[Cite as Filo v. Liberato, 2013-Ohio-1014.]
STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
SEVENTH DISTRICT
ANTHONY FILO dba ) CASE NO. 11 MA 18
FILO CONSTRUCTION, INC. )
)
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT )
)
VS. ) OPINION
)
MICHAEL LIBERATO )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLEE )
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio
Case No. 10 CV 1257
JUDGMENT: Affirmed in Part.
Reversed and Remanded in Part.
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant: Atty. Tim Tusek
945 Windham Court, Suite 3
Boardman, Ohio 44512
For Defendant-Appellee: Atty. Alfred J. Fleming
Alfred J. Fleming Co., L.P.A.
400 City Centre One
Youngstown, Ohio 44503
JUDGES:
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Dated: March 15, 2013
[Cite as Filo v. Liberato, 2013-Ohio-1014.]
WAITE, J.
{¶1} Appellant, Anthony Filo, was a subcontractor on a commercial
construction project owned by Appellee, Michael Liberato. Appellant approached
Appellee during August of 2006 because the general contractor was behind in
making payments to Appellant. According to Appellant, Appellee promised him that
he would be fully paid. Appellant subsequently received $7,000.00 of the alleged
$33,600.00 owed. Appellee also released payment in full to another subcontractor.
Appellant was never paid the remainder of the amount owed.
{¶2} In March of 2010, Appellant filed suit against Appellee for payment.
The trial court granted a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion and dismissed all of Appellant’s
claims. The judgment of the trial court dismissing Appellant’s conversion claim is
affirmed. The trial court’s dismissal of Appellant’s promissory estoppel, unjust
enrichment and fraud claims is reversed, as these claims are supported by the
pleadings.
Factual and Procedural History
{¶3} Appellant, Anthony Filo, provided materials and services to build
curbing, sidewalks, footers, floors and a trash enclosure as well as other excavation
and concrete work on a commercial construction project at 789 Wick Avenue.
Appellant performed the work under contract to D & R Construction and
Maintenance, the general contractor in charge of the Belleria Pizza commercial
building project. Appellee, Michael Liberato, is the owner of the property at 789 Wick
Ave., where Appellant worked as a subcontractor pursuant to the contract with D & R
Construction. According to Appellant, at some point during August of 2006 he was
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owed $33,600.00. Appellant was not receiving payment from D & R Construction
and approached Appellee directly about the amount due. According to Appellant,
Appellee promised him full payment. Appellant later received $7,000.00, but never
received the balance. Appellant alleges that Appellee controlled the draws on the
financial institution financing the project and Appellee released payment to at least
one other subcontractor, who performed work after Appellant, without paying
Appellant as promised. As a result, on March 31, 2010, Appellant filed a complaint
against Appellee, alleging promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment, conversion and
fraud.
{¶4} On May 19, 2010, Appellee responded to the complaint with a motion to
dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6). According to Appellee, the suit was barred by the
statute of frauds, which requires that any contract primarily for the provision of goods
exceeding $500.00 in value, in addition to services, be made in writing. The statute
also requires that a promise to pay the debt of another must be in writing. Appellee
emphasized that the allegations in the complaint clearly identify Appellant as a
subcontractor and that the only contract referred to in the complaint is that involving
Appellant and D & R Construction, not Appellee.
{¶5} On August 16, 2010, Appellee filed a motion to dismiss an amended
complaint, citing the same grounds as in the original Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion. On
August 30, 2010, Appellant filed in opposition to Appellee’s motion to dismiss.
Appellant argued that the allegations in the amended complaint are sufficient to
establish a “leading object” exception or excuse to the statute of frauds, and are
sufficient to establish the elements of promissory estoppel. According to Appellant,
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Appellee is not protected by the statute of frauds because not only has he retained
the benefit of Appellant’s work, the underlying purpose for his verbal promise that the
subcontractor would be paid was to preserve Appellee’s own pecuniary interest in the
completion of the construction project. On January 7, 2011, the trial court dismissed
the amended complaint. The matter is now before us on Appellant’s timely appeal.
Argument and Law
Standard of Review
{¶6} A trial court’s decision granting a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss is
reviewed de novo. Perrysburg Twp. v. Rossford, 103 Ohio St.3d 79, 2004-Ohio-
4362. “In order for a complaint to be dismissed under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) for failure to
state a claim, it must appear beyond doubt from the complaint that the plaintiff can
prove no set of facts entitling him to relief.” Cincinnati v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 95
Ohio St.3d 416, 418, 2002-Ohio-2480, 768 N.E.2d 1136, ¶5, citing O’Brien v. Univ.
