State v. Lacey

[Cite as State v. Lacey, 2012-Ohio-1697.]
STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

SEVENTH DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO, )
) CASE NO. 11 MA 68
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, )
)
- VS - ) OPINION
)
CHRISTOPHER LACEY, )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
Court, Case No. 09 CR 1150.

JUDGMENT: Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: Attorney Paul J. Gains
Prosecuting Attorney
Attorney Ralph M. Rivera
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
21 W. Boardman St., 6th Floor
Youngstown, OH 44503

For Defendant-Appellant: Attorney Rhys Cartwright-Jones
42 N. Phelps Street
Youngstown, OH 44503-1130

JUDGES:
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich

Dated: March 29, 2012
[Cite as State v. Lacey, 2012-Ohio-1697.]
DeGenaro, J.
{¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Christopher Lacey, appeals the April 27, 2011
decision of the Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas dismissing Lacey's post-
conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing and upon the State's motion for
summary judgment. Lacey asserts two arguments, first, that the State failed to disclose
impeachment evidence to the defense in violation of Brady v. Maryland. Second, trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to fully investigate and discover this impeachment
evidence.
{¶2} Lacey's arguments are meritless. First, no Brady violation occurred. The
prosecutor had no duty to learn of evidence possessed by a police department that was
not involved in the investigation of the State's case and the evidence was a public record
that Lacey could have obtained on his own. Moreover, the evidence that Lacey
challenges is not material. Second, counsel was not ineffective. Lacey failed to prove
that his counsel actually failed to investigate or that this alleged failure prejudiced him.
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶3} In May, 2010 a jury found Lacey guilty of felonious assault (R.C.
2903.11(A)(2)(D)), a second-degree felony, with a R.C. 2941.145(A) firearm specification.
In a June 24, 2010 judgment entry, the trial court sentenced Lacey to a three-year non-
mandatory term of incarceration for the felonious assault conviction and a three-year
mandatory consecutive term on the firearm specification, for an aggregate six year
sentence.
{¶4} The facts underlying the conviction involve a drug transaction between
Lacey and the victim, Gary Robbins. At trial Robbins admitted to being a recovering
addict and convicted felon. Robbins purchased drugs from Lacey, and in exchange,
Robbins gave Lacey the use of a vehicle. When Robbins believed Lacey had used the
vehicle long enough, he asked for the keys back and Lacey refused. Robbins then took
the keys back and drove away with his vehicle. Lacey followed, and shot Robbins. There
was also evidence at trial that Lacey intimidated Robbins into executing an affidavit
retracting his identification of Lacey as the person who shot him. Lacey challenged that
 -2-

allegation by putting on evidence that he was home at the time Robbins was at the offices
of Lacey’s defense counsel drafting and signing the affidavit.
{¶5} Lacey filed a direct appeal arguing: 1) ineffective assistance of counsel for
failing to challenge evidentiary error; 2) insufficiency and manifest weight; 3) a Batson
violation; and 4) cumulative error. State v. Lacey, 7th Dist. No. 10MA122.
{¶6} On March 24, 2011, Lacey filed a timely petition for post-conviction relief,
alleging that the State failed to disclose impeachment evidence in violation of Brady v.
Maryland (1963), 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194 and Kyles v. Whitley (1995), 514 U.S. 419,
115 S.Ct. 1555. Lacey asserted that Robbins lied during direct examination when the
State asked him whether a gun was involved in the robbery for which Robbins was
previously convicted. Lacey claimed that an undisclosed police incident report from
Liberty Township relative to this robbery revealed that a gun was involved in the robbery.
Lacey attached this police report to his post-conviction petition.
{¶7} The State filed a motion for summary judgment arguing it was not required
to disclose the Liberty Township police report because it neither knew about nor
possessed the police report. Further, because the police report was in the possession of
another government agency that had no involvement in Lacey's case, it did not have an
obligation to find and disclose this report. Finally, it did not violate Brady because the
police report is a public record and was available to the defense through the exercise of
reasonable diligence. The State attached the indictment, guilty plea, and entry of
sentence relative to Robbins's robbery conviction.
{¶8} Lacey opposed the State’s summary judgment motion and sought leave to
assert an additional basis for post-conviction relief; specifically, ineffective assistance of
counsel in response to the State's argument that defense counsel could have discovered
the police report through "reasonable diligence" because it is a public record.
{¶9} The trial court granted summary judgment and denied Lacey's petition for
post-conviction relief, finding in pertinent part:
{¶10} "4. During the trial, the witness/victim, Mr. Robbins, was questioned by the
prosecutor about his criminal history by the prosecutor. A review of the transcript shows
 -3-

