State v. Agee

[Cite as State v. Agee, 2013-Ohio-5382.]

STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

SEVENTH DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO, )
) CASE NO. 12 MA 100
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, )
)
VS. ) OPINION
)
KEVIN AGEE, )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
Court, Case No. 10CR1135.

JUDGMENT: Affirmed in part; Remanded for
Resentencing.

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: Attorney Paul J. Gains
Mahoning County Prosecutor
Attorney Ralph M. Rivera
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
21 West Boardman Street, 6th Floor
Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendant-Appellant: Attorney Timothy Young
Ohio State Public Defender
Attorney Kenneth Spiert
Attorney Valerie Kunze
Assistant Ohio Public Defenders
250 West Broad Street, Suite 1400
Columbus, Ohio 43215

JUDGES:
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite

Dated: December 4, 2013
[Cite as State v. Agee, 2013-Ohio-5382.]
VUKOVICH, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Kevin Agee appeals from his convictions of
murder, attempted murder, and felonious assault entered in the Mahoning County
Common Pleas Court. He first contends that the court erred in permitting the state to
introduce evidence of drugs, guns, and ammunition unrelated to this crime that were
confiscated during the execution of the search warrant at his house and to introduce
as demonstrative evidence a rifle said to resemble the murder weapon. Appellant
also argues that there was insufficient evidence as to his complicity in the shooting
and that finding him complicit was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.
These arguments are overruled. The murder conviction for the death of Thomas
Repchic is upheld.
{¶2} However, appellant’s merger argument has merit. The attempted
murder and the felonious assault offenses committed against Jacqueline Repchic
should have been merged at sentencing as there was no separate animus for each
offense. The case is thus remanded for resentencing on either attempted murder or
felonious assault as elected by the state.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
{¶3} Appellant’s friend, Aubrey Toney, was involved in an ongoing feud with
two individuals nicknamed Piru and OB. It seems that Piru believed Aubrey Toney
shot at his house, and Aubrey Toney believed that Piru retaliated by shooting up his
car. Aubrey Toney also believed that he was once arrested due to Piru snitching on
him. And, Aubrey Toney was upset that OB punched him in the back of the head at
a gas station, causing him to suffer migraines. OB was known to drive a burgundy
1990 Cadillac DeVille that was described as “old school” and “flashy.” (Tr. 178, 482).
{¶4} On September 25, 2010, Aubrey Toney was at a little league football
game with appellant Kevin Agee when he received a call from his female cousin
sometime around the noon hour, stating that Piru was across the street from Toney’s
father’s house on Ferndale Avenue. His male cousin got on the phone as well to ask
about the Piru situation. Aubrey Toney and appellant soon arrived at the female
 -2-

cousin’s house on Hilton Avenue and borrowed her reddish or burgundy Dodge
Durango, leaving the small car Toney had been driving at her house.
{¶5} When the male cousin learned that Aubrey Toney borrowed the
Durango, he was concerned and called Toney who advised that he would have to
call him back because he has “dibs on somebody now.” (Tr. 375). Appellant Kevin
Agee drove the Durango with Aubrey Toney in the passenger seat. At some point,
appellant drove down Southern Boulevard and turned down a short dead-end portion
of Philadelphia Avenue. He then turned around and stopped at the stop sign at
Philadelphia Avenue and Southern Boulevard.
{¶6} In the meantime, around 1:00 p.m., Thomas Repchic, age 74, was
sitting in his burgundy 1990 Cadillac DeVille outside of St. Dominic’s church, on the
corner of Southern Boulevard and Lucius Avenue waiting for his wife, who worked as
a secretary at the church. Jacqueline Repchic, also 74, got in their Cadillac, and they
proceeded north on Southern Boulevard.
{¶7} As the Cadillac approached the Durango at Philadelphia Avenue,
Aubrey Toney wrested a large .308 rifle from next to his seat and fired seven shots
into the Repchic vehicle. One shot went through the passenger door and took off
Mrs. Repchic’s right foot; her other foot was also injured by bullet fragments. (Tr. 56-
57). Another shot went through the back of the driver’s seat and killed Mr. Repchic
by entering his lung and heart. Mrs. Repchic reached over and steered the car into
the curb just before the busy y-junction at Market Street.
{¶8} The City of Youngstown’s Shotspotters system triangulated the seven
shots it heard as occurring near the Southern Boulevard and Philadelphia Avenue
intersection and transmitted this information to its patrol cars. Officers followed a
blood trail leading from the car toward the intersection where they found a fired .308
cartridge in the middle of the street.
{¶9} The police interviewed witnesses near that area who saw a red
Durango go down the street and saw gun smoke near the Durango after the shots
were fired. The Durango was also seen on various security cameras at the time of
the shooting. A witness said the passenger was a dark-skinned black male with short
 -3-

hair and the driver was a lighter-skinned black male with a bushy ponytail. (Tr. 96).
Appellant was a lighter-skinned black male with long dreadlocks, and Toney’s female
cousin stated that the person with Toney, whom she believed would be driving her
car that day, had his hair “locked up.” (Tr. 174, 381, 460).
{¶10} Aubrey Toney returned the Durango to his cousin 20-35 minutes after
he borrowed it. (Tr. 175). Later that evening, Aubrey Toney apologized to her for
putting her in the middle of his feud and gave her money to stay in a hotel. (Tr. 177,
184, 199). The police canvassed the area and spoke to each person who owned a
Durango. Aubrey Toney’s cousin initially denied that she loaned out the vehicle, but
she soon admitted that she loaned him the vehicle at the time of the shooting and
told police what she knew about the feud.
{¶11} Aubrey Toney’s male cousin also spoke to police about the feud and
about Aubrey’s statements to him on the phone around the time of the shooting, such
as that he “had dibs” on someone. And, in the second call, Toney stated, “I think I
got him.” (Tr. 375, 405, 418). This male cousin also told the police that appellant
Kevin Agee was involved and opined that the gun would be found in appellant’s
garage, describing a house on Garfield Street. (Tr. 381-383).
{¶12} On September 28, 2010, the police executed a search warrant at the
house on Garfield just as appellant was exiting the house. They found an unfired
.308 cartridge on the living room bookshelf. A BCI agent testified at trial that this
unfired cartridge had been cycled through a gun and had extractor marks that
matched the fired cartridge found at the scene of the shooting. The police also
seized guns, other ammunition, bullet proof vests, crack cocaine, drug paraphernalia,
and a ball cap with a red C on it which matched the description of the hat worn by
one of the occupants of the Durango.
{¶13} When appellant was interviewed by police, he initially stated that he
saw Aubrey Toney at the game but left with someone else and that he was not
present during the shooting. (DVD Tr. 14-15, 27, 30, 32-33). He stated that Aubrey
Toney is one of his closest friends, that he loved him, that Aubrey was constantly at
his house, and that they often got high together. (DVD Tr. 19-20, 26, 32, 61). He
 -4-