Community Tenants Union, Inc., 42 Ohio St.2d 242, 327 N.E.2d 753 (1975), syllabus.
When reviewing whether a motion to dismiss should be granted, “we must presume
that all factual allegations of the complaint are true and make all reasonable
inferences in favor of the non-moving party” Mitchell v. Lawson Milk Co., 40 Ohio
St.3d 190, 192, 532 N.E.2d 753 (1988). “[A]s long as there is a set of facts,
consistent with the plaintiff’s complaint, which would allow the plaintiff to recover, the
court may not grant a defendant’s motion to dismiss.” York v. Ohio State Hwy.
Patrol, 60 Ohio St.3d 143, 145, 573 N.E.2d 1063 (1991).
{¶7} The trial court’s decision relies on the statute of frauds, R.C. 1335.05;
Civ.R. 10(D)(1); and R.C. 4113.61(A)(1) to dismiss Appellant’s complaint. Appellee’s
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original motions to dismiss and appellate brief are based on the same laws.
Appellant’s first and second assignments of error address the trial court’s reliance on
the statute of frauds to dismiss his promissory estoppel claim and will be discussed
together for this reason. Appellant’s third assignment of error also concerns the
statute of frauds, but will be considered separately because it does not deal with
promissory estoppel, but instead, raises the “leading object” rule to overcome
application of the statute of frauds. As Appellant’s fourth and fifth assignments of
error both address the Prompt Payment Act, R.C. 4113.61, they will also be
considered together.
Assignment of Error No. 1
The Trial Court erred by determining that the statute of frauds
requirements regarding “promises to pay the debts of another” bar
Filo’s promissory estoppel claim since, as alleged in Filo’s Amended
Complaint, the leading object of Liberato’s promise was to benefit
himself.
Assignment of Error No. 2
The Trial Court erred by determining that the statute of frauds
requirements regarding “interests in land” bar Filo’s Complaint since the
agreements involved only “affected land.”
{¶8} The statute of frauds, R.C. 1335.05, was last amended in 1976 and
provides:
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Certain agreements to be in writing. No action shall be brought
whereby to charge the defendant, upon a special promise, to answer for
the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person; * * * or upon a
contract or sale of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or interest in or
concerning them * * * unless the agreement upon which such action is
brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, is in writing and signed
by the party to be charged therewith or some other person thereunto by
him or her lawfully authorized.
Civ.R. 10(D)(1) also requires that claims based on contract include the written
instrument, and states that:
When any claim or defense is founded on an account or other written
instrument, a copy of the account or written instrument must be
attached to the pleading. If the account or written instrument is not
attached, the reason for the omission must be stated in the pleading.
{¶9} The thrust of Appellant’s argument in his first assignment of error is that
he is entitled to compensation for the work benefitting and retained by Appellee that
was completed in reliance on Appellee’s oral promise that he would be paid.
Appellant contends that the doctrine of promissory estoppel should be applied in this
instance to prevent Appellee from retaining the benefit of Appellant’s work without
compensating Appellant. The trial court held that because promises to pay the debt
of another are subject to the statute of frauds and Appellant failed to allege that a
written promise existed, his claim for promissory estoppel “cannot be proven and
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must be dismissed.” (1/7/11 J.E., p. 4.) The trial court was mistaken in this
conclusion.
{¶10} Promissory estoppel, itself, does not operate as an exception to the
statute of frauds. Instead, where an agreement is required by the statute to be in
writing and no writing exists, promissory estoppel specifically exists to provide an
action for damages to compensate a party injured due to his reliance on an
unenforceable promise. Olympic Holding Co., L.L.C. v. ACE Ltd., 122 Ohio St.3d 89,
2009-Ohio-2057, 909 N.E.2d 93, ¶38. “An action for damages under promissory
estoppel provides an adequate remedy for an unfulfilled or fraudulent promise”
because it allows compensation “where the requisites of contract are not met, yet the
promise should be enforced to avoid injustice.” Id. at ¶39, citing Doe v. Univision
Television Group, Inc., 717 So.2d 63, 65 (Fla.App.1998). “ ‘To be successful on a
claim of promissory estoppel ‘[t]he party claiming the estoppel must have relied on
conduct of an adversary in such a manner as to change his position for the worse
and that reliance must have been reasonable in that the party claiming estoppel did
not know and could not have known that its adversary’s conduct was misleading.” ’ ”
Olympic Holding at ¶39, quoting Shamption v. Springboro, 98 Ohio St.3d 457, 2003-
Ohio-1913, 786 N.E.2d 883 ¶34. “Thus, promissory estoppel is an adequate remedy
for a fraudulent oral promise or breach of an oral promise, absent a signed
agreement.” Olympic Holding at ¶40.
