[Cite as State v. Ralston, 2011-Ohio-3552.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
HIGHLAND COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee, : Case No. 10CA6
:
vs. : Released: July 7, 2011
:
JOHN D. RALSTON, : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
: ENTRY
Defendant-Appellant. :
APPEARANCES:
James T. Boulger, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellant.
James B. Grandey, Highland County Prosecutor, and David M. Henry, Highland
County Assistant Prosecutor, Hillsboro, Ohio, for Appellee.
McFarland, J.:
{¶1} Appellant John D. Ralston appeals his conviction in the Highland
County Court of Common Pleas where the trial court found him guilty of
trafficking in drugs, a felony of the fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2),
and possession of drugs, a felony of the fifth degree in violation of R.C.
2925.11(A). On appeal, Appellant raises a single assignment of error, arguing the
trial court erred in finding that the allegations contained in the affidavit in support
of the search warrant established probable cause. Having reviewed the affidavit,
Highland App. No. 10CA6 2
we find no error regarding the trial court’s holding and overrule Appellant’s
assignment of error. As such, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTS
{¶2} Detective Sergeant Richard Warner, Jr. (“Det. Warner”) of the
Highland County Sheriff’s Office attached an affidavit to a request for a search
warrant that sought permission to search the residences at 208 East Main Street and
209 East Main Street in Leesburg, Ohio. Det. Warner averred, in relevant part:
{¶3} “On October 1, 2009, the US 23 Pipeline Major Crimes Taskforce
based out of the Ross County Sheriff’s Office received information from a source
known to be reliable. The source gave information that [Appellant] has been
involved in marijuana cultivation and trafficking. The source advised that
[Appellant] has a stash house across the street from his address of 208 East Main
Street, Leesburg, OH 45135. Inside of his residence in the upstairs was reported to
be a large amount of marijuana that had just recently been harvested and was being
dried. The source was advised by another party that this was taking place and the
person showed the source a bud from the marijuana taken from the stash house.
***
{¶4} “The Leesburg Police Department within the past two weeks received
information that [Appellant] between 2:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m., has traffic in and out
of 209 East Main Street.
Highland App. No. 10CA6 3
{¶5} “On May 8, 2009, the Leesburg Police Department executed a search
warrant at 208 East Main Street, Leesburg, this being the residence of [Appellant].
Upon conducting a search, several items were seized as evidence, including cash,
six black tar heroin capsuels, six white heroin capsuels, and several other types of
pills (all controlled substances). * * * [S]everal items related to the cultivation of
marijuana were discovered including grow lights, exhaust fans (two), four heat
mats, an automatic watering system, digital timers, and a hydroponics table.”
{¶6} Det. Warner also averred that Appellant had two drug-related arrests,
one of which resulted in a conviction for trafficking in marijuana. Furthermore,
based upon Det. Warner’s fifteen years of law enforcement experience and training
in narcotics investigation, it is common for those engaged in illegal narcotics
activity to hide narcotics in a secondary location or “stash house.” Det. Warner
had corroborated that Appellant resided at the 208 residence and was in the process
of purchasing the 209 residence.
{¶7} Based upon the affidavit, a judge issued the search warrant and a
search of the two residences yielded contraband. Appellant moved to suppress this
evidence, arguing that the affidavit did not provide a substantial basis for finding
probable cause. The trial court denied Appellant’s motion, and Appellant then
pled no contest to the charges against him. The trial court convicted Appellant of
trafficking in drugs and possession of drugs, which he now appeals.
Highland App. No. 10CA6 4
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
I. “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE ALLEGATIONS
CONTAINED IN THE AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF THE SEARCH
WARRANT ESTABLISHED A FAIR PROBAILITY THAT EVIDENCE
OF A CRIME WOULD BE LOCATED AT THE SUBJECT PROPERTY.”
{¶8} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to
the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that “[t]he right of the
people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Article
I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution contains a nearly identical provision.
{¶9} “‘A neutral and detached magistrate may issue a search warrant only
upon the finding of probable cause.’” State v. Westbrook, 4th Dist. No.
09CA3277, 2010-Ohio-2692, at ¶18, quoting State v. Gilbert, 4th Dist. No.
