[Cite as Bellefontaine v. Miller, 2009-Ohio-2818.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
LOGAN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
CITY OF BELLEFONTAINE,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 8-08-32
v.
JAMES R. MILLER, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Bellefontaine Municipal Court
Trial Court No. 08CRB01291
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: June 15, 2009
APPEARANCES:
James R. Miller, Appellant
William T. Goslee and Daniel L. Bennett for Appellee
Case No. 8-08-32
ROGERS, J.
{¶1} Defendant-Appellant, James R. Miller, appeals the judgment of the
Bellefontaine Municipal Court finding him guilty of leaving junk, unlicensed
vehicles on private property, and ordering him to pay a $25 fine. On appeal,
Miller argues that the trial court erred when it failed to make a record of a previous
proceeding against him; erred when it failed to use a “de facto ruling” from the
previous proceeding against him, in which he was found not guilty; erred in its
understanding of Ohio’s licensing system; erred when it failed to allow him to
fully present his argument in the previous proceeding, which would have
prevented the current proceeding from going to trial; and, erred in its consideration
of the accuracy and truthfulness of the State’s witness in both the previous and the
current proceeding. Based upon the following, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
{¶2} In July 2008, the Bellefontaine Police Department issued a notice of
a “junk motor vehicle” violation to Miller, stating that he would be cited in
violation of Bellefontaine City Ordinance 303.09(C) if he did not remove from his
property an inoperable 1979 Chevrolet Camaro and an inoperable 1973 Pontiac
GTO, both with no registration.
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{¶3} In August 2008, the Bellefontaine Police Department cited Miller for
leaving junk, unlicensed vehicles on private property in violation of Bellefontaine
City Ordinance 303.09(C), a minor misdemeanor.
{¶4} In September 2008, the case proceeded to trial, at which Miller
appeared pro se. Immediately prior to hearing testimony, Miller moved to dismiss
the case on the basis of “res judicata” because he had been previously cited for
violating the junk vehicle ordinance with the same vehicles in June, and the trial
court found him not guilty. The trial court overruled Miller’s motion, stating that
“[i]t doesn’t constitute res judicata, Mr. Miller. I decided the earlier one that in
June you were not guilty of that violation[.] * * * Now you’ve been charged with
violating the vehicle – violating the ordinance on August 16th, and whether you’re
in violation of the ordinance at that time or not I won’t know until I hear the
evidence[.]” (Trial Tr., p. 4).
{¶5} At trial, Officer Glenn Newland of the Bellefontaine Police
Department testified that, in July 2008, he was dispatched to 1294 Campbell Drive
in Bellefontaine, Ohio, regarding several junk vehicles; that he discovered an early
1970s Pontiac GTO, a 1979 Chevrolet Camaro, and a 1988 Chevrolet Celebrity1
on the property; that all of the vehicles were in violation of a city ordinance
regarding junk vehicles; that he spoke to Miller that day and Miller indicated that
1
The Chevrolet Celebrity was later determined to belong to Miller’s father, and is not a subject of this
appeal.
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he owned the GTO and Camaro; that the GTO had no current registration and bore
a white license plate with green lettering that was from the early 1990s; that the
engine in the GTO was unattached to the frame, clearly making the vehicle
inoperable; that Miller admitted to him that the engine was not attached to the
GTO; that the GTO had no current plates; that there was “junk” inside of the GTO
and a canoe leaned up against it; that the Camaro was sitting in the yard with
weeds growing up around it; that the Camaro had no plates and the VIN plate was
rusted to the point that he could not read it; that he was unable to check the
registration on the Camaro because it had no plates and the VIN was
indecipherable; that Miller told him that the Camaro was inoperable; that he
encouraged Miller to move the vehicles, to bring them into compliance, or to sell
them, but that he did not seem open to any of those ideas; that he issued Miller a
“code violation order” which is a form providing notice of a city ordinance
violation and gives seven days for the offender to correct the problem; that he
returned to the property in August 2008, well after the one-week period had
elapsed, and found that nothing had changed, so he issued Miller a citation for the
violations.
{¶6} On cross-examination, Officer Newland testified that he did not take
any pictures of the rusted VIN numbers, and that the photograph he took of the
GTO hood did not clearly show that the engine was disconnected.