{¶11} In Olympic Holding, the Supreme Court held that the plaintiff had a valid
claim for promissory estoppel that survived a determination that the underlying
contract was unenforceable, and that such a claim “is an adequate remedy to recover
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damages it sustained in detrimentally relying upon [the promisor’s] allegedly false
promise.” Id. at ¶52.
{¶12} The elements of a promissory estoppel claim as described by the
Supreme Court in Olympic Holding are (1) conduct (such as an oral promise), on
which a claimant, (2) relied, when he or she did not and could not know that the
conduct was misleading, (3) to his or her detriment. Appellee’s reliance on
McCarthy, Lebit, Crystal & Haimon Co., L.P.A v. First Union Management, Inc., 87
Ohio App.3d 613, 622 N.E.2d 1093 (8th Dist.1993) to require that Appellant must
allege a misrepresentation that the statute of frauds had been complied with or that
there must be a promise to sign a memorandum of the agreement is misplaced.
These additional conditions in McCarthy may be relevant as a defense if a plaintiff is
using promissory estoppel solely to avoid the statute of frauds, but may not serve as
a bar to promissory estoppel as a cause of action for damages, which is explicitly
allowed in Olympic Holding. The general rules of pleading require only “(1) a short
and plain statement of the claim showing that the party is entitled to relief, and (2) a
demand for judgment for the relief to which the party claims to be entitled” and that
“[e]ach averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and direct.” Civ.R. 8(A) and
(E)(1). Finally, if any set of facts alleged in the complaint can be construed to allow
recovery, the trial court may not dismiss for failure to state a claim.
{¶13} Appellant alleged that he told Appellee he had not been paid for work
done on Appellee’s property and was owed $33,600.00. According to Appellant,
Appellee responded by promising that he would be paid. Once he was promised
payment, and in reliance on that promise, Appellant continued to complete his portion
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of the project and did not file a mechanic’s lien against the work done or take other
action to preserve his financial interest in the project. (There is some mention of a
mechanic’s lien by both parties, but no evidence of a lien properly appears in the
record). Appellant received a payment of $7,0000.00 after his discussion with
Appellee, but never received the balance of $26,600.00 that he claims was owed.
Thus, according to Appellant, due to his reliance on the promise he suffered
$26,600.00 in damages. (8/6/11 Amend. Compl., ¶1-15.) Appellant further alleged
that Appellee controlled draws on the financial institution that financed the project,
and that after promising him payment Appellee instead released full payment to
another subcontractor, who performed work only after Appellant had completed the
majority of his own work. (8/6/11 Amend. Compl., ¶1-15.) Hence, Appellant seeks
damages from Appellee, not necessarily because of some contractual agreement but
because Appellee promised to pay for work performed on his property by Appellant
and because such work provided Appellee a benefit.
{¶14} While Appellant mentions the issue of the “leading object” rule in his
first assignment, this rule is not necessary to our discussion as to whether Appellant
adequately alleged promissory estoppel and will be dealt with later, where
appropriate. As the statute of frauds does not, in any way, bar a claim for detrimental
reliance, the trial court erred in relying on this statute as the basis for a Civ.R.
12(B)(6) dismissal.
{¶15} The factual merits of Appellant’s claim were not before the trial court
and are not before us, now. The allegations in the complaint meet the pleading
requirements of Civ.R. 8 and contain the necessary elements of a claim for
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promissory estoppel, an equitable remedy that is not barred by the statute of frauds.
Olympic Holding, ¶52. A Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion tests the sufficiency of the pleading
only, not the merits of the claim. Whether Appellant can prove the facts as he
presents them is an issue for a later determination by the trial court. It was error for
the court to dismiss Appellant’s promissory estoppel claim because a motion to
dismiss may not be granted where there exists a set of facts consistent with the
complaint that would allow recovery. York, supra, 60 Ohio St.3d 143, 573 N.E.2d
1063 (1991). Whether or not Appellant can prove reliance once the court looks to
evidence beyond mere allegations in a pleading presents a different question for
another day.