knew of Aubrey Toney’s feud with Piru and OB, and he knew that OB had a car like
the one on the news. (DVD Tr. 9-14). Regarding the unfired .308 cartridge, he
stated that Aubrey Toney had a very long gun at his house one night, that he heard
Aubrey making metallic “clacking” noises with it, and that Aubrey must have left some
.308 ammunition behind. (DVD Tr. 16, 35, 60).
{¶14} Appellant’s grandmother then spoke to him. She stated that security
cameras on the streets showed him driving the vehicle and said that the hat
described by a witness was found in his house. (DVD Tr. 63, 65). She disclosed that
an eyewitness described one person as darker-skinned and the other as lighter-
skinned. (DVD Tr. 65). She advised him to say he was driving but that he was in the
wrong place at the wrong time, urging that he did not owe the shooter anything. She
said she did not believe he knew what the shooter was going to do when he saw that
car. (DVD Tr. 64). They then spoke of what it meant to be an accessory. (DVD Tr.
71-72). Appellant’s mother entered and told him that Piru was watching her house.
(DVD Tr. 77). His mother also told him that Aubrey Toney’s female cousin worried
that someone they knew was talking to police. (DVD Tr. 81). His relatives then left
the room, and the detectives reentered.
{¶15} At that point, appellant admitted that he had been driving the Durango
when Aubrey Toney fired at the Cadillac. Appellant explained that he left the game
with Toney and they switched from the small black Dodge Caliber that Toney was
driving to the Durango because it was bigger. (DVD Tr. 88, 97). He denied seeing
the big gun in either car. (DVD Tr. 88, 98). Appellant said that he drove the cousin’s
car because he had a license. He insisted that he did not expect Aubrey Toney to
shoot at a car and that his only plan was to drive around while drinking and smoking
weed. (DVD Tr. 87-88, 111).
{¶16} Appellant stated that they were about to stop at a house to buy weed
but the man they were meeting was not there yet so he turned around. (DVD Tr.
106). He explained that while he was at the stop sign, Aubrey Toney wrestled with
the gun to bring it out of the window and then he started shooting. (DVD Tr. 90-92,
 -5-

122). Appellant said that he did not have a “beef” with anyone and denied that there
was talk of Aubrey Toney’s feud in the car before the shooting. (DVD Tr. 108, 133).
{¶17} When his relatives were permitted in the interrogation room again,
appellant made some phone calls. During one call, he talked about someone telling
everything to the police and said, “Tell every fucking body, man. We gotta -- you all
squeeze that mother fuckin’ rat.” (Tr. 158). Appellant was then booked into the jail.
He and Aubrey Toney were soon indicted for aggravated murder with a death
specification for the death of Thomas Repchic. Regarding Jacqueline Repchic, they
were indicted for attempted murder, felonious assault (deadly weapon), and felonious
assault (serious physical harm). All four counts carried firearm specifications.
{¶18} Appellant’s case was tried to a jury. The state presented the testimony
of the police officers, detectives, and BCI agents involved in the case, two neighbors
from the area of the shooting, a 911 dispatcher, a Shotspotters representative, two
priests, the medical examiner, and Aubrey Toney’s male and female cousins. The
jury watched the DVD of appellant’s time in the interrogation room, including his two
statements to police.
{¶19} The defense presented expert testimony that disagreed with the BCI
agent’s testimony regarding matching extractor marks, as he opined that it could not
be concluded that the live cartridge and the fired cartridge had been cycled through
the same gun. (Tr. 592-593). It was stipulated to the jury that appellant had been
legally blind in his right eye since 1994. (Tr. 602).
{¶20} On April 4, 2012, the jury found appellant guilty of the murder, but not
the aggravated murder, of Thomas Repchic. The jury found appellant guilty of all
three counts involving Jacqueline Repchic and all four firearm specifications. At
sentencing, the state agreed that the two counts of felonious assault committed
against Jacqueline Repchic would merge with each other. The state argued that the
remaining felonious assault would not merge with the attempted murder of the same
victim because the evidence shows that Jacqueline was shot in the leg and the
shooter then continued to fire shots at the vehicle after it drove past so that her life
remained in danger after she was shot. (Sent. Tr. 6-7). The defense countered that
 -6-

the remaining felonious assault would merge with the attempted murder as there was
no separate animus for each offense against the same victim. (Sent. Tr. 9).
{¶21} In a May 23, 2012 sentencing entry, the court imposed fifteen years to
life for murder plus three years for the attached firearm specification, ten years for
attempted murder plus three years for that attached firearm specification, and eight
years for one count of felonious assault (merging one felonious assault into the other
and merging both firearm specifications attached to the felonious assaults into the
other two firearm specifications). The sentences were run consecutive for a total
sentence of 39 years to life. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE
{¶22} Appellant sets forth four assignments of error, the first of which
provides:
{¶23} “The trial court erred when it admitted irrelevant and prejudicial
evidence and thus denied Kevin Agee his rights to due process and a fair trial.”
(Citations omitted.)
{¶24} Under this assignment of error, appellant contests the admission of a
.308 rifle used as demonstrative evidence. He also contests the admission of guns,
ammunition, and drugs found in the search of his residence, stating that the only
relevant evidence introduced from the search was the unfired .308 cartridge. He
urges that the admission of this evidence was irrelevant in violation of Evid.R. 401
and 402, any probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of
prejudice and confusion of the issues in violation of Evid.R. 403, and improper other
acts evidence was used to suggest he was a dangerous criminal in violation of
Evid.R. 404(B).
{¶25} Relevant evidence is that which has any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401.
Relevant evidence is admissible unless prohibited by another rule, statute, or the
constitution. Evid.R. 402. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible. Evid.R.
402. Although relevant, evidence is not admissible if its probative value is
 -7-