06CA3055, 2007-Ohio-2717, at ¶ 13, citing United States v. Leon (1984), 468 U.S.
897, 914-915, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 and Crim.R. 41(C). A warrant shall
issue “only on an affidavit or affidavits sworn to before a judge of a court of record
* * * establishing the grounds for issuing the warrant.” Crim.R. 41(C).1
{¶10} Generally, “‘[a]ppellate review of a motion to suppress presents a
mixed question of law and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial
1
We apply the prior version of Crim.R. 41 that was in effect when the magistrate issued the search warrant.
Highland App. No. 10CA6 5
court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve
factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.’” State v. Roberts, 110
Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, 850 N.E.2d 1168, at ¶100, quoting State v.
Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, at ¶8, citing State
v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972. “Accordingly, we defer
to the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible
evidence.” State v. Westbrook, 4th Dist. No. 09CA3277, 2010-Ohio-2692, at ¶16,
citing State v. Landrum (2000), 137 Ohio App.3d 718, 722, 739 N.E.2d 1159.
“Accepting those facts as true, we must independently determine whether the trial
court reached the correct legal conclusion in analyzing the facts of the case.”
Westbrook at ¶16, citing Roberts at ¶100, citing Burnside at ¶8.
{¶11} When considering the issuance of a search warrant, “[t]he task of the
issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether,
given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the
‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay information,
there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.” Illinois v. Gates (1983), 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76
L.Ed.2d 527. Considering the totality of the circumstances, “so long as the
magistrate had a ‘substantial basis for ... conclud[ing]’ that a search would uncover
evidence of wrongdoing, the Fourth Amendment requires no more.” Gates at 236,
Highland App. No. 10CA6 6
quoting Jones v. United States (1960), 362 U.S. 257, 271, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d
697. Accordingly, “the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the
magistrate had a ‘substantial basis for ... conclud[ing]’ that probable cause
existed.” Gates, at 238-239, quoting Jones at 271. “Neither the trial court nor an
appellate court should substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate.”
Westbrook at ¶20, citing State v. George (1989), 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 544 N.E.2d
640, at paragraph two of the syllabus (following Gates). “The reviewing court
‘should accord great deference to the magistrate’s determination of probable cause,
and doubtful or marginal cases in this area should be resolved in favor of
upholding the warrant.’” Id. “[T]his standard of review is more deferential than
that review we engage in other contexts involving a motion to suppress.” State v.
Goddard (Oct. 2, 1998), 4th Dist. No. 97CA23, at fn.2, citing State v. Klein (1991),
73 Ohio App.3d 486, 488, 597 N.E.2d 1141.
{¶12} “To make a valid finding of probable cause, a magistrate must be
informed of: (1) the basis of the informant’s knowledge; and (2) sufficient facts to
establish either the informant’s veracity or the reliability of the informant’s
information. State v. Walker, 4th Dist. No. 08CA3030, 2009-Ohio-1903, at ¶36,
citing Aguilar v. Texas (1964), 378 U.S. 108, 114, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723.
See, also, Crim.R. 41(C). “‘However, an affidavit lacking in these areas is not
automatically insufficient to procure the issuance of a search warrant.’” Westbrook
Highland App. No. 10CA6 7
at ¶24, quoting Goddard. “These areas should instead be viewed as ‘closely
intertwined issues that may usefully illuminate the commonsense, practical
question whether there is “probable cause” to believe that contraband or evidence
is located in a particular place.’” Id. “Therefore, a deficiency in one area may be
overcome by ‘other indicia of reliability.’” Id.
{¶13} One such indicium of reliability is an “explicit and detailed
description of alleged wrongdoing.” Goddard. A tip that describes the accused’s
criminal activity in sufficient detail permits the magistrate to know that he is
“relying on something more substantial than a casual rumor circulating in the
underworld or an accusation based merely upon an individual’s general
reputation.” Goddard.