{¶16} The trial court also erred in dismissing the promissory estoppel claim
under the theory that the claim concerned an interest in land, and was for this reason
also barred by the statute of frauds. The alleged promise that forms the basis of the
promissory estoppel claim is the promise to pay money for construction work
completed, not to convey an interest in real property. The trial court seems to believe
that this matter involves an interest in land, in part because Appellant claims he did
not file a mechanic’s lien in order to show that he relied on Appellee’s promise to pay
to his own detriment. This reference to a mechanic’s lien does not alter the nature of
the underlying promise at issue, here. Again, Appellant’s claim appears to be pure
detrimental reliance on a promise. For this, he seeks only money damages for work
done pursuant to that promise. In no way does he appear to allege any interest in
real property beyond this monetary damage. Specifically, Appellant does not seek in
this suit to obtain a lien or any other interest in or title to the subject property. Again,
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since the allegations in the complaint sustain an interpretation that allows recovery,
any reliance on the statute of frauds to dismiss the complaint is misplaced.
Appellant’s first and second assignments of error are sustained and we hereby
reverse the trial court’s decision to dismiss Appellant’s promissory estoppel claim
under both of the rationales used by the court.
Assignment of Error No. 3
The Trial Court erred by relying on the statute of frauds to dismiss Filo’s
fraud claim due to a lack of “justifiable reliance” since the leading object
of Liberato’s promise, as alleged in Filo’s Amended Complaint, was to
benefit himself.
{¶17} In Appellant’s first assignment he mentions the “leading object” rule, but
does not rely on this theory for the body of his argument. In this assignment,
however, Appellant argues that a writing is also not required to enforce the oral
promise in this instance because the promise was made to protect Appellee’s own
pecuniary interest in the completion of the project. In addition to the general rules of
pleading, when alleging fraud, “the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall
be stated with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of
a person may be averred generally.” Civ.R. 9(B). Appellant specifically alleges in
the amended complaint: “The leading object of Defendant’s [Appellee’s] promise to
Plaintiff [Appellant] was to serve Defendant’s own pecuniary or business purpose, i.e.
detering[sic] Plaintiff from filing a mechanic’s lien against the Property and having
Plaintiff complete the Project.” (8/6/11 Amend. Compl., ¶11.) Unlike the doctrine of
promissory estoppel, which creates a remedy for parties who could not otherwise
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recover because they acted to their detriment on an unenforceable oral promise, the
“leading object” rule excuses the writing requirement of the statute of frauds and, in
effect, makes an oral promise into an enforceable contract. The driving principle of
the leading object rule is to prevent the use of the writing requirement to “effectuate a
wrong” “which the statute’s enactment was to prevent.” Wilson Floors v. Sciota Park,
Ltd., 54 Ohio St.2d 451, 460, 377 N.E.2d 514 (1978).
{¶18} The use of the “leading object” rule is a matter of first impression in this
district. Appellant’s complaint contains several allegations. The first, that he relied
on Appellee’s promise to pay for the benefit conferred by the work Appellant
performed for Appellee, falls under a classic promissory estoppel claim and so is not
barred by the statute of frauds, as already discussed. The second, however, is that
Appellee promised to pay because Appellant would have stopped work and/or taken
other legal action that would slow or end construction. At first blush, this promise by
Appellee looks to be a promise to pay the debt owed by the general contractor.
Ordinarily, this promise to pay the debt of another is required to be in writing,
undoubtedly because it would ordinarily not be apparent why one would undertake to
pay a debt one does not owe. However, where it is readily apparent that it is the
promisor who will benefit from this seemingly altruistic act, the statute of frauds and
its protections need not be invoked. The Ohio Supreme Court explains: “When the
leading object of the promisor is not to answer for another's debt but to subserve
some pecuniary or business purpose of his own involving a benefit to himself, his
promise is not within the statute of frauds, although the original debtor may remain
liable.” Wilson Floors, supra, syllabus. In Ohio, when the rule began to emerge as a
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defense or excuse to the requirements of the statute of frauds, one test for the
application of the rule was whether the promisor had become primarily or solely liable
for the debt by making the promise. The Supreme Court dispensed with the primary
liability requirement in Wilson Floors, and clarified two separate tests for the leading
object rule, the second of which appears applicable to the facts as alleged by
Appellant:
Under the second test, it is of no consequence that when such promise
is made, the original obligor remains primarily liable or that the third
party continues to look to the original obligor for payment. So long as
the promisor undertakes to pay the subcontractor whatever his services
are worth irrespective of what he may owe the general contractor, and
so long as the main purpose of the promisor is to further his own
business or pecuniary interest, the promise is enforceable.
Wilson Floors at 459, referencing Williston on Contracts (3 Ed.1960). This
formulation of the leading object rule has been infrequently, but consistently, applied
by state and federal courts throughout Ohio.
