?
MR. YAGER: Objection. That’s hearsay, Your Honor. It’s his
statement out of court.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. MESSENGER: Yes, Your Honor.
Q: In your opinion does Jessica Mullins have a tendency towards
dishonesty?
MR. YAGER: Objection.
THE COURT: Sustained.

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 369-70).

{¶54} Messenger argues that the first question was not leading, and was

relevant since it related to Mullins’ credibility. We disagree. “A leading question

has been defined as a question that suggests a particular answer by the form or

substance of the inquiry.” Haley v. Mason & Dixon Lines, Inc. (Aug. 26, 1992),

1st Dist. No. C-910221, at *5, citing State v. Bradley (Sept. 22, 1987), 4th Dist.

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Case No. 9-09-19

No. 1583. “To determine what constitutes a leading question, ‘[t]he whole issue is

whether an ordinary man would get the impression that the questioner desired one

answer rather than another.’” Haley, 1st Dist. No. C-910221, at *5, quoting

McCormick, Evidence (4 Ed.1992), 17-18, Section 6. Messenger’s question was

phrased such that an ordinary man would get the impression his desired answer

was “yes,” and as such, it is leading. Messenger was not permitted to ask leading

questions without the trial court’s permission since he was conducting a direct

examination of Hughes. Evid.R. 611(C). No such permission was asked or

granted. We, therefore, find no error with regard to the trial court’s ruling on this

objection.

{¶55} We are also not persuaded that the trial court erred in its subsequent

evidentiary rulings either. Messenger’s question “[d]id I express concern that

Jessica might do something bad to me?” elicited inadmissible hearsay testimony.

Messenger now argues that it was relevant to show his state of mind, and

therefore, admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule. This argument is

lacking. Messenger never argued this at trial, and furthermore, Messenger’s state

of mind is irrelevant in this context. Next, Messenger argues that his question

about Mullins “tendency towards dishonesty” was relevant to show Hughes’

opinion about Mullins’ truthfulness. We disagree. As an initial matter, we note

that the trial court sustained a general objection to Messenger’s question; and

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Case No. 9-09-19

therefore, the record does not indicate the trial court’s basis for sustaining the

objection. (Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 370). Additionally, Messenger’s question did not

ask Hughes her opinion of Mullins’ “truthfulness or untruthfulness” as required by

Evid.R. 608(A)(1); rather, Messenger asked about Mullins’ “tendency towards

dishonesty.” (Id.). Evid.R. 608(A) provides, in pertinent part, “[t]he credibility of

a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or

reputation, but subject to these limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to

character for truthfulness or untruthfulness[.]” Although the concepts of

dishonesty and untruthfulness can overlap, they are not the same for purposes of

Evid.R. 608(A). Furthermore, as we have already mentioned, Messenger was

permitted to raise issues about Mullins’ credibility by asking Mullins about her

2004 check fraud conviction. (Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 383). Additionally, as we

have also noted, Messenger’s convictions were not based upon Mullins’ testimony

alone. Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused

its discretion. Even if we were to conclude the trial court erred in this regard, we

would not find its error constituted reversible error. Messenger’s fifth assignment

of error lacks merit.

{¶56} In his sixth assignment of error, Messenger argues that the trial court

erred by limiting his examination of Keith Mabe as to his opinion of Mullins’

“tendency towards dishonesty” and to Mullins’ reputation for being “dishonest.”

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Case No. 9-09-19

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 343-44). With regard to Messenger’s question about

Mabe’s opinion, we find that Messenger’s arguments lack merit for the same

reasons given for the similar questions he asked of Hughes. With regard to the

question of Mullins’ reputation, Messenger failed to lay a sufficient foundation for

this question in addition to incorrectly asking about Mullins’ “dishonesty.” That

Mabe was friends with Mullins is an insufficient foundation for Mabe to testify

about Mullins’ reputation for truthfulness or untruthfulness in the community. (Id.

at 339). For these reasons, Messenger’s sixth assignment of error lacks merit.

{¶57} For all the aforegoing reasons, Messenger’s third, fourth, fifth, and

sixth assignments of error are all overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VII

PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT RENDERED
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S TRIAL FUNDAMENTALLY
UNFAIR IN VIOLATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONS OF
OHIO AND THE UNITED STATES.

{¶58} In his seventh assignment of error, Messenger argues that he was

deprived a fair trial because of prosecutorial misconduct when the prosecutor

requested to take a recess “so we can admonish the witness” in the presence of the

jury. We disagree.

{¶59} “The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether remarks were

improper and, if so, whether they prejudicially affected substantial rights of the

accused. The touchstone of analysis is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability

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Case No. 9-09-19

of the prosecutor.” State v. Jones (2000), 90 Ohio St.3d 403, 420, 739 N.E.2d 300.