{¶14} Another indicium of reliability is corroboration of the anonymous
informant’s tip. “Corroboration lends credence to the remaining unverified portion
of the informant’s story by demonstrating that the informant has, to the extent
tested, spoken truthfully.” Goddard, citing LaFave, Search and Seizure (1996)
157, Section 3.3(e). “Furthermore, Gates explicitly reject[ed] the position that
corroboration of innocent activity is not sufficient, noting that seemingly innocent
activity can become suspicious in light of a prior tip.” Id.
{¶15} Appellant’s argument that Det. Warner did not directly receive the
information from the informant is not problematic. First, Crim.R. 41(C) explicitly
Highland App. No. 10CA6 8
permits the use of hearsay. Multiple layers of hearsay do not complicate the matter
either. “The fact that an affiant’s knowledge may be the result of double or
multiple levels of hearsay does not, per se, invalidate the resulting search warrant.”
(Internal citations omitted). State v. Richardson, 4th Dist. No. 08CA3022, 2009-
Ohio-923, at ¶10, quoting State v. Prater, 2d Dist. No. CA2001-12-114, 2002-
Ohio-4487, at ¶7. Second, “a law enforcement officer may rely upon information
supplied to him by a fellow officer in an affidavit to obtain a search warrant.”
State v. Dunham, 4th Dist. No. 04CA2931, 2005-Ohio-3642, at ¶24. Thus, the fact
that Det. Warner received his information from another officer, not the informant
himself, does not necessarily inure to Appellant’s benefit.
{¶16} Regarding the alleged deficiencies with the affidavit, Appellant
focuses on the fact that the informant did not have firsthand knowledge of the
illegal activity allegedly occurring, and the source of the relevant information was
an unknown third party. This is true however after outlining the criminal activity
the informant believed was occurring, the affidavit provided that “[t]he [informant]
was advised by another party that this was taking place.” Essentially, the source of
any information relating to alleged wrongdoing was the unknown third party.
{¶17} As Appellant correctly notes, there are no facts in the affidavit upon
which the magistrate could have found a substantial basis for believing that there
was a factual basis for the information the third party furnished to the informant.
Highland App. No. 10CA6 9
Nothing in the affidavit reveals how the third party came to know that Appellant
was trafficking in or cultivating marijuana. The affidavit did not contain an
“explicit and detailed description of the alleged wrongdoing” so the magistrate
could distinguish the third party’s claim from idle rumor. It was not stated that the
third party had personally obtained from the stash house the marijuana he
displayed to the informant. It was not stated that the third party had ever been
inside of the stash house and observed any wrongdoing, giving him firsthand
knowledge.
{¶18} Additionally, this deficiency was balanced by law enforcement
officers corroborating much the third party’s statements, and, as noted,
corroboration is an indicium of reliability. Officers independently established that
Appellant resided at 208 East Main Street and had entered into a land contract to
purchase 209 East Main Street – the alleged stash house. Det. Warner’s fifteen
years of experience and narcotics investigation training provided the insight that it
is common for those engaged in narcotics activity to hide either narcotics or money
in a secondary location. Det. Warner also knew that Appellant had been convicted
of marijuana trafficking in the past, and arrested on a drug-related charge on
another occasion. Just five months before requesting the search warrant, officers
had recovered numerous items related to marijuana cultivation from Appellant’s
residence. Finally, within the two weeks preceding the affidavit, law enforcement
Highland App. No. 10CA6 10
had received information that there was traffic in and out of the 209 residence
between 2:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m.
{¶19} Though law enforcement only corroborated innocent facts, this does
not negate their cumulative effect and contribution to the determination of probable
cause, especially in light of the third party’s allegations. Specifically, knowledge
of a prior arrest and conviction relating to drug trafficking is a “‘practical
consideration of everyday life’ upon which an officer or magistrate may properly
rely in assessing the reliability of an informant’s tip.” State v. Underwood, 4th
Dist. No. 03CA2930, 2005-Ohio-2309, at ¶43.