{¶19} Appellee contends that the Wilson Floors Court created a two-part test
and that to be enforceable, an oral promise must ensure payment to the
subcontractor by explicitly stating that such payment will be made “irrespective of the
amount owed to the general contractor” and to “further the owner’s business and
pecuniary interest.” (Appellee’s Brf., p. 11). In the context of the Supreme Court’s
decision, however, the language Appellee relies on actually refers to a prior case
used by the Court in making its final decision in Wilson Floors. This language is not
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part of the decision in Wilson Floors itself, and Appellee cites no other authority for
his version of this rule. Appellee also urged at oral argument that the law of Wilson
Floors was inapplicable, because in that case, it was the financing bank that
promised payment to the subcontractor and not the project owner. The distinction
that Appellee urges, however, is a distinction without a difference. Whether the bank
or the owner made the promise to pay the subcontractor, according to the Court, the
necessary analysis is only whether the party making the oral promise has a
pecuniary interest in the completion of the project. The analysis does not change if
the party at interest making the promise is the actual owner or is the bank.
Appellee’s argument does not reflect the substance of the ruling in Wilson Floors or
the language of its syllabus. A review of cases applying the rule reflects no
application that limits recovery in the manner that Appellee advocates.
{¶20} The leading object rule generally appears in situations similar to the
matter at bar: a subcontractor or material supplier has gone unpaid by the general
contractor and is promised by the owner, the investor, or the funding source that the
debt will be paid in full. The promise is not put into writing and payment is not
forthcoming. Under these circumstances the Ohio Supreme Court, the Eighth District
Court of Appeals, the Tenth District Court of Appeals, and the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Ohio have all found that this oral promise to pay the
debt of another is not required to be in writing when the promisor has a pecuniary
interest in the outcome that will result from the promise to pay the subcontractor; that
is, completion of the subcontractor’s work.
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{¶21} In Wilson Floors, an oral promise was made by a bank officer of the
bank financing the project. The bank promised the subcontractor “that payments
would be forthcoming upon a resumption of work.” The Court held this was an
enforceable oral contract to pay the debts of another because “the bank made its
guarantee to Wilson to subserve its own business interest of reducing the costs to
complete the project.” Id. at 454 and 460. In F&D Siding Services v. Commarato,
8th Dist. No. 78038, 2001 WL 455829 (April 26, 2001), the owner’s oral promise to
personally repay the debts of his various businesses to the subcontractor and
supplier who provided siding materials and services to multiple construction projects
was held valid and enforceable due to the promisor’s pecuniary interest in these
continued services. The subcontractor’s reliance on the promise in this instance was
reasonable in the context of a history of oral agreements between the parties and
partial payment on demand by means of personal checks. “Since there was
evidence that the defendant’s ‘leading object’ or main purpose in making the promise
was to promote his own business interest, the trial court’s finding that the statute of
frauds did not apply is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. *4. In
America’s Floor Source, L.L.C. v. Joshua Homes, 191 App.3d 493, 2010-Ohio-6296,
946 N.E.2d 799 (10th Dist.), the owner’s oral promise to personally pay $96,000.00, a
portion of the debt owed by his company, which for the purposes of the statute of
frauds was the debt of another, was nevertheless held not to fall within the statute of
frauds because the owner’s “promise to personally pay a portion of his company’s
debt was clearly in his own best interest, since he wanted Floor Source to continue
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providing Joshua Homes with labor and materials, from which [the owner] and his
company were deriving revenue.” Id. ¶21.
{¶22} Appellee attempts to distinguish America’s Floor Source by suggesting
that it is inapplicable because the owner, in the case at bar, did not promise to
personally pay. Appellee overlooks the fact that no responsive pleading has yet
been filed in this matter and there has certainly been no evidence yet introduced.
Hence, Appellee’s attempts to distinguish this case are, at best, premature.
Moreover, the emphasis on personal liability was important in America’s Floor
because the defendant was the sole owner and shareholder of Joshua Homes while
the debts were a company, and not a personal, liability. No such distinction appears
to be relevant, here. From the facts as alleged in the pleading, there is no similar
separation between personal and corporate debts.
{¶23} Finally, in GEM Industries, Inc. v. SunTrust Bank, 700 F. Supp.2d 915
(N.D. Ohio 2010), the court found that an oral promise to pay the delinquent amounts
owed a subcontractor by the bank financing a construction project “does not fall
within the statute of frauds, and SunTrust is not entitled to summary judgment on this
ground.” Id. at 921. The Court ultimately did grant the bank summary judgment on
other grounds.