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{¶7} Miller testified that his address was 1294 Campbell Drive,
Bellefontaine, Ohio; that the VIN numbers on the Camaro were intact; that he
never told Officer Newland that either vehicle did not run; that the Camaro ran,
however, it was not “street legal” because it did not have a catalytic converter; that
he never told Officer Newland that the motor to the GTO was disconnected; that
there were tags on the GTO, but there were no tags on the Camaro; that he had not
registered the Camaro since 1995, and had not operated it since 1998; that he had
not registered the GTO since the late 1980s, and it did not have valid plates; that
the engine on the GTO was not in running condition; and, that the photographs
demonstrated that the GTO had no headlights and had a flat tire.
{¶8} Thereafter, the trial court found Miller guilty, stating that “I’m
satisfied with at least with regard to the [GTO] based upon what I’ve heard that it
is in fact inoperable, and that also fits the definition of a junk vehicle.” (Trial Tr.,
p. 23). The trial court ordered Miller to pay a $25 fine, plus court costs.
{¶9} In October 2008, Miller filed a motion for leave to untimely appeal,
which this Court granted in December 2008.
{¶10} In March 2009, Miller filed a motion for leave to supplement the
record with the judgment entries and supporting documents, including transcripts,
from both the prior June proceeding against him, as well as a proceeding initiated
subsequent to the September proceeding at issue.
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{¶11} In April 2009, this Court denied Miller’s motion for leave to
supplement the record on appeal on the basis that a record may be supplemented
only to add matters that were actually before the trial court and therefore,
constitute part of the proceedings.
{¶12} It is from his conviction that Miller appeals, presenting the following
pro se assignments of error for our review.
Assignment of Error No. I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO MAKE
A RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS REGARDING CASE
NO.: 08CRB00849 HEARD ON JUNE 30TH, 2008.
Assignment of Error No. II
THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE UTILIZED A DE
FACTO RULING FROM CASE NO.: 08CRB00849, IN
WHICH THE DEFENDANT WAS FOUND NOT GUILTY.
Assignment of Error No. III
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS UNDERSTANDING OF
THE LICENSING SYSTEM UTILIZED BY THE STATE OF
OHIO.
Assignment of Error No. IV
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO
ALLOW THE DEFENDANT TO FULLY PRESENT HIS
ARGUMENT IN CASE NO.: 08CRB00849 WHICH WOULD
HAVE PREVENTED CASE NO.: 08CRB01291 FROM GOING
TO TRIAL.
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Assignment of Error No. V
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN CONSIDERING THE
ACCURACY AND TRUTHFULNESS OF THE STATE’S
WITNESS IN CASE NO.: 08CRB01291 AND CASE NO.:
08CRB01977.
Assignment of Error No. I
{¶13} In his first assignment of error, Miller contends that the trial court
erred because it failed to make a record of a prior proceeding against him.
Specifically, Miller argues that, because the trial court did not make a record of a
prior proceeding against him, apparently regarding the same vehicles, it was
impossible for him to obtain a dismissal of the current case.
{¶14} It is axiomatic that an appellate court may only consider evidence
that was before the trial court in the proceeding being appealed from and was
made part of the appellate record. Bank One Lima, N.A. v. Altenburger (1992), 84
Ohio App.3d 250, 256, citing Paulin v. Midland Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1974), 37 Ohio
St.2d 109, 112. Thus, an appellate court may not make a decision based upon
allegations founded upon facts outside of the record. App.R. 9(A); State v. Ishmail
(1978), 54 Ohio St.2d 402. Accordingly, we cannot consider Miller’s argument
that, had the trial court made a record of the prior proceeding, he would have been
able to dismiss the current proceeding, as this evidence was not before the trial
court in the current proceeding being appealed.
{¶15} Accordingly, we overrule Miller’s first assignment of error.
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Assignment of Error No. II
{¶16} In his second assignment of error, Miller contends that the trial court
erred when it failed to use a “de facto ruling” from the previous proceeding against
him, in which he was found not guilty. Specifically, Miller argues that res judicata
did not permit the second action against him based on new evidence.