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues,
or of misleading the jury. Evid.R. 403(A).
{¶26} We begin with the State Exhibit 134, a .308 rifle the state used as
demonstrative evidence. This was a rifle purchased during a controlled buy in
Portage County. As .308 rifles are not common, Portage County contacted
Youngstown regarding the Repchic shooting. A Youngstown police officer testified
that he went to Portage County to test-fire the weapon and retrieved it later for
retesting by BCI. (Tr. 163, 166).
{¶27} A BCI agent had concluded that the Portage County weapon was not
the gun used to fire the cartridge found at the scene. (Tr. 315). He decided to
conduct his own test-fire of the Portage County .308 rifle with the exact brand of
ammunition used in the shooting to see if the officer’s use of a different brand of
ammunition affected the breech pattern. (Tr. 315). The second test-fire also came
back as negative for a match. (Tr. 316).
{¶28} As the rifle was not related to this shooting, appellant urges that it was
irrelevant and prejudicial. Initially, we note that no objection was entered when the
.308 was first introduced during the testimony of the officer who test-fired the
weapon. (Tr. 162-166). By the time an objection was entered during the BCI agent’s
introduction of the .308, the item had already been introduced without objection. (Tr.
314). Error may not be predicated upon a ruling that admits evidence unless the
party opposing the admission timely objects. Evid.R. 103(A)(1). We note that the
matter was not raised by the defense in the motion in limine. The court did address
the matter in its judgment entry thereon (as it was raised in the state’s response), but
a motion in limine or ruling thereon does not preserve an objection.
{¶29} Regardless, demonstrative evidence is admissible if it satisfies the
general standard of relevance set forth in Evid.R. 401, it is substantially similar to the
object or occurrence that it is intended to represent, and it is not violative of Evid.R.
403. State v. Jones, 135 Ohio St.3d 10, 2012-Ohio-5677, 984 N.E.2d 948, ¶ 82. The
admission of demonstrative evidence is within the trial court’s sound discretion. State
 -8-

v. Herring, 94 Ohio St.3d 246, 255, 762 N.E.2d 940 (2002); State v. Palmer, 80 Ohio
St.3d 543, 564-566, 687 N.E.2d 685 (1997).
{¶30} Thus, the Supreme Court has permitted the state to introduce a .22
caliber revolver as a demonstrative exhibit where the jury was instructed that the gun
was similar to but not the actual gun used in the murder and was advised that it was
being used for the limited purpose to show that the method of firing entailed pulling
back the hammer to cock the gun. Id. at 565-566 (with an instruction that the energy
needed to pull the trigger may be different). The Court stated that the handgun was
relevant to intent, purpose, prior calculation design, and absence of mistake or
accident. Id. at 566, upholding this court’s decision in State v. Palmer, 7th Dist. No.
89-B-28 (Aug. 29, 1996) (where we held that state can introduce a handgun as a
“model” to show that the type of gun used in the murder required a certain process to
be fired to refute a claim that the gun accidentally fired).
{¶31} Here, a .308 firearm was used to shoot the victims. A fired .308
cartridge was found in the middle of the street where witnesses put the vehicle from
which the shots were fired. An unfired .308 cartridge was found in appellant’s house,
which had extractor marks said to match those on the fired cartridge.
{¶32} In maintaining his defense that he was not aware of the plan to shoot at
Piru or OB, appellant insisted that he did not see the gun until Aubrey Toney pulled it
out just prior to shooting. (DVD Tr. 105). The state wanted to rebut this claim by
showing how big a .308 rifle is in order to suggest that appellant had to have seen
the gun being transferred from the small car into the Durango or had to see it in the
front of the Durango.
{¶33} Testimony established that a .308 rifle is a rare weapon to encounter on
the streets; it was said to be shoulder-fired, high-powered, and at least semi-
automatic. (Tr. 152-153, 310, 312, 318, 512). A detective who owned a .308 rifle
described the ammunition as big caliber or big bore that is very loud and very
powerful with a lot of powder and a big “blowup” and which was mostly used in light
machine guns, big hunting rifles, or police sniper rifles. (Tr. 152-153). Witnesses
testified to a large amount of gun smoke around the Durango during the shooting.
 -9-

{¶34} The BCI agent recited the FBI-generated list of firearms that could fire
the cartridge, and the type in State Exhibit 34 was on the list. (Tr. 313, 316). He
stated that all of the rifles on the list eject the cartridge and reload another upon
firing. (Tr. 318-319). He noted that the cartridge showed fluted chamber marks
which occur only with a semiautomatic or above and not with a bolt action or manual
ejection firearm. (Tr. 310).
{¶35} Moreover, appellant admitted that Aubrey Toney previously had a “big
ass” .308 at appellant’s house and that Aubrey Toney left the .308 cartridge there.
(DVD Tr. 16, 35). He indicated that Aubrey Toney was “clacking” the metal parts of
his gun one night, which suggests this is when the unfired cartridge was cycled
through the gun.
{¶36} Appellant also variously described the gun as “pretty big,” “big ass,” and
“pretty fucking long.” (DVD Tr. 60). Appellant stated that he did not know that “big
motherfucker” was wedged in the front of the Durango when he got in. (DVD Tr. 88).
He also stated that Aubrey Toney had to wrestle with the gun to bring it up to the car
window. (DVD Tr. 122). In addition, he mentioned that Toney rested it all the way
out between the mirror and the door.1
{¶37} The trial court could reasonably find that State Exhibit 134 was
substantially similar to the .308 rifle used in the shooting. In order to show just how
big a .308 rifle is and thus help rebut appellant’s defense, the state could properly
admit a .308 rifle. The state wanted to show that appellant knew the gun was in the
vehicle and that they switched from a small car to a large SUV specifically to utilize
the large gun in their pursuit of Piru and OB. The state notes that the laughter heard
by witnesses coming from the Durango as it drove down the road just before the
shooting combined with appellant’s statement that Aubrey Toney had to wrestle with
the gun to get it out the window suggests that they were laughing about Aubrey
Toney’s struggle with the weapon.

1
The defense questioned witnesses about whether they ever heard of a .308 pistol. They did
not, and it was not in the list generated from the FBI database on guns that could fire the .308
cartridge recovered. (Tr. 155, 334). Regardless, appellant’s statement described a large rifle, not a
handgun.
 -10-