{¶24} It is important to note that, unlike the various state and federal cases
that have applied the leading object exception to a well-developed record that
includes discovery, depositions, hearings, and, often, a trial, this matter is still in the
pleading stage. Again, under these circumstances, a reviewing court “must presume
that all factual allegations of the complaint are true and make all reasonable
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inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Mitchell v. Lawson Milk Co., 40 Ohio
St.3d 190, 192, 532 N.E.2d 753 (1988). Viewing the pleading in that light, this
pleading contains the facts necessary to remove the alleged oral contract by
Appellee to pay the debts of another from the statute of frauds pursuant to the
leading object rule. Appellant was a subcontractor engaged in completing a
commercial building project for the owner. The pecuniary interest of an owner in the
completion of his project may be inferred from the pleading. Whether the promise
had the necessary elements of a contract under the circumstances, whether reliance
on the promise was justified, and the extent of any damages are issues of fact for the
trial court to determine at a later date. These questions cannot be disposed of at the
pleading stage without violating the standard of review for a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion.
{¶25} The facts as pleaded by Appellant establish the elements of fraud.
Whether Appellant can meet his burden to prove those facts is not an issue that can
be determined within the scope of review for a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion. Appellee’s
suggestion that Appellant attempted and failed to obtain a mechanic’s lien or in the
alternative that Appellant obtained judgment on a mechanic’s lien or against the
general contractor in a separate court proceeding is not material properly before us,
or the trial court, when reviewing a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion. It is worth noting that,
unlike in Appellant’s promissory estoppel claims, detrimental reliance is not an
element of the leading object exception. Hence, the existence of another judgment
may be relevant to the question of whether Appellee, if found liable, could sue
another party for contribution. Under the leading object rule it is the completion of the
work or provision of additional supplies after the promise to pay that demonstrates
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the promisee’s reliance. The trial court’s determination that noncompliance with the
statute of frauds negated any possibility that reliance on the promise was justified is a
misapplication of the law regarding the leading object rule. Appellant’s third
assignment of error is sustained. The trial court’s dismissal of Appellant’s fraud claim
for lack of justifiable reliance is reversed and the matter is remanded for further
proceedings.
Assignment of Error No. 4
The Trial Court erred by determining that Filo failed to allege a wrongful
act sufficient to support his claim for fraudulent conversion on the basis
that Liberato had no legal duty to pay Filo.
Assignment of Error No. 5
The Trial Court erred by finding that the Prompt Payment Act (O.R.C.
4113.61) precludes common law claims by a subcontractor against the
owner of the project.
{¶26} Appellant’s fourth and fifth assignments of error both challenge the trial
court’s use of R.C. 4113.61, also known as Ohio’s Prompt Payment Act, to dismiss a
fraudulent conversion claim and additional common law claims. Because the validity
of the trial court’s reliance on the act is at issue under both assignments, they will be
evaluated together.
{¶27} “Fraudulent conversion,” in the context of a civil suit, “is the wrongful
exercise of dominion over property to the exclusion of the rights of the owner, or
withholding it from his possession under a claim inconsistent with his rights.” Joyce
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v. General Motors Corp., 49 Ohio St.3d 93, 96, 551 N.E.2d 172 (1990), citing
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. 47 Ohio St.2d 224, 226, 351 N.E.2d
454 (1976). Appellant alleges in his amended complaint (1) that Appellee
fraudulently represented to Appellant that he would be paid when Appellee knew he
would not be paid, (2) Appellee fraudulently represented to the financial institution
financing the construction project that Appellant had been paid in full when he had
not, (3) the financial institution, believing that Appellant had been paid, released
additional funds for the project, and (4) these funds were converted by Appellee who
never paid Appellant. Appellant further alleged that his reliance on Appellee’s
fraudulent promise resulted in damages of $26,600.00.
{¶28} The trial court dismissed Appellant’s claim for fraudulent conversion
because R.C. 4113 does not contain a provision requiring an owner to pay a
subcontractor, and a “claim for conversion fails” where there is no duty to pay.
(1/7/11 J.E., p. 6.) Revised Code 4113.61, is titled “Time limitations for payments
to subcontractors and materialmen” and requires general contractors to submit
timely invoices provided by subcontractors with their own invoices to owners. R.C.
4113.61(A)(1). The section sets various timeframes for payment of subcontractors,
materialmen, subsubcontractors or other suppliers, and establishes a rate of interest
penalty for tardy payment. The statute concludes by defining terms and specifying
factors a trial court is to consider when awarding attorney’s fees and costs. Nothing
in the statute limits the ability of individuals otherwise covered by the statute from
obtaining a mechanic’s lien as an alternate means of securing payment.