{¶20} Here, the magistrate had substantial facts from which he could find
that there was a fair probability that evidence of a crime would be found at
Appellant’s residences. Appellant was a convicted drug trafficker and only five
months prior to the affidavit, officers had recovered marijuana cultivation
equipment from Appellant’s residence. In Det. Warner’s experience and training,
persons engaged in illegal activity often kept drugs or money in a secondary
location; this made the allegation that Appellant was secreting the marijuana in a
house across the street from his residence more plausible. Appellant was indeed in
the process of purchasing the 209 residence, from which there was traffic in the
early morning hours. This activity becomes both noteworthy and suspicious when
considering Appellant’s history, the recent recovery of cultivation items from the
Highland App. No. 10CA6 11
208 residence, and the tendency of those involved in drug trafficking to establish a
stash house.
{¶21} The suspicion surrounding Appellant and the 209 residence then
increases in light of the third party’s tip that Appellant was storing cultivated
marijuana in the 209 residence. Considering all of these facts together, there was a
substantial basis for the magistrate to believe that the affidavit established probable
cause to search Appellant’s residences.
{¶22} Therefore, having considered the affidavit and the totality of the
circumstances therein, and “keeping in mind the preference to be accorded to
warrants in doubtful or marginal cases,” we find there was a substantial basis for
the magistrate’s finding that probable cause existed to issue the search warrant.
Underwood at ¶44.
{¶23} Assuming arguendo we were to find that the issuing judge did not
have a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed based on Det.
Warner’s affidavit, we would still uphold the search based on the good faith
exception to the exclusionary rule. Pursuant to the exclusionary rule, “all evidence
obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the [United States] Constitution
is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court.” State v. Wilmoth (1986),
22 Ohio St.3d 251, 255, 490 N.E.2d 1236, quoting Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S.
643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081. “[T]he objective of the exclusionary rule
Highland App. No. 10CA6 12
[is] to deter willful, or at the very least negligent, police conduct which deprive[s]
a defendant of some right.” Wilmoth at 265. However, “the rule [is] useless when
the police act in good faith.” Id., referencing United States v. Leon (1984), 468
U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677. “In the ordinary case, an officer cannot
be expected to question the magistrate’s probable-cause determination or his
judgment that the form of the warrant is technically sufficient. ‘[O]nce the warrant
issues, there is literally nothing more the policeman can do in seeking to comply
with the law.’ Penalizing the officer for the magistrate’s error, rather than his own,
cannot logically contribute to the deterrence of Fourth Amendment violations.”
(Citation omitted) Leon at 921.
{¶24} Under the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, a court may
not suppress evidence obtained by officers “acting in objectively reasonable, good
faith reliance on a search warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate but
ultimately found to be invalid.” Wilmoth at paragraph one of the syllabus, citing
Leon at 923. However, suppression remains appropriate where the officer relied
on a warrant based on an affidavit “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to
render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.” (Citations omitted.)
State v. George (1989), 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 331, 544 N.E.2d 640, quoting Leon at
923. See, also, State v. Johnson, 4th Dist. No. 08CA6, 2008-Ohio-5907, at ¶18-19.
Highland App. No. 10CA6 13
{¶25} In this case, the affidavit was not so devoid of indicia of probable
cause so as to render Det. Warner’s belief in such unreasonable. An affidavit that
contains conclusory statements and nothing more specific is merely “bare bones”
and insufficient to support to a magistrate’s finding of probable cause. See Gates
at 239.
{¶26} We have already outlined the facts Det. Warner included in the
affidavit that formed the factual bases for his belief that there was marijuana in the
stash house. The affidavit was not merely conclusory and it was not “bare bones.”
It was not so deficient as to render official belief in probable cause unreasonable.
Accordingly, because Det. Warner and his brethren relied upon the search warrant
in good faith, the good faith exception would apply. Thus, even if we had found
the affidavit and subsequent search warrant to be invalid, we would still affirm the
trial court’s denial of Appellant’s motion to suppress.
{¶27} Accordingly, we find that the trial court was correct in denying
Appellant’s motion to suppress and we overrule Appellant’s sole assignment of
error.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Highland App. No. 10CA6 14
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and that the Appellee
recover of Appellant costs herein taxed.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Highland County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON
BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR
THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days
upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow
Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during
the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it
will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure
of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the
forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses
the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of
such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Exceptions.
Harsha, P.J. and Abele, J.: Concur in Judgment Only.
For the Court,
BY: _________________________
Matthew W. McFarland, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.
State v. Ralston
Combined Opinion