{¶17} Miller was convicted of leaving junk, unlicensed vehicles on private
property in violation of Bellefontaine City Ordinance 303.09, which provides, in
pertinent part:
(c) No person in charge or control of any property within the
City, whether as owner, tenant, occupant, lessee, or otherwise,
shall allow any partially dismantled, or non-operating, or
wrecked, or junked, or discarded vehicle, or vehicle which does
not have secured to it the full number of current license plates
required by the laws of the State, to remain on such property
longer than seven days[.] * * *
***
(e) Whoever violates this section is guilty of a minor
misdemeanor, and shall also be assessed any costs incurred by
the Municipality in disposing of such junk motor vehicle, less
any money accruing to the Municipality from such disposal.
Each day such violation is committed or permitted to continue
shall constitute a separate offense.
{¶18} Additionally, the doctrine of res judicata provides that “‘an existing
final judgment, rendered upon the merits, without fraud or collusion, by a court of
competent jurisdiction, is conclusive of rights, questions and facts in issue, as to
the parties and their privies, in all other actions * * *.’ Thus, a judgment in a
former action acts as a bar in a subsequent action where the cause of action
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prosecuted is the same.” State v. Hay, 169 Ohio App.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-5126, ¶24,
quoting Norwood v. McDonald (1943), 142 Ohio St. 299, 305.
{¶19} Here, Miller argues that res judicata did not permit the current action
against him because he was previously prosecuted for the same offense, and that
the trial court should have used a “de facto” not guilty ruling from the prior
proceeding. However, Miller’s res judicata argument lacks merit because
Bellefontaine City Ordinance 303.09(e) clearly provides that “[e]ach day such
violation is committed or permitted to continue shall constitute a separate
offense.” Although Miller’s offense of violating the city ordinance is only
punishable once, each day he fails to comply constitutes a separate punishable
offense. See Cleveland v. Modic, 8th Dist. No. 63674, 1992 WL 390207, citing
Jones v. Thomas (1989), 491 U.S. 376, 381, Brown v. Ohio (1977), 432 U.S. 161.
Thus, res judicata did not bar his prosecution for this “separate offense.”
{¶20} Accordingly, we overrule Miller’s second assignment of error.
Assignment of Error No. III
{¶21} In his third assignment of error, Miller contends that the trial court
erred in its understanding of Ohio’s licensing system. Specifically, Miller argues
that the State only requires vehicles currently being used on public roadways to
have current license plates; thus, vehicles that are currently parked, stored, or used
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exclusively on private property are not required to be licensed, making
Bellefontaine City Ordinance 303.09 based upon a nonexistent state law.
{¶22} R.C. 4503.191(A) governs issuance of display licenses, and
provides:
The identification license plate shall be issued for a multi-year
period as determined by the director of public safety, and shall
be accompanied by a validation sticker, to be attached to the
license plate. The validation sticker shall indicate the expiration
of the registration period to which the motor vehicle for which
the license plate is issued is assigned, in accordance with rules
adopted by the registrar of motor vehicles. During each
succeeding year of the multi-year period following the issuance
of the plate and validation sticker, upon the filing of an
application for registration and the payment of the tax therefor,
a validation sticker alone shall be issued. * * *
{¶23} Additionally, Ohio Adm. Code 4501-27-02 governs license plate
service specifications and provides, in pertinent part:
(A) A person who is the owner or operator of a motor vehicle
may continue to display a license plate issued to that vehicle
under sections 4503.19 and 4503.191 of the Revised Code until
the license plate is lost, mutilated, or destroyed; becomes
illegible; loses its reflectivity; or is declared obsolete under this
rule, provided that the plate also displays a current and valid
validation sticker and county identification sticker.
(B) No person who is the owner or operator of a motor vehicle
shall display a license plate issued to a vehicle under sections
4503.19 and 4503.191 of the Revised Code if the license plate is
mutilated or destroyed, becomes illegible, loses its reflectivity, or
is declared obsolete under this rule.
***
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(F) All license plates having a white background with blue
characters are determined to have exceeded their useful service
life and are hereby declared obsolete effective upon the first
registration expiration date occurring after the thirtieth day of
September 2001.
