[Cite as State v. Hohvart, 2011-Ohio-3372.]
STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
SEVENTH DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO ) CASE NO. 10 MA 31
)
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE )
)
VS. ) OPINION
)
JOHN HOHVART )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT )
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Criminal Appeal from the Court of
Common Pleas of Mahoning County,
Ohio
Case No. 04 CR 1381
JUDGMENT: Affirmed.
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: Atty. Paul J. Gains
Mahoning County Prosecutor
Atty. Ralph M. Rivera
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
21 West Boardman Street, 6th Floor
Youngstown, Ohio 44503
For Defendant-Appellant: Atty. Timothy Young
Ohio Public Defender
Atty. Stephen P. Hardwick
Assistant State Public Defender
Office of the Ohio Public Defender
250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400
Columbus, Ohio 43215
JUDGES:
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
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Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Dated: June 30, 2011
WAITE, P.J.
{1} Appellant John Hohvart appeals the maximum consecutive felony
sentences imposed on him by the Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas. He
claims that the trial court was required to make certain findings set forth in R.C.
2929.14 before it could properly impose maximum consecutive sentences. Appellant
acknowledges that the Supreme Court of Ohio found certain sentencing provisions
unconstitutional and severed them from the Ohio Revised Code in State v. Foster,
109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470. Appellant contends that the
portion of the Foster opinion dealing with consecutive sentences has been overruled
by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Oregon v. Ice (2009), 555 U.S.
160, 129 S.Ct. 711, 172 L.Ed.2d 517, and that R.C. 2929.14(E) has been revived as
a result. However, the Supreme Court of Ohio expressly rejected this argument in its
recent decision, State v. Hodge, 128 Ohio St. 3d 1, 2010-Ohio-6320, 941 N.E.2d
768. Appellant also contends that Foster violates the Ex Post Facto clause of the
United States and Ohio constitutions. The argument raised by Appellant was
considered and rejected in State v. Elmore, 122 Ohio St.3d 472, 2009-Ohio-3478,
912 N.E.2d 582. Thus, Appellant’s arguments have no merit and the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
Case Background
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{2} On October 3, 2004, Appellant was in a relationship with Jennifer
Whaley while he was separated from his wife. On that day, Whaley and Appellant
drove to a fast food restaurant to purchase food. There was a problem with the food
order and the two of them started arguing. According to Whaley, Hohvart locked her
in the car, began hitting her head against the inside of the vehicle, and hit her nose
with his elbow.
{3} Eventually, Appellant’s car ran out of fuel and Whaley escaped from the
vehicle. A passing motorist saw her and drove her to a nearby gas station. There,
she contacted authorities and was taken for medical treatment. Whaley's nose was
broken and required reconstructive surgery, two of her teeth were knocked loose,
and a cheekbone was fractured. Police seized Hohvart's car and, after obtaining a
warrant, tested blood in the car which was found to be consistent with Whaley's DNA.
{4} Hohvart was indicted on November 18, 2004, on felonious assault, a
second degree felony under R.C. 2903.11, and abduction, a third degree felony
under R.C. 2905.02. The case went to jury trial. Hohvart was convicted on both
counts and the trial court sentenced him to maximum sentences of eight and five
years, respectively, and ordered that these sentences be served consecutively,
totaling thirteen years of imprisonment. Appellant filed an appeal, and the sentence
was overturned in light of State v. Foster, supra. While the direct appeal was
pending, Appellant filed a motion for postconviction relief, which was denied by the
trial court. That ruling was affirmed on appeal. The case was then set for
resentencing, and on January 22, 2010, the trial court again sentenced Appellant to
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maximum consecutive sentences for a total of thirteen years in prison. The trial court
noted that it considered the purposes and principles of felony sentencing contained in
R.C. 2929.11, and that it balanced the seriousness and recidivism factors found in
R.C. 2929.12. The court did not make any specific findings relating to the imposition
of maximum consecutive sentences. Appellant filed this further appeal on February
11, 2010.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
{5} “The trial court erred by imposing consecutive sentences without
making findings as required by R.C. 2929.14(E). T.p. 24-5, Sentencing Entry, Jan.
22, 2010.”