that defense counsel chose not to question the witness further about his prior criminal
record.
{¶11} "5. The Court finds that the scope of cross-examination may be a trial
strategy tactic and that since it was exposed on direct examination the failure to pursue it
further did not impose upon Defendant's Constitutional rights.
{¶12} "6. The Court further finds that Defendant failed to demonstrate in his
petition or present any substantive evidence that the outcome of the trial would have
been different if defense counsel would have further inquired into Mr. Robbins criminal
history."
Denial of Petition for Post-Conviction Relief
{¶13} In his sole assignment of error, Lacey asserts:
{¶14} "The trial Court Abused it's Discretion in Denying Mr. Lacey's Postconviction
Issue for Review."
{¶15} R.C. 2953.21(A)(1)(a) allows a person convicted of a criminal offense to
petition the court that imposed the sentence for appropriate relief for a violation of his or
her constitutional rights. But post-conviction relief is a narrow remedy. State v. Steffen
(1994), 70 Ohio St.3d 399, 410, 639 N.E.2d 67. Because it is a civil action that
collaterally attacks a criminal judgment, res judicata bars any claim that was or could have
been raised at trial or on direct appeal. Id. State post-conviction review is not a
constitutionally protected right, so the petitioner only receives those rights conferred by
statute during post-conviction proceedings. Id.
{¶16} A defendant petitioning for post-conviction relief is not automatically entitled
to a hearing. State v. Cole (1982), 2 Ohio St.3d 112, 113, 443 N.E.2d 169. "Before
granting a hearing on a petition [for post-conviction relief], the court shall determine
whether there are substantive grounds for relief." R.C. 2953.21(C). A trial court is not
required to hold an evidentiary hearing if "the files and records of the case show the
petitioner is not entitled to relief." R.C. 2953.21(E). “[A] trial court properly denies a
defendant's petition for post-conviction relief without holding an evidentiary hearing where
the petition, the supporting affidavits, the documentary evidence, the files, and the
 -4-

records do not demonstrate that petitioner set forth sufficient operative facts to establish
substantive grounds for relief." State v. Calhoun (1999), 86 Ohio St.3d 279, 714 N.E.2d
905, paragraph two of the syllabus. "This standard is not met by evidence that is, 'only
marginally significant and does not advance the petitioner's claim beyond mere
hypothesis and a desire for further discovery.'" State v. Green, 7th Dist. No. 02 CA 35,
2003-Ohio-5142, at ¶25, quoting State v. Lawson (1995), 103 Ohio App.3d 307, 315, 659
N.E.2d 362.
{¶17} We will apply an abuse of discretion standard of review. Although there is
disagreement among Ohio appellate districts regarding the standard of review to apply,
see State v. Hicks, 4th Dist. No. 09CA15, 2010-Ohio-89, at ¶9-11 (citing cases; noting
that the majority of districts apply an abuse of discretion review), in State v. West, 7th
Dist. No. 07 JE 26, 2009-Ohio-3347, this court, albeit without any discussion of the inter-
district split, recently applied abuse of discretion review to a trial court's dismissal of a
post-conviction petition upon the state's summary judgment motion without a hearing. Id.
at ¶12, 22, 37. An " 'abuse of discretion' connotes more than an error of law or judgment;
it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable." State v.
Adams (1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144.
{¶18} Lacey raises two arguments; first, the State failed to disclose the Liberty
Township police report to the defense in violation of Brady and Kyles. Second, trial
counsel was ineffective in failing to discover this police report. Specifically, he asserts
that the defense could have used the information in the police report as impeachment
evidence because the report shows that Robbins lied during direct-examination when the
State asked him if a gun was involved in his robbery conviction. Lacey points to the
following exchange between the State and Robbins:
{¶19} "Q: And you had a robbery conviction?
{¶20} "A: Yes.
{¶21} "Q: And the robbery, did that involve a gun in any way?
{¶22} "A: No shape or form or fashion. It was a robbery of a vehicle."
{¶23} The Liberty Township Police Department incident report Lacey attached to
 -5-

his post-conviction petition states that the police officer encountered Robbins attempting
to break into a vehicle at a residence. Robbins fled and the officer pursued him through
the rear yard and into the woods. The officer grabbed Robbins and a scuffle ensued
during which the officer sustained a gunshot wound to the arm. The State attached the
indictment, guilty plea, and sentencing entry from this incident to its motion for summary
judgment.
{¶24} The State argues that Robbins did not lie on the stand because the
prosecutor's question specifically referred to Robbins's robbery conviction, which did not
involve a weapon. Robbins was not asked about any other offense he was charged with,
including assault on a peace officer, nor about any offense that was later dismissed
pursuant to his plea agreement. Robbins was indicted for robbery with a repeat violent
offender specification, assault on a peace officer, aggravated robbery with a repeat
violent offender specification, and breaking and entering. The aggravated robbery count
provided that Robbins "did knowingly remove or attempt to remove a deadly weapon from
the person of a law enforcement officer, or did knowingly deprive or attempt to deprive a
law enforcement officer of a deadly weapon * * *." Robbins pled guilty to robbery, assault
on a peace officer, and breaking and entering, and the plea agreement provided that the
State would nolle the aggravated robbery count at sentencing.
{¶25} Robbins did lie on the stand when he testified that a gun was not involved.
The police officer's gun was involved in the commission of the robbery; the officer was
shot while Robbins was fleeing from a theft attempt. This evidence could have been used
as impeachment evidence by the defense to undermine Robbins's credibility.
{¶26} We must next resolve whether the State's failure to disclose this evidence
was in violation of Brady and Kyles. In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held "the
suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request
violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." Id. at 87. The Brady rule
controls exculpatory and impeachment evidence. Strickler v. Greene (1999), 527 U.S.
263, 280, 119 S.Ct. 1936. "In determining materiality, the relevant question 'is not
 -6-

whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with
the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial
resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.'" State v. Brown, 186 Ohio App.3d 309, 927
N.E.2d 1133, 2010-Ohio-405, at ¶36, quoting Kyles at 434.
{¶27} "A successful Brady claim requires a three-part showing: (1) that the
evidence in question is favorable; (2) that the state suppressed the relevant evidence,
either purposefully or inadvertently; (3) and that the state's actions resulted in prejudice."
State v. Davis, 5th Dist. No. 2008-CA-16, 2008-Ohio-6841, at ¶53, citing Strickler at 281-
282.
{¶28} In Kyles, the United States Supreme Court held that the prosecutor has "a
duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others acting on the government's
behalf in the case, including the police." Id. at 437. "The Brady obligation thus extends to
information held by state or local agencies involved in the investigation or prosecution at
issue." State v. Sanders (2001), 92 Ohio St.3d 245, 261, 750 N.E.2d 90.
{¶29} Lacey relies on Kyles to argue that the State had a duty to disclose
evidence regarding a gun being involved in Robbins's robbery even though the prosecutor
did not possess this evidence. This case presents a different situation; the incident report
came from the Liberty Township police department in neighboring Trumbull County.
Lacey’s case was based upon events occurring in Youngstown, located in Mahoning
County, and tried in that common pleas court. There is no indication that the prosecutor
knew about the evidence or that the Liberty Township police department was involved in
the investigation or prosecution of this case. Moreover, "Brady and its prodigy do not
'impos[e] a duty on the prosecutor's office to learn of information possessed by other
government agencies that have no involvement in the investigation or prosecution at
issue.'" Goff v. Bagley (C.A.6, 2010), 601 F.3d 445, 476, citing United States v. Morris
(C.A.7, 1996), 80 F.3d 1151, 1169. Lacey attempts to distinguish his case by arguing that
Liberty Township borders Youngstown and it would involve very little investigation by the
State to discover the police report; but cites to no case law supporting this theory.
{¶30} Furthermore, in cases where the evidence at issue was a matter of public
 -7-

record, Ohio courts have held that Brady did not require the State to disclose the
evidence. See State v. Stoutamire, 11th Dist. No. 2008-T-0108, 2009-Ohio-6228, at ¶37;
State v. Davis, 5th Dist. No. 2008-CA-16, 2008-Ohio-6841, at ¶56-57; State v. Ross, 9th
Dist. No. 23028, 2006-Ohio-4352, at ¶27-28. Moreover, "[e]vidence de hors the record
must be more than evidence which was in existence and available to the defendant at the
time of trial and which could and should have been submitted at trial if the defendant
wished to make use of it." Stoutamire at ¶37, quoting State v. Vinson, 11th Dist. No.
2007-L-088, 2008-Ohio-3059, at ¶37. For example, in Davis, the defendant claimed that
the state withheld impeachment evidence regarding a prosecution witness's probation
violation. Id. at ¶49. The Fifth District held that "[a] Brady violation did not occur in the
case at bar because the records concerning Hummel's charges and probation violation
were publicly available and appellant could have obtained access to them." Id. at ¶57.
{¶31} The State argues and Lacey concedes that the police incident report was a
public record. The indictment and guilty plea, which showed that Robbins was originally
indicted for aggravated robbery involving a peace officer's weapon and that charge was
then dismissed, were also publicly available. Like the defendant in Davis, Lacey could
have obtained access to the evidence that a gun was involved in Robbins's robbery.
{¶32} Because the evidence was public record and the State did not have a duty
to discover evidence in the possession of a police department which had no involvement
in the investigation, the State did not suppress the evidence at issue. Therefore, no
Brady violation occurred.
{¶33} Moreover, the evidence was not material. The trial court found that Lacey
"failed to demonstrate in his petition or present any substantive evidence that the
outcome of the trial would have been different if defense counsel would have further
inquired into Mr. Robbins criminal history." The trial court's findings address the
ineffective assistance of counsel claim under Strickland. However, the standards of
materiality in Brady and prejudice in Strickland are similar. Hutchison v. Bell (C.A.6,
2002), 303 F.3d 720, 749, 2002 Fed.App. 0292P. Because the trial court found that
Lacey suffered no prejudice from his counsel failing to cross-examine Robbins further on
 -8-