{¶38} We have viewed the .308 rifle identified as State Exhibit 134. It is
nearly three and a half feet in length. Besides being very long, it is bulky. The butt of
the stock is wide. Even wider is the distance from the bottom of the grip to the top of
the barrel, which appears to span more than 8 inches. Upon seeing such a
representation of a .308 rifle, a person can tend to disbelieve appellant’s claim that
he did not notice the gun in the front of the Durango until Aubrey Toney pulled it out
seconds before shooting or that he did not see Aubrey Toney load the rifle into the
Durango after he borrowed it. Thus, it was relevant. See, e.g., Jones, 135 Ohio
St.3d 10 at ¶ 84-96.
{¶39} There is no indication that the introduction of the .308 rifle as
demonstrative evidence would confuse or mislead the jury. See, e.g., Jones, 135
Ohio St.3d 10 at ¶ 110. A police officer, a detective, and a BCI agent all testified that
State Exhibit 134 was not the actual .308 rifle used in the shooting. (Tr. 167, 315-
316, 513). And, the court gave a demonstrative evidence instruction formulated by
both sides, which explained that demonstrative evidence is an object, picture, model,
or other device intended to clarify or qualify facts for the jury, that such evidence is
merely an aid in understanding certain facts, and that it is up to the jury to decide
what weight to give such evidence. (Tr. 560, 651-652). Also notable here is that this
particular piece of demonstrative evidence was actually scientifically excluded as the
murder weapon by the state’s witnesses, lessening any confusion and adding to
background investigation relevance.
{¶40} Finally, evidence against a defendant is meant to be prejudicial; it is
only unfair prejudice that concerns the court and only unfair prejudice that can
substantially outweigh the probative value. See Evid.R. 403(A). The probative value
of the demonstrative evidence here was high. We find that the trial judge could
reasonably conclude that the probative value of the demonstrative evidence was not
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. We refuse to substitute
our judgment for that of the trial court on this matter as the decision was not
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. See, e.g., Jones, 135 Ohio St.3d 10 at ¶
82; Herring, 94 Ohio St.3d at 255.
 -11-

{¶41} We now turn to the introduction of the evidence relating to guns and
drugs (besides the unfired .308 cartridge for which no argument is or could be made).
An officer testified that, during the search of appellant’s residence at 537 Garfield
Street, he discovered the following items in the following locations: from a cigar box,
a pipe, suspected cocaine, and live and spent cartridges; from beside the living room
couch, a 12-gauge shotgun; from the garage rafters, two magazines; from the living
room hutch, two bullet proof vests; from the top of the refrigerator, a .9mm; from the
attic, a .30 caliber, a .9mm, a 12-gauge shotgun, and a bag containing ammunition
and a pistol magazine. (Tr. 244-245).
{¶42} The officer identified photographs depicting this evidence, and the
evidence was then itself admitted. (Tr. 246-257). A detective testified that he
recovered the following items from the kitchen during the search: crack cocaine, a
digital scale, and black Ziploc baggies. (Tr. 457). He also recovered marijuana on
appellant’s person during the arrest. (Tr. 458).
{¶43} Objections were entered during the testimony of these two witnesses.
(Tr. 244, 456, 458). As the officer began to testify about these items, the defense
objected by referring back to the mid-trial motion in limine which had been overruled.
(Tr. 244). The motion in limine asked to prohibit the admission of firearms,
ammunition, and cocaine recovered in the search and not used in the murder. The
motion raised relevance and degree of prejudice and argued that the state was trying
to convict him by association with nefarious objects. (03/28/12 Motion In Limine).
{¶44} The state responded that the police were told that appellant’s house is
where Aubrey Toney and appellant kept their guns and a .308 cartridge was in fact
found there. The state argued that the evidence of guns and ammunition is relevant
to appellant being the provider of the murder weapon, besides allowing his house to
be used for its storage. As for the drugs, the state responded that the discovery of 8
packets of crack cocaine individually wrapped for sale on appellant’s table put into
question appellant’s claim that he drove to Philadelphia Avenue to meet with a
marijuana dealer so that they could drive around and smoke marijuana.
 -12-

{¶45} The court’s judgment entry denying the motion in limine concluded that
the opening statement of the defense raised the issue of appellant looking for drugs,
thus opening the door for the state to rebut that story with the introduction of the
cocaine. (See Tr. 37). As to the guns, the court agreed that they could be admitted
to rebut appellant’s claims that he was not part of any dispute, that he had no idea
what was going on, and that he was merely a witness with no intention of harming
anyone. (03/29/12 J.E.).
{¶46} Appellant urges that since he was not charged with offenses related to
these items, they were irrelevant, overly prejudicial, and improper other acts
evidence. “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” Evid.R.
404(B). It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident. Id.
{¶47} It can also be used to respond to arguments already raised, such as to
bolster credibility after an attack thereon or to delve into a line of inquiry already
raised. See, e.g., State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848
N.E.2d 810, ¶ 75-78. The state contends that the evidence from the search was not
used to show appellant’s character but was used to outline the methods of
investigation to establish that the police conducted a thorough investigation. The
state also notes that the relevancy test does not require the evidence to directly
prove an element of the offense. See State v. Tapscott, 7th Dist. No. 11MA26, 2012-
Ohio-4213, ¶ 23.
{¶48} As to the bulletproof vests, appellant told police that Aubrey Toney wore
a bulletproof vest for protection, that he left it at appellant’s house, and that he
sometimes forgot to wear it when they got high. (DVD Tr. 114). Appellant stated that
Aubrey Toney had a feud with Piru and OB and insisted that he was not involved in
the feud. As Toney was said to wear a vest as protection against the feud, the fact
that two vests were found in appellant’s house is pertinent to the question of whether
appellant was affected by or involved in the feud. It is not unfairly prejudicial or
 -13-

improper other acts evidence. It confirms a statement of appellant while also
rebutting a key claim of his defense and constitutes evidence of knowledge of the
feud and even preparation for involvement in that feud.
{¶49} As for the guns and ammunition found in appellant’s house, these items
were not alleged to be used in the shooting. The Supreme Court has suggested that
other firearms are not admissible merely to show a defendant had access to guns
where those guns are not said to be the murder weapon. State v. Trimble, 122 Ohio
St.3d 297, 2009-Ohio-2961, 911 N.E.2d 242, ¶ 107. That Court did find some merit
to the state’s contention that a cache of weapons found in a suspect’s home can be
introduced to show familiarity with weapons in a case where the defendant claimed
that he accidentally pulled the trigger on a different weapon. Id. at ¶ 110. The Court
alternatively stated that the admission would have been harmless due to
overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt. Id. at ¶ 111 (a death penalty case).
{¶50} Here, the guns and ammunition were found in appellant’s house where
a .308 cartridge was also discovered. Appellant admitted that he was the driver
during the shooting with a .308 and admitted that said rifle and its ammunition had
previously been in his house. The ammunition magazines found in the rafters of
appellant’s garage bolstered the credibility of Aubrey Toney’s male cousin, who told
police that the murder weapon was likely in the rafters of appellant’s garage. That
witness told police that Aubrey Toney and appellant both kept guns at appellant’s
house. (Tr. 488-489). The guns and related evidence tend to show that appellant
supplied or at least stored the murder weapon in which case he would be more
aware of its removal prior to the shooting rather than a mere innocent driver.
{¶51} Moreover, appellant admitted that his house was Aubrey Toney’s “safe
spot” when he was “beefing.” (DVD Tr. 56). He had a security system set up on a
monitor showing four views of the exterior of his house. (Tr. 491). Notably, the
shotgun lying in the open right next to appellant’s living room couch, the same room
containing Aubrey Toney’s bulletproof vest, the security monitors, and the unfired
.308 cartridge (with extractor marks matching those made by the murder weapon),
could be seen as evidence that appellant was involved in the feud at issue due to his
 -14-