{¶24} As clarified in Miller’s reply brief and oral argument, we construe
his argument to be that Bellefontaine City Ordinance 303.09 is unconstitutional
because he contends it conflicts with State law. However, because Miller did not
raise the issue of constitutionality of the ordinance at trial, he has waived this
argument and we need not address it. See State v. Awan (1986), 22 Ohio St.3d
120, syllabus.
{¶25} Accordingly, we overrule Miller’s third assignment of error.
Assignment of Error No. IV
{¶26} In his fourth assignment of error, Miller contends that the trial court
erred when it failed to allow him to fully present his argument in the prior
proceeding, which he avers would have prevented the current proceeding from
going to trial. Specifically, Miller argues that the trial court denied him equal
protection of the laws because it did not afford him the opportunity to fully explain
his “motion for dismissal” in the prior proceeding, in which he contends he would
have alleged that the city arbitrarily chose to prosecute him and not others he
claims were in violation of the ordinance.
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{¶27} As stated in our analysis of Miller’s first assignment of error, it is
axiomatic that an appellate court may only consider evidence that was before the
trial court in the proceeding being appealed from and that was made part of the
appellate record. Bank One Lima, supra, citing Paulin, supra. Here, as records
pertaining to the prior proceeding were not before the trial court in the present
proceeding being appealed from, and were not made part of the appellate record,
we may not consider this argument.
{¶28} Accordingly, we overrule Miller’s fourth assignment of error.
Assignment of Error No. V
{¶29} In his fifth assignment of error, Miller contends that the trial court
erred in its consideration of the accuracy and truthfulness of the State’s witness in
both the previous and the current proceeding. Specifically, Miller argues that
Officer Newland’s testimony was inaccurate because he identified Miller’s
father’s truck as “green” instead of “dark blue and gray,” and because he did not
photograph the rusted VIN number plate on the Camaro. Additionally, Miller
makes several references to alleged evidence outside of the record of the case
before us.
{¶30} Substantively, Miller’s argument is that his conviction was against
the manifest weight of the evidence. When an appellate court analyzes a
conviction under the manifest weight standard, it must review the entire record,
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weigh all of the evidence and all of the reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the fact finder clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.
State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52, quoting State v.
Martin (1983), 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175. Only in exceptional cases, where the
evidence “weighs heavily against the conviction,” should an appellate court
overturn the trial court’s judgment. Id.
{¶31} As discussed above, Miller was cited for violating Bellefontaine City
Ordinance 303.09 prohibiting “junk vehicles,” which provides, in pertinent part:
(c) No person in charge or control of any property within the
City, whether as owner, tenant, occupant, lessee, or otherwise,
shall allow any partially dismantled, or non-operating, or
wrecked, or junked, or discarded vehicle, or vehicle which does
not have secured to it the full number of current license plates
required by the laws of the State, to remain on such property
longer than seven days[.] * * *
{¶32} Here, the city presented evidence from Officer Newland that Miller
admitted ownership of the two vehicles at his address, and that he admitted that the
engine was not attached to the GTO and that the Camaro was inoperable. Further,
Miller himself testified that the engine on the GTO was not in running condition,
and that it had no headlights and a flat tire. Although Miller testified that he never
told Officer Newland that either vehicle did not run or that the GTO engine was
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disconnected, we cannot find that the trial court clearly lost its way and created a
manifest miscarriage of justice, particularly given that the trial court is in the best
position to weigh witness credibility. See In re Jane Doe I (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d
135, 138.
{¶33} Accordingly, we overrule Miller’s fifth assignment of error.
{¶34} Finally, we note that, although not set forth in an assignment of error
in his brief, Miller contended in the “statement of facts” of his reply brief and at
oral argument that the trial proceedings were incorrectly transcribed, and that he
filed a motion with the trial court to correct the transcript in March 2009. App.R.
16 requires an appellant’s brief to contain a statement of the assignments of error
set forth for review and an argument with respect to each assignment of error.
Where arguments have not been adequately set forth for review, an appellate court
is not required to address them. App.R. 16(A)(7); App.R. 12(A)(2). Accordingly,
as Miller did not set forth this argument in an assignment of error in his appellate
brief, we need not address it.
{¶35} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein, in the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment Affirmed
WILLAMOWSKI and SHAW, J.J., concur.
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