his criminal history, the trial court similarly found that the evidence was not material.
{¶34} Even though defense counsel did not impeach Robbins regarding his lie
about the gun involved in the robbery, Robbins's credibility had already been questioned.
Robbins testified on direct examination that he had several felony convictions and
admitted that he had a history of drug abuse. Defense counsel extensively cross-
examined Robbins about inconsistencies in his testimony, including that he did not tell the
detective investigating the case about the agreement to exchange the vehicle for drugs.
Moreover, Robbins's lie involved a matter from his past that was not directly related to the
shooting or to the question of whether Lacey was the individual who shot Robbins.
{¶35} Lacey is correct that his conviction was based solely on Robbins's
testimony, which makes the question of the evidence's materiality a closer issue.
However, considering that Robbins's credibility had already been attacked and his lie
concerned a secondary matter, the evidence from the police report would not reasonably
undermine confidence in the verdict. Accordingly, the State's failure to disclose the police
report did not violate Brady.
{¶36} Lacey next argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance,
which the State argues Lacey has waived since he failed to raise this issue before the trial
court. Although Lacey did not raise this claim in his original petition, in response to the
State’s motion for summary judgment, Lacey opposed the motion, and sought leave to
plead ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court never ruled on this motion but
addressed the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in its judgment entry. The
Second District held that in post-conviction proceedings, "a motion for summary judgment
that the state files is not a responsive pleading that cuts off a petitioner's right to amend
his petition pursuant to Civ.R. 15(A) and R.C. 2953.21(F)." State v. Wilkins (1998), 127
Ohio App.3d 306, 311, 712 N.E.2d 1255. Therefore, Lacey had the right to amend his
pleadings as a matter of course and did not need to seek leave to amend. Thus, Lacey is
not barred from arguing ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal, especially since the
trial court did address the issue.
{¶37} To prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the appellant must
 -9-

satisfy a two-pronged test. First, the appellant must establish that counsel's performance
fell below an objective standard of reasonable representation. Strickland v. Washington
(1984), 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674; State v. Bradley (1989), 42
Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373, paragraph two of the syllabus. Second, the appellant
must demonstrate that he was prejudiced by counsel's performance. Id. To show that he
has been prejudiced by counsel's deficient performance, the appellant must prove that,
but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Bradley
at paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶38} The appellant bears the burden of proving counsel's alleged ineffectiveness,
since the law of Ohio presumes that a licensed attorney is competent. State v. Calhoun
(1999), 86 Ohio St.3d 279, 289, 714 N.E.2d 905. If an appellant cannot show how
counsel's errors undermined the reliability of the court's decision, there is no basis for
finding that appellant's right to counsel had been violated. State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio
St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d 1032, at ¶109; Strickland at 693.
{¶39} Lacey specifically argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
discover the police report. He asserts that this was a public record, and his counsel failed
to fully investigate Robbins's criminal record in order to make an informed decision
whether to introduce evidence.
{¶40} "It is axiomatic that effective representation of a client carries with it a
burden to investigate. ' * * * [C]ounsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to
make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary. In any
ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for
reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel's judgments.'" State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 146, 538 N.E.2d 373,
citing Strickland at 691.
{¶41} Lacey has presented no evidence regarding whether his trial counsel
investigated Robbins's criminal record. The burden of proof lies with Lacey, and an
appellate court will not infer failure to investigate from a silent record. See State v.
Murphy (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 542, 747 N.E.2d 765. Lacey attached the police
 - 10 -

report to his petition to show that Robbins's robbery did involve a gun; but this is not
evidence of whether or not trial counsel was aware of the police report. Simply because
counsel did not cross-examine Robbins on this discrepancy does not mean that counsel
did not fully investigate or was not aware of the police report. Counsel cross-examined
Robbins extensively during the trial on inconsistencies in his testimony, and the choice to
challenge Robbins's credibility through other means than the police report could have
been trial strategy. Furthermore, even if Lacey's counsel was deficient in failing to
discover the police report, Lacey cannot shown he was prejudiced; this evidence was not
material.
{¶42} Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Lacey's post-
conviction petition. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
{¶43} In sum, Lacey's arguments are meritless. No Brady violation occurred
because the evidence was not material and the State had no duty to learn of evidence in
the possession of another government agency not involved in the case. Lacey failed to
support his allegation that trial counsel failed to investigate and discover the police report,
or that he suffered prejudice; therefore, his ineffective assistance claim is meritless.
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Waite, P.J., concurs in judgment only.
Vukovich, J., concurs.