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{¶29} In addition, nothing in the statute prohibits, regulates, or in any way
discusses payment by the owner of the project directly to any of the entities
mentioned in the statute other than referencing the submission of bills by the general
contractor to the owner. Although Appellee contends, and the trial court appears to
have found, that the statute constitutes a bar to direct recovery by a subcontractor
from an owner, nothing in the language of the statute suggests this prohibition. The
fact that the statute explicitly regulates the otherwise contractual relationship between
a general contractor and the various subcontractors and materialmen who may be
attached to a construction project does not mean, absent an explicit statutory
provision establishing a bar or prohibition, that the statute bars any other payment or
contractual relationship between those parties and any other entity. Nothing in the
statute prohibits recovery against an owner for non-payment if the owner has
promised payment. Nothing in the statute prohibits recovery for unjust enrichment,
which, unless it is specifically barred, is a common law cause of action that is
available for the relief of any party who can plead and prove the elements.
{¶30} In addition to the statute, the trial court relied on Waltmire v.
Washington Twp., 116 Ohio Misc.2d 30, 764 N.E.2d 520 (2001), for the proposition
that a statutory provision that there is no duty to pay bars a claim for conversion. The
statute at issue in Waltmire actually contained a provision that explicitly held “a
member of a police or fire protection agency or student employed on a part-time or
seasonal basis by a political subdivision of this state” is not an “employee” within the
meaning of the statute. Id. at 33 (citing R.C. 4111.01(D) as it is applicable to R.C.
4111.03 and 4111.10).
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{¶31} The statute this trial court and Appellee both rely on, R.C. 4113.61,
contains no provision protecting an owner from any obligation to a subcontractor.
Instead, the Prompt Payment Act establishes timeframes for payment between a
general contractor and various parties. Nothing in R.C. 4113.61 negates a duty to
pay or prevents a claim for conversion, or any other common law claim. The fact that
both a statutory recovery and a conversion theory of recovery based on the same
statute were barred to the police officer in Waltmire is not relevant to this suit where,
unlike Waltmire, the applicable statute contains absolutely no language protecting the
entity against whom recovery is sought, no language excluding the recovery sought,
and no language precluding recovery by the party seeking relief.
{¶32} Although Appellant’s conversion claim is not barred by statute or by
caselaw, in order for Appellant to state a claim for conversion, he must state an
articulable right to the property alleged to have been converted. Appellant claims
that he was specifically entitled to the proceeds of a construction loan issued by the
bank to Appellee after Appellee made the fraudulent representation that he had been
paid in full. Appellant has no claim on the account that received the funds, he has no
prior judgment creating a right to this account, and he does not allege that funds
were taken from his own account. What Appellant has, arguably, is a right to
payment, but a right to payment is not the same as a property interest in specific
funds. Assuming Appellant has a right to be paid by Appellee, that payment may
come from personal funds, loan funds, or from some other source. Nothing in the
promise to be paid as alleged by Appellant establishes his ownership interest in or
right to a specific loan draw.
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{¶33} To support his conversion claim, Appellant must demonstrate “the
wrongful exercise of dominion over property to the exclusion of the rights of the
owner, or withholding it from his possession under a claim inconsistent with his
rights.” Jones, supra, at 96. The facts as Appellant alleges in his amended
complaint do not demonstrate his ability to make this claim. Appellant may have
pleaded the elements of a fraudulent conversion claim that could be properly
enforced by the bank – if indeed the owner misrepresented to the bank that all
subcontractors including Appellant had been paid for work completed to date, the
bank released additional funds on that representation, and the bank sought to have
the funds returned upon learning the representation was false, but they were withheld
– however, this is not a conversion claim that Appellant can make on his own behalf.
Appellant must have some particularized right to the specific funds, beyond a general
right to be paid by a party who may receive the funds, in order to state a claim for
fraudulent conversion. Appellant has failed to state a cause of action for fraudulent
conversion. Even if the rationale used by the court was incorrect, the trial court’s
decision to dismiss the claim was correct. Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is
overruled. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
{¶34} In addition to dismissing Appellant’s fraudulent conversion claim under
R.C. 4113.61, the trial court also relied on this section to dismiss his other claims.
The court cited the Prompt Payment Act as a secondary rationale for dismissing
Appellant’s claims for promissory estoppel and fraud. As discussed earlier when
evaluating Appellant’s claims for relief under his first and third assignments of error,
Appellant has adequately pleaded the elements of promissory estoppel and fraud.