friendship with Aubrey Toney. And, the choosing of this gun over the other available
weapons could show intent to kill as opposed to scare, especially considering how
unwieldy the gun is and in combination with the switching to a larger vehicle prior to
the shooting.
{¶52} Although alone each of these theories may be insufficient support for
the admission of the guns and ammunition, using a combination of all of the elements
existing here, we conclude that the guns and ammunition found in the same house
as the .308 cartridge were relevant and admissible to rebut appellant’s defense,
which revolved a claim that he was not involved in the shooter's feud with Piru and
OB and to show that he had a plan in place to protect himself against the feud and/or
further it. The probative value of this evidence was not substantially outweighed by
dangers of unfair prejudice, especially considering that appellant had admitted that
the .308 was present in his house before the shooting (and that Aubrey Toney even
utilized it in his house in a manner that produced a “clacking” of metal sound).
{¶53} The drugs and paraphernalia found in appellant’s house tend to rebut
appellant’s claim that he was driving around Philadelphia Avenue, not in search of
the red Cadillac, but in order to meet a marijuana dealer whom he allegedly needed
Aubrey Toney to find for him because he could not find any himself. (DVD Tr. 101-
102). Notably, Aubrey Toney’s cousin testified that he originally met appellant one
night, when he and Aubrey Toney went to the house on Garfield to buy marijuana off
appellant. (Tr. 379-380).
{¶54} Appellant insisted to police that his point in driving around with Aubrey
Toney was to drink, do pills that he already possessed, find marijuana from Toney’s
dealer, and then return to appellant’s house to watch a game together. That drugs
and tools for not only drug-using but also for drug-distributing were found in his
house is relevant and probative to an evaluation of the credibility of his defensive
claims.
{¶55} Appellant made these claims in his statement to police, which was
introduced by the state at trial. These claims were also made in the defense’s
opening statement. The Supreme Court has concluded that after the defense raised
 -15-

the subject of defendant's drug use in opening statements, “the topic became open to
all relevant inquiry in the discretion of the trial court”. State v. Kamel, 12 Ohio St.3d
306, 312, 466 N.E.2d 860 (1984). Under the particular facts of this case, we overrule
the argument regarding the admission of the drugs discovered during the search of
appellant’s residence. This assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO
{¶56} The text of appellant’s second assignment of error states:
{¶57} “The trial court erred when it failed to merge the allied offenses of
attempted murder and felonious assault.” (Citations omitted.)
{¶58} As aforementioned, the jury found appellant guilty of three counts
involving Jacqueline Repchic: attempted murder, felonious assault with a deadly
weapon, and felonious assault by causing serious physical harm. The court merged
the two felonious assaults but refused the defense’s request to merge the remaining
felonious assault with the attempted murder count. Appellant argues that felonious
assault must be merged with attempted murder of the same victim as (1) they can be
committed by the same conduct and (2) the offenses against Mrs. Repchic were
committed during a single act with a single state of mind.
{¶59} Where the same conduct by the defendant can be construed to
constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only
one. R.C. 2941.25(A). Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more
offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of
the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each,
the defendant may be convicted of all of them. R.C. 2941.25(B).
{¶60} Thus, there is a two-part test to determine if offenses should be
merged. First, the elements of the two crimes are compared. State v. Williams, 134
Ohio St.3d 482, 983 N.E.2d 1245, ¶ 17, citing State v. Blankenship, 38 Ohio St.3d
116, 117, 526 N.E.2d 816 (1988). The elements of the two offenses were previously
considered only in the abstract but are now compared in the factual context of the
defendant’s conduct. Id. at ¶ 20; State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-
 -16-

6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, syllabus, where a majority overruled State v. Rance, 85 Ohio
St.3d 632, 710 N.E.2d 699 (1999). If the crimes correspond to a sufficient degree,
then crimes are allied offenses of similar import and the court must proceed to the
second step. See Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 482 at ¶ 17.
{¶61} In the second step, the defendant's conduct is also reviewed, and only
if the crimes were committed separately or there was a separate animus for each
crime (or they are of dissimilar import under the first prong) can the defendant be
sentenced for both. See id. at ¶ 17, 21. In reviewing a trial court’s merger decision,
the appellate court conducts a de novo review of the trial court’s application of the
law to the facts. Id. at ¶ 27-29.
{¶62} Thus, as the reviewing court, we first determine “whether it is possible
to commit one offense and commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is
possible to commit one without committing the other.” Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153
at ¶ 48 (Brown, J., plurality); State v. Williams, 7th Dist. No. 10MA136, 2012-Ohio-
5344, ¶ 29 (applying plurality). See also State v. Helms, 7th Dist. No. 08MA199,
2012-Ohio-1147, ¶ 26 (Helms II), citing other districts that adopted the Johnson
plurality. “If the multiple offenses can be committed by the same conduct, then the
court must determine whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct,
i.e., “a single act, committed with a single state of mind.” Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d
153 at ¶ 48 (Brown, J., plurality). Due to the subjective nature of the analysis based
on the facts of each case, some crimes may be allied offenses in certain cases, but
not in another case under a different set of facts. Id. at ¶ 52.
{¶63} Here, the state does not dispute that the attempted murder and
felonious assault charges can be committed with the same conduct under the first
prong of the merger test. See Helms, 7th Dist. No. 08MA199 at ¶ 28 (attempted
murder and felonious assault can be committed with the same conduct as “[t]he
conduct of pointing and shooting a gun at a person or persons can result in the death
of one or more individuals, and the same conduct can also fall short of causing death
but can cause physical harm”). That is, knowingly causing or attempting physical
harm with a deadly weapon or knowingly causing or attempting serious physical harm
 -17-