An appellate court should consider several factors in making this determination:

“(1) the nature of the remarks, (2) whether an objection was made by counsel, (3)

whether corrective instructions were given by the court, and (4) the strength of the

evidence against the defendant.” State v. Braxton (1995), 102 Ohio App.3d 28, 41,

656 N.E.2d 970. The reviewing court should also ask whether the misconduct was

an isolated incident in an otherwise properly tried case. Id. A prosecutor’s

misconduct will not be considered grounds for reversal unless the misconduct has

deprived the defendant of a fair trial. Id.

{¶60} After playing a copy of the recorded conversation between

Messenger and Mabe (State’s Ex. 32), the prosecutor asked Mabe:

Q: What were you talking about there?
A: Well, I was talking about tools that come up missing, and I
also – I’m talking about things, that you know, I got a case
pending and I might incriminate myself. Other things. Not that
weapon.
Q: We spoke last night?
A: Yes, we did.
Q: Did you not tell me last night that you were talking about the
gun?
A: I did not tell you that.
MR. YARGER: Your Honor, I’d like to take a recess so we can
admonish the witness.
THE COURT: Alright. Ladies and gentlemen, we will take a
short recess here. * * * It remains your duty not to form or
express any opinion on this case until the case is finally
submitted to you.

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Case No. 9-09-19

(Apr. 2-3, 2009 Tr. at 319). After Mabe was admonished about the possible

penalties for perjury, the trial court realized that it was 4:40 p.m. and that the

matter would need to be continued until the next morning. (Id. at 324). The next

day, Mabe was asked again about the recording and testified that he was talking

about the gun. (Id. at 327).

{¶61} After reviewing the transcript, we cannot conclude that the

prosecutor’s remarks in the presence of the jury deprived Messenger of a fair trial.

Although the prosecutor probably should have asked this question at the bench in

a sidebar conference, Messenger lodged no objection at trial; the trial court

reminded the jury of its duty not to form opinions until after the case was finally

submitted; and the evidence against the defendant was sufficiently strong that we

cannot find reversible error on this basis. Braxton, 102 Ohio App.3d at 41.

Additionally, we note that the prosecutor’s comment might have actually helped

Messenger since it raised a question of Mabe’s credibility, and Mabe was a

witness for the prosecution. We also believe this remark was an isolated oversight

in an otherwise properly prosecuted trial. Braxton, 102 Ohio App.3d at 41. At

most, we would find this amounted to harmless error.

{¶62} Messenger’s seventh assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VIII

THE COMBINATION OF THE AFOREMENTIONED
ERRORS ARE SUFFICIENT TO CALL INTO QUESTION

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Case No. 9-09-19

THE VALIDITY OF THE VERDICT, PREVENTING THE
APPELLANT FROM OBTAINING THE FAIR TRIAL
GUARANTEED BY THE FIFTH AND SIXTH
AMENDMENTS TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AS MADE
APPLICABLE TO THE STATES BY THE FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT, AND ARTICLE ONE, SECTIONS TEN AND
SIXTEEN OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

{¶63} Messenger, in his eighth assignment of error, argues that the

combination of the aforementioned errors prevented him from having a fair trial.

We disagree.

{¶64} “[A] conviction will be reversed where the cumulative effect of

errors in a trial deprives a defendant of the constitutional right to a fair trial even

though each of numerous instances of trial court error does not individually

constitute cause for reversal.” State v. Garner (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656

N.E.2d 623. “The failure to establish multiple instances of harmless error makes

the doctrine of cumulative error inapplicable.” State v. Hupp, 3d Dist. No. 1-08-

21, 2009-Ohio-1912, ¶33, citing State v. Hohvart, 7th Dist. No. 06 MA 43, 2007-

Ohio-5349, ¶37. Messenger has failed to demonstrate multiple instances of

harmless error. Hupp, 2009-Ohio-1912, at ¶33, citing Hohvart, 2007-Ohio-5349,

at ¶37. Neither can we conclude that Messenger was denied his right to a fair trial.

Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d at 64.

{¶65} Messenger’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.

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Case No. 9-09-19

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. XII

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S SENTENCE FOR HAVING A
WEAPON UNDER DISABILITY IS EXCESSIVE.

{¶66} In his twelfth assignment of error, Messenger argues that the trial

court’s imposition of five (5) years imprisonment for his having a weapon under

disability conviction is excessive since it is “not commensurate with [his] conduct

and is contrary to law because this is in no way the worst form of the offense.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 25).