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Nothing in R.C. 4113.61 bars common law prayers for relief or otherwise restricts
Appellant’s ability to file suit against the owner of the project. To the extent that the
trial court’s dismissal of Appellant’s promissory estoppel and fraud claims was based
on R.C. 4113.61, they are reversed.
{¶35} Turning to Appellant’s unjust enrichment claim, the elements of unjust
enrichment are “(1) a benefit conferred by a plaintiff upon a defendant; (2) knowledge
by the defendant of the benefit; and (3) retention of the benefit by the defendant
under circumstances where it would be unjust to do so without payment (‘unjust
enrichment’).” Hambleton v. R.G. Barry Corp., 12 Ohio St.3d 179, 183, 465 N.E.2d
1298 (1984).
{¶36} Appellant alleged that he was a subcontractor hired to complete
curbing, sidewalks, footers, floors, and a trash enclosure as well as additional
concrete and excavation work on a commercial property, 789 Wick Ave.,
Youngstown, OH, owned by Appellee. According to Appellant, Appellee was aware
of the work he was doing and was aware that he had not been paid for the work. The
completed concrete work remains on the 789 Wick Ave. property. Appellant has
alleged the elements of unjust enrichment: a benefit has been conferred on
Appellee, Appellant has not been compensated for providing this benefit and
Appellee retains the benefit. It appears from the allegations in the amended
complaint that it would be unjust for Appellant to remain uncompensated.
{¶37} Appellee concedes that R.C. 4113.61 is not a bar to Appellant’s
common law causes of action, but instead argues that Appellant’s claims are
defective because there is no duty to pay between an owner and subcontractor.
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Appellee contends that it would instead be unjust to allow Appellant to recover
against Appellee because, according to Appellee, Appellant may have obtained a
judgment against the general contractor and may have filed a defective mechanic’s
lien against the property. Both the possibility that a prior judgment against the
general contractor exists and a mechanic’s lien was already filed, defective or
otherwise, are outside the scope of what the courts are allowed to consider when
evaluating a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion. Assuming the existence of a judgment and/or
lien, these may be relevant to the nature and amount of damages suffered by
Appellant, but do not impact the existence of his various claims for relief. These
allegations do not alter the fact that Appellant has stated several causes of action
against Appellee that survive a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss. The existence of a
separate judgment does not alter Appellant’s ability to make an unjust enrichment
claim so long as he remains unpaid for any portion of the work performed and
Appellee retains the benefit of that work.
{¶38} Appellant’s fifth assignment of error as to unjust enrichment, promissory
estoppel, and fraud is well-taken. The trial court’s dismissal of these common law
claims pursuant to R.C. 4113.61 is reversed. However, Appellant’s fourth
assignment of error is overruled and Appellant has failed to state a claim on which
relief can be granted for conversion. The trial court’s dismissal of Appellant’s fourth
cause of action for fraudulent conversion is affirmed.
Conclusion
{¶39} Appellant has properly raised three causes of action against Appellee.
The allegations in the amended complaint comply with the applicable pleading
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requirements of Civ.R. 8 and Civ.R. 9 for promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment,
and fraud. Appellant’s promissory estoppel claim for damages and his unjust
enrichment claims exist outside the statute of frauds and are not barred by the
statute. With regard to his fraud claims, Appellant has alleged the elements
necessary to excuse the writing requirement of the statute of frauds. To the extent
that the trial court relied on R.C. 4113.61 to dismiss Appellant’s claim, with the
exception of his conversion claim the ruling is reversed.
{¶40} The underlying merits of Appellant’s claims are not before us at this
time. Although the allegations in Appellant’s amended complaint are sufficient to
establish various causes of action, whether, in fact, an enforceable promise was
made, or whether Appellant is entitled to damages due to promissory estoppel or
unjust enrichment, or both, is a matter for the trial court after further proceedings in
compliance with our ruling and the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Olympic
Holding Co., L.L.C. v. ACE Ltd., 122 Ohio St.3d 89, 2009-Ohio-2057, 909 N.E.2d 93
and Wilson Floors v. Sciota Park, Ltd., 54 Ohio St.2d 451, 377 N.E.2d 514 (1978).
The trial court’s dismissals of Appellant’s promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment,
and fraud claims are reversed. The trial court’s dismissal of Appellant’s conversion
claim is affirmed and the matter is remanded for further proceedings.
Vukovich, J., concurs.
DeGenaro, P.J., concurs.