can be committed when one attempts to murder someone (using a gun in this case)
and vice versa.
{¶64} Thus, the issue here is whether the two offenses were committed
separately or with separate animus. Animus means “purpose, or more property,
immediate motive” and can be inferred from the surrounding circumstances. State v.
Logan, 60 Ohio St.3d 131, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979).
{¶65} In Helms II, we found the crimes were committed separately with a
separate animus where the attempted murder was committed when the defendant
shot the victim in the neck from behind with intent to rob and the felonious assault
was committed separately when the defendant thereafter, pushed the car to a more
secluded spot, rummaged through the victim’s car looking for money, took the
deposit money from the victim, and threatened to shoot the victim in the head while
asking the location of the rest of the money. Id. at ¶ 4, 29. We also noted that if the
initial conduct of shooting the victim in the neck were the only facts, then there would
be no question that the two offenses would merge. Id. at ¶ 29.
{¶66} The Eighth District found separate and distinct acts entailing a
substantial independent risk of harm to support convictions for both felonious assault
and attempted murder where the defendant (who claimed self-defense) shot the
victim in the abdomen, causing the victim to fall to the elevator floor, and then
attempted to shoot the victim multiple times while following him out of the building.
State v. Hines, 8th Dist. No. 90125, 2008-Ohio-4236, ¶ 47.
{¶67} And, the Ninth District has stated that a defendant’s acts of shooting the
victim in the elbow to disable him and then (after the victim disclosed he was a police
officer) attempting to shoot the victim point-blank in the head show separate animus
for felonious assault and attempted murder. State v. Nichols, 9th Dist. No. 24900,
2010-Ohio-5737, ¶ 62. See also State v. White, 10th Dist. No. AP-34, 2011-Ohio-
2364, ¶ 67 (separate animus for felonious assault and attempted murder where
defendant was shot once in back and once in face as he lay on floor); State v.
Monford, 190 Ohio App.3d 35, 940 N.E.2d 634, 2010-Ohio-4732, ¶ 128-129
(separate animus where a victim suffered two gunshot wounds and there was
 -18-

testimony that defendant shot her while she was near a pole and he then fired
another shot as she tried to run to the bathroom).
{¶68} The state argued to the trial court that one of the first shots hit Mrs.
Repchic’s foot resulting in felonious assault and that by continuing to fire into the
vehicle, there was a separate incident of or animus for attempted murder. In their
response brief, the state urges that the mere existence of multiple shots can be used
to establish a separate animus, citing Nichols, Monford, and White.
{¶69} Appellant urges that Mrs. Repchic was subjected to a single threat of
harm from one shooting incident. He suggests that there is no indication that the
offenders knew they failed to kill the passenger so they kept shooting at her or that
there were separate aiming events. It is noted that there was no showing of separate
motive for the second shot as in Nichols for instance. Appellant concludes that there
was but one animus per victim.
{¶70} As appellant argues, his case is distinguishable from cases such as
Helms as there are not two separable scenarios that occurred here. Moreover, the
state suggested at oral argument that Mrs. Repchic suffered two bullet wounds;
however, the testimony was that there was one bullet hole in the passenger door.
Mrs. Repchic testified that a bullet essentially took off her foot and mentioned that the
other foot was injured by bullet fragments, but this testimony did not suggest to us
that she was hit by two different shots, one per foot. (Tr. 56-57).
{¶71} Here, Shotspotters detected seven shots spanning 4.8 seconds. (Tr.
446). At least six possibly all seven shots hit the Repchic vehicle. There was a hole
in the passenger door corresponding to Mrs. Repchic’s gunshot wound. Due to the
path of the car moving past the vehicle containing the shooter, it can be concluded
that this was the first shot to strike the vehicle. Then, there were four holes in the
rear quarter panel or fender area. A bullet also hit the rear window frame, causing
the rear window to shatter. And, Mr. Repchic was shot through the back of the
driver’s seat. (Tr. 468).
{¶72} The intent was to kill the two people in the Cadillac. One was killed; the
other was hit. There is no dispute that these two shootings of two victims should be
 -19-

represented by separate sentences. However, where one bullet hits a victim and
other bullets miss that same victim, there is no per se separate act or separate
animus, and where these are the only facts, merger is required.
{¶73} This was the position of the Eighth District in a recent case where the
trial court sentenced the defendant for: attempted murder and two felonious assaults
for victims one and two (both of whom suffered head injuries) and attempted murder,
felonious assault, and attempted felonious assault for victims three and four, for a
total of 12 sentences for the act of firing multiple shots into a vehicle containing four
occupants. State v. Phillips, 8th Dist. No. 96329, 2012-Ohio-473. The appellate
court reversed stating that multiple offenses were committed by the same conduct,
concluding that firing gunshots into the car was one act as to each victim and
remanding for election by the state as to which count per victim it would proceed on.
Id. at ¶ 49-50, 52. See also State v. Bolan, 8th Dist. No. 95807, 2011-Ohio-4501, ¶
3, 37-39 (attempted murder and felonious assault as to the surviving victim would
merge where a defendant fired six shots at two people).
{¶74} We likewise conclude that the record here shows only a single animus
to shoot up a vehicle, which animus branched for each victim but not for each offense
that was charged regarding the same victim. Thus, under the particular
circumstances of the case before us, felonious assault and attempted murder as to
the same victim should have been merged. Some of those particular circumstances
include the fact that seven shots were fired at a car containing two people from a
person in another car using a .308 rifle in a span of 4.8 seconds and the defendant at
issue was not the shooter.
{¶75} While the jury was permitted to return verdicts for both felonious assault
and attempted murder as to Mrs. Repchic, the state had to thereafter elect which
offense would proceed to sentencing, and the trial court could only sentence
appellant on one of the offenses against Mrs. Repchic. See State v. Whitfield, 124
Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d 182, ¶ 17-24 (defendant may be indicted
and tried for allied offenses of similar import, but may be sentenced on only one of
the allied offenses as elected by the state). We thus reverse and remand for
 -20-

resentencing where the state can elect whether it wishes to proceed to sentencing on
attempted murder or felonious assault with regards to the passenger.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE
{¶76} Appellant’s third assignment of error contends:
{¶77} “The State presented insufficient evidence to prove that Kevin Agee
knew about and joined with Aubrey Toney’s plan to kill Toney’s rivals and that he
shared Toney’s purpose to kill. Therefore, [his convictions violated his] rights to due
process * * *.” (Citations omitted.)
{¶78} Sufficiency of the evidence is a legal test dealing with the adequacy, as
opposed to the weight, of the evidence. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). In viewing a sufficiency of the evidence argument, a
conviction will not be reversed unless the reviewing court determines, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, that no rational trier of fact
could find that the elements of the offense were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 138, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998); State v. Smith, 80
Ohio St.3d 89, 113, 684 N.E.2d 668 (1997).
{¶79} In other words, the evidence is sufficient if, after construing the
evidence in the state’s favor, reasonable minds can reach different conclusions as to
whether each element has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. See also
State v. Bridgeman, 55 Ohio St.2d 261, 263, 381 N.E.2d 184 (1978). Appellant
focuses his argument here on the intent element by arguing that there was
insufficient evidence of his complicity in the principal’s intent to shoot at the Cadillac.
He states that the mere fact that he was driving the car from which the passenger
fired is not enough for complicity. He urges that the only way to find complicity in this
case would be to improperly stack inferences.
{¶80} It has been stated that an inference which is based entirely upon
another inference and which is unsupported by any additional fact or another
inference from other facts is a universally condemned inference upon an inference.
Hurt v. Charles J. Rogers Transp. Co., 164 Ohio St. 329, 333, 130 N.E.2d 820
(1955). However, an inference which is based in part upon another inference and in
 -21-

part upon factual support is a parallel inference and is universally approved if it is a
reasonable conclusion for the jury to deduce. Id. The jury is permitted to draw
several conclusions or presumptions of fact from the same set of facts, and a series
of facts or circumstances may be used as the basis for ultimate inferences. Id. at
334.