{¶67} A trial court’s sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a

defendant’s showing by clear and convincing evidence that the sentence is

unsupported by the record; the sentencing statutes’ procedure was not followed or

there was not a sufficient basis for the imposition of a prison term; or that the

sentence is contrary to law.3 State v. Ramos, 3d Dist. No. 4-06-24, 2007-Ohio-767,

¶23 (the clear and convincing evidence standard of review set forth under R.C.

2953.08(G)(2) remains viable with respect to those cases appealed under the

applicable provisions of R.C. 2953.08(A), (B), and (C) * * *); State v. Rhodes,

12th Dist. No. CA2005-10-426, 2006-Ohio-2401, ¶4; State v. Tyson, 3d Dist. Nos.

1-04-38; 1-04-39, 2005-Ohio-1082, ¶19, citing R.C. 2953.08(G). Clear and

3
We note that the Supreme Court of Ohio recently released a plurality opinion in State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio
St.3d 23, 896 N.E.2d 124, 2008-Ohio-4912, which established a two-part test utilizing both the clear and
convincing and abuse of discretion standard of review in reviewing felony sentencing decisions under R.C.
2953.08(G). While we cite to this Court’s precedential clear and convincing standard of review, which was
affirmed and adopted by three dissenting Justices in Kalish, we note that the outcome of our decision in this
case would be identical under the Kalish plurality’s two-part test as well.

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Case No. 9-09-19

convincing evidence is that “which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a

firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford

(1954), 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118, paragraph three of the syllabus; State v.

Boshko (2000), 139 Ohio App.3d 827, 835, 745 N.E.2d 1111. An appellate court

should not, however, substitute its judgment for that of the trial court because the

trial court is ‘“clearly in the better position to judge the defendant’s likelihood of

recidivism and to ascertain the effect of the crimes on the victims.”’ State v.

Watkins, 3d Dist. No. 2-04-08, 2004-Ohio-4809, ¶16, quoting State v. Jones

(2001), 93 Ohio St.3d 391, 400, 754 N.E.2d 1252.

{¶68} Messenger has failed to clearly and convincingly establish that his

sentence was contrary to law. Messenger was convicted of one (1) count of

having a weapon while under a disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a

third degree felony. R.C. 2929.14(A)(3) provides, “[f]or a felony of the third

degree, the prison term shall be one, two, three, four, or five years”; and therefore,

the trial court’s imposition of five (5) years, being within the statutory range, is not

contrary to law. Additionally, prior to imposing its sentence, the trial court stated

that it considered the revised code sentencing factors and the specific

circumstances of the case. (Apr. 8, 2009 Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 451). In its

judgment entry, the trial court stated that it considered “the record, oral statements,

any victim impact statement and pre-sentence report prepared, as well as the

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principles and purposes of sentencing under R.C. 2929.11, and the appropriate

factors under R.C. 2929.12.” (Apr. 9, 2009 JE, Doc. No. 98). Messenger’s pre-

sentence investigation report (PSI)4 indicates that Messenger previously pled

guilty to one (1) count of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), a

second degree felony with a three-year firearm specification. This offense was

committed when Messenger was eighteen (18). Messenger also had an extensive

juvenile record, including convictions for: grand theft, receiving stolen property,

aggravated burglary, disorderly conduct, menacing, and felonious assault. (PSI).

The State informed the trial court that Messenger had other infractions, including

driving under suspension. (Apr. 8, 2009 Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 449). Aside

from that, the State pointed out that Messenger was not a good candidate for

community control since he had several community control violations and was

previously terminated from judicial release. (Id. at 449-50). In light of the

foregoing, we cannot find error in the trial court’s imposition of five (5) years for

Messenger’s third degree felony conviction.

{¶69} Messenger’s twelfth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

{¶70} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

4
No PSI was prepared for this offense, but Messenger’s Jan. 29, 1998 PSI was on file and considered by
the trial court for purposes of sentencing Messenger. (See Apr. 9, 2009 JE, Doc. No. 98).

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particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Judgment Affirmed

ROGERS, J., concurs in Judgment Only.
/jlr

WILLAMOWSKI, P.J., Concurring Separately.

{¶71} I concur fully with the majority opinion, however write separately to

emphasize that the appropriate standard of review was applied. In his twelfth

assignment of error, Messenger alleges that the trial court erred in imposing an

excessive sentence because his conduct was not the worst form of the offense.

Messenger’s appeal of his felony sentence was not pursuant to R.C. 2929.12,

which, in my opinion would require an abuse of discretion standard. Thus, the

clearly and convincingly contrary to law standard used to review this case, as set

forth in R.C. 2953.08(G), is the proper standard of review herein.

/jlr

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