“While the rule prohibiting the stacking of inferences is still
recognized in Ohio, the rule is extremely limited. It merely prohibits the
drawing of one inference solely and entirely from another inference,
where that inference is unsupported by any additional facts or
inferences drawn from other facts. But the rule does not forbid the use
of parallel inferences in combination with additional facts. Nor does it
prohibit the drawing of multiple inferences separately from the same set
of facts. Because reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence are
an essential element of deductive reasoning process by which most
successful claims are proven, the rule against stacking inferences must
be strictly limited.”

State v. Kalman, 8th Dist. No. 90752, 2009-Ohio-222, ¶ 23, quoting Sellers v. Whitt,
2d Dist. No. 91 CA 96 (Nov. 3, 1993).
{¶81} To uphold a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting, the
evidence must show that with shared criminal intent, the defendant supported,
assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the
commission of the crime. State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 245-246, 754 N.E.2d
796 (2001) (actual participation in the act is not required). Although an innocent
bystander who is merely along for the ride is not complicit, complicity may be
demonstrated by circumstantial as well as direct evidence. See id. Merely because
there is no proof that a defendant articulated his intent will not invalidate his
conviction. Id. at 245. Participation in criminal intent can be inferred from
circumstances surrounding the offense including presence, companionship, and
conduct before and after the offense is committed. Id. at 243, 245-246.
 -22-

{¶82} Appellant was with Aubrey Toney at the game where Toney talked
about Piru and the latest stalking incident in their ongoing feud. (DVD Tr. 110).
Appellant knew the violent details of Aubrey Toney’s past feuding with Piru and OB.
While at the game, Aubrey Toney received a call alerting him to the presence of Piru
near his father’s house. (Tr. 171-172, 195-196, 372-373). Appellant claimed to
police that he had no feud with these individuals, but his claim need not be believed.
Aubrey Toney was a very close and loved friend who was at appellant’s house
“constantly.” Appellant considered his house Aubrey Toney’s “safe house” for when
someone was after him. Aubrey Toney stored his bullet proof vest at appellant’s
house, cycled his .308 rifle there, and left a .308 cartridge behind.
{¶83} Appellant left the game with Aubrey Toney in a small car that Toney
was using. They went to borrow Toney’s cousin’s large SUV. Appellant then drove
the cousin’s SUV. During that time, Toney received a call from his other cousin, who
was concerned that they borrowed the SUV, during which conversation Toney stated
that he could not talk because “I have dibs on somebody now.”
{¶84} A burgundy 1990 Cadillac DeVille was sitting in front of a church in the
neighborhood where appellant was driving around. It was well-known that OB drove
a burgundy 1990 Cadillac DeVille. Appellant drove down a dead-end street and
turned around. His explanation for switching vehicles was to more comfortably drive
around smoking marijuana, drinking, and otherwise “kickin’ it.” He claimed that the
reason he turned down that street was to meet a marijuana dealer that Aubrey Toney
set up for him because he could not find weed himself. Yet, from the contents of his
house and pockets, it seems that he does not have a problem finding drugs.
{¶85} In addition, laughter was heard from the SUV as it drove toward the
stop sign at Southern Boulevard. This is about the time that appellant claims he first
saw Aubrey Toney wrestling with the big rifle to “bring [it] up,” explaining that it was
too big for him to just “whip it out.” (DVD Tr. 91, 122). This also shows that the gun
was in the front passenger area before it was brandished. Appellant claimed in his
statement to police that he did not see the large gun in the SUV earlier. Considering
 -23-

how large a .308 rifle is (in combination with appellant’s various adjectives used in
describing the gun), his claim need not be believed.
{¶86} Appellant points out that it was stipulated that he is legally blind in his
right eye, urging that this bolsters his claim that he did not see the weapon. The jury
could consider that someone “legally blind” in one eye may not be totally blind and
that someone legally blind in one eye, who has been driving around, would have had
to turn their head (just more fully) in order to check for traffic.
{¶87} Moreover, a witness told police that the SUV beeped its horn prior to
the shots and thus just as the Cadillac containing two occupants approached. And,
appellant’s statement to police pointed out that the video of the incident may show
that he “stuttered on the gas” during the shooting, suggesting that he was concerned
the video would show he was driving through the intersection slowly so that Aubrey
Toney could continue firing at the Cadillac as it continued past. (Tr. 140). In
addition, after the shooting, while Toney and appellant still had the SUV, Toney’s
cousin called him again, and Toney allegedly reported, “I think I got him. I think we
got him.” (Tr. 375-376, 405, 418).
{¶88} Regarding actions after the offense, appellant made a telephone call
from the interrogation room advising the recipient to “spread the word” that someone
told the police everything and that they should all “squeeze” the “rat.” (DVD Tr. 158).
He also asked someone to tell Aubrey Toney’s sister that the police know everything,
that someone in the “click” told, and that they have the shooting on camera. (DVD
Tr. 179). He is also heard lamenting how he was too lazy to clean the house after
the shooting and that the people he entrusted to dispose of evidence left the shells.
(DVD Tr. 78, 158, 181). He also told his relatives, “It wasn’t supposed to happen like
that. He wasn’t supposed to do that.” (DVD Tr. 79-80).
{¶89} Considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the state,
some rational fact-finder could believe that appellant was complicit in Aubrey Toney’s
purpose to shoot at Piru and/or OB and/or the occupied burgundy Cadillac. See
State v. Williams, 99 Ohio St.3d 493, 2003-Ohio-4396, 794 N.E.2d 27, ¶ 50
(emphasizing that the test is whether “any rational trier-of-fact could have found the
 -24-

essential elements”). All necessary inferences here are reasonable conclusions and
are based upon factual support or are based in part upon another inference and in
part upon factual support. See Hurt, 164 Ohio St. at 333. Various interpretations of
appellant’s statements are reasonable and do not constitute inference upon inference
without factual support.
{¶90} When evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence to prove the elements,
it must be remembered that circumstantial evidence has the same probative value as
direct evidence. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272–273, 574 N.E.2d 492
(1991). Appellant’s participation in the criminal intent can reasonably be inferred
from the circumstances surrounding the offense including close companionship and
protection, conduct before the offense, presence, the fact and method of driving,
knowledge of the feud which involved past shooting incidents, and conduct after the
offense. See Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d at 243, 245-246. This assignment of error is
overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR
{¶91} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error alleges:
{¶92} “Kevin Agee’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the
evidence * * *.” (Citations omitted.)
{¶93} Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount
of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the
other.” Id. “Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in
inducing belief.” Id. It is the job of the fact-finder to weigh the evidence and
determine whether the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue to be
established. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.
{¶94} In reviewing a manifest weight of the evidence argument, the reviewing
court examines the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in
the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Id. at 387, 389.
An appellate court's reversal of a jury verdict on weight of the evidence grounds can
 -25-

only be accomplished by a unanimous three-judge panel. Id.; Ohio Const. Art. 4, §
3(B)(3).
{¶95} The appellate court's power to grant a new trial on these grounds
should only be exercised in the exceptional case where the evidence weighs heavily
against the conviction. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. This test acknowledges
that credibility is generally the province of the jury who sits in the best position to
assess the weight of the evidence and credibility of the witnesses whose gestures,
voice inflections, and demeanor are personally observed. State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d
195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996); State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227
N.E.2d 212 (1967). See also Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77,
80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Where there are two fairly reasonable views or
explanations, we do not choose which one we prefer. State v. Black, 7th Dist. No.
03JE1, 2004-Ohio-1537, ¶ 18. Rather, we defer to the trier of fact unless the
evidence weighs so heavily against conviction that we are compelled to intervene.
Id.
{¶96} Appellant states that the evidence discussed in assignment of error
number one had a corrosive effect on the jury’s evaluation of the weight of the
evidence. He urges that the state’s evidence was not strong. He notes that the
defense expert countered the BCI agent’s testimony that the extraction marks on the
fired .308 cartridge from the scene of the shooting match those on the unfired .308
cartridge from the bookshelf in appellant’s living room.
{¶97} Specifically, the BCI agent explained how a person can cycle a live
bullet through a weapon without firing it and testified that this could leave extractor
marks and/or ejector marks on the bullet. (Tr. 306-307). The BCI agent stated that
the ejector marks were in corresponding locations, but there was insufficient
microscopic detail to say that they matched. (Tr. 325-326). He did state, however,
that the extractor marks on the bullet from appellant’s house matched the ones on
the shell recovered from the murder scene. (Tr. 307). He stated that sometimes an
extractor mark had insufficient detail for a conclusion, but here, there were “very good
 -26-

striated marks that you could individually identify.” (Tr. 327). The BCI agent noted
that his evaluation was verified by a second examiner as well. (Tr. 310).
{¶98} The defense expert testified that “there was not a matching
identification of extractor tool marks, and therefore I cannot conclude that they were
cycled through the same weapon.” (Tr. 592). He also stated that he “could not reach
a determination as to whether each of those cartridges were cycled through the same
weapon,” which made it sound more like there was insufficient detail, not that they
were mismatched.
{¶99} As the state tried to emphasize below, appellant admitted that it was a
big rifle and its ammunition had been at his house prior the shooting, that he saw
Aubrey Toney using the gun in a way that made metallic “clacking” sounds, that this
rifle was used by Aubrey Toney in the shooting, that Aubrey Toney left incriminating
ammunition at his house, and that people were supposed to clean such incriminating
evidence from his house. These admissions served to diminish any suggestion that
the unfired .308 cartridge did not connect appellant’s house to the shooting.
{¶100} In any event, this competing testimony of the experts was a matter for
the jury. And, even if the defense expert’s testimony was convincing on the matter of
whether there was sufficient detail present for a conclusion to be made on an exact
match, such insufficient detail would not be exculpatory or result in an unreliable
verdict.
{¶101} Appellant also states that the credibility of Aubrey Toney’s cousin is
diminished because he first came forward due to a reward. This witness disclosed
that he did not want to sell his cousin out for reward money but that he was in fear for
his life. He suggested that he thought he could leave town for his safety if he
received the reward money. (Tr. 389). He noted that he was afraid and pointed out
that he was alienated from his family because he spoke to police. (Tr. 384). A
detective disclosed that this witness asked for reward money and that he received
$1,500. (Tr. 542).
{¶102} The witness’s concern for his safety and his belief that the money
would allow him to find a safe place to reside are not incredible statements. The jury
 -27-

watched him testify; they saw his demeanor and heard his voice inflections. Where
there is a reward and a witness has pertinent information in a shooting, the fact that
the witness asks for a portion of that reward money does not make him an incredible
witness thereafter, especially where the witness’s statement was confirmed by
appellant as to the background of the feud, appellant being with Aubrey Toney, the
borrowing of the other cousin’s car, and the fact that said car was in fact used in the
shooting.
{¶103} Appellant also refers here to contradictions in this witness’s statement
to police and his statement at trial. For instance, this person testified that Aubrey
Toney stated, “I think we got him.” (Tr. 375). On cross-examination and again on
redirect, he stated that Aubrey Toney stated both “I think I got him.” and “I think we
got him.” (Emphasis added). (Tr. 405, 418). Apparently, this witness’s statement to
police did not mention Aubrey Toney’s reference to “we.” (Tr. 421). This discrepancy
was delved into at trial. The jury was presented with the issue. How they resolved
the issue was within their province as fact-finder. They may have believed the
witness’s claim that Aubrey Toney used “we” the second time. Or, they may have
resolved it in favor of the police statement. But, this still would not exculpate
appellant.
{¶104} Upon reviewing the entire record, including a thorough reading of the
transcript, we do not believe that the jury's verdict is contrary to the manifest weight
of the evidence. There is no indication that the jury clearly lost its way and created a
manifest miscarriage of justice by finding appellant complicit in the shooting. Rather,
the jury drew acceptable inferences from the evidence presented and properly
judged the credibility of the witnesses, evaluated the implications of appellant’s
statements, and weighed the overall evidence. In accordance, we refuse to sit as the
“thirteenth juror” as urged by appellant. Accordingly, this assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶105} For the foregoing reasons, the murder conviction for the death of
Thomas Repchic is upheld. The attempted murder and the felonious assault
offenses committed against Jacqueline Repchic should have been merged at
 -28-

sentencing as there was no separate animus for each offense. The case is thus
remanded for resentencing on either attempted murder or felonious assault as
elected by the state.

Donofrio, J., concurs.
Waite, J., concurs.