{6} The argument being made by Appellant was addressed in the recent
Ohio Supreme Court case, State v. Hodge, which reaffirmed and clarified holdings in
State v. Foster. Appellant contends that, prior to the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision
in State v. Foster, a trial court could not impose consecutive sentences without first
making a number of factual findings, such as whether the sentence was necessary to
protect the public from future crime, to punish the offender, or that consecutive
sentences were not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender's conduct.
Appellant is correct. Foster invalidated those prior statutory provisions and held that
the judicial fact-finding requirements violated the constitutional Sixth Amendment
right to trial by jury because a jury, rather than a trial judge, was required to make all
findings essential to punishment. Foster declared a number of statutory provisions
requiring judicial fact-finding to be unconstitutional and severed them from the felony
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sentencing code. One of the severed statutes was R.C. 2929.14(E)(4) dealing with
consecutive sentences. The Foster opinion announced that sentencing courts would
now have full discretion to fashion sentences and run them consecutively and would
not be required to make judicial findings of fact. Foster itself was based on a number
of United States Supreme Court opinions that came to the same conclusion with
respect to a variety of federal and state sentencing requirements. Blakely v.
Washington (2004), 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403; Apprendi v.
New Jersey (2000), 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435; Ring v. Arizona
(2002), 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556; United States v. Booker
(2005), 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621.
{7} After Foster, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified that trial courts, while no
longer having the statutory authority to impose consecutive sentences, still retained
the common law authority to make the determination as to whether sentences should
be carried out concurrently or consecutively. State v. Bates, 118 Ohio St.3d 174,
2008-Ohio-1983, ¶18. “Foster [does] not prevent the trial court from imposing
consecutive sentences; it merely took away a judge's duty to make findings before
doing so.” State v. Elmore, 122 Ohio St.3d 472, 2009-Ohio-3478, ¶35.
{8} Appellant asserts, though, that the holding in Foster with respect to
consecutive sentences is no longer valid law due to a subsequent ruling of the United
States Supreme Court in Oregon v. Ice. In Ice, the United States Supreme Court
examined whether the Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury was infringed by
mandatory judicial fact-finding specifically relating to consecutive sentences. Ice
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upheld the constitutional validity of an Oregon statute similar to Ohio's pre-Foster
sentencing statutes that required Oregon's trial judges to make factual findings prior
to imposing consecutive sentences. Appellant contends that the Foster opinion was
based on United States Supreme Court precedent regarding the Sixth Amendment
right to trial by jury, and that the Ice opinion invalidates part of the holding in Foster.
Appellant argues that there was no need to sever the Ohio statutes requiring judicial
fact-finding with respect to consecutive sentences. Since those statutes are no
longer unconstitutional, Appellant contends that they have been revived because of
the Ice decision and, thus, are still binding on trial courts. The trial court in this case
did not make any specific findings prior to imposing consecutive sentences.
According to Appellant’s logic, his sentence is invalid and should be vacated.
{9} Subsequent to the filing of this appeal, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled
on the specific issue being raised here. State v. Hodge held as follows: “The United
States Supreme Court's decision in Oregon v. Ice (2009), 555 U.S. 160, 129 S.Ct.
711, 172 L.Ed.2d 517, does not revive Ohio's former consecutive-sentencing
statutory provisions, R.C. 2929.14(E)(4) and 2929.41(A), which were held
unconstitutional in State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d
470.” Hodge at paragraph two of the syllabus. The Ohio Supreme Court further held
that “[t]rial court judges are not obligated to engage in judicial fact-finding prior to
imposing consecutive sentences unless the General Assembly enacts new legislation
requiring that findings be made.” Id., paragraph three of the syllabus. Therefore,
despite the decision in Ice, defendants who were given consecutive sentences
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unaccompanied by specific judicial fact-finding are not entitled to resentencing. Id. at
¶5.
{10} Hodge did acknowledge that the Ice holding undermined the reasoning
in Foster: “After Ice, it is now settled law that Apprendi and Blakely do not control the
resolution of this issue and that the jury-trial guarantee of the Sixth Amendment to the
United States Constitution does not preclude states from requiring trial court judges
to engage in judicial fact-finding prior to imposing consecutive sentences.” Id. at ¶19.
“Had we the benefit of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Ice regarding
Oregon's consecutive-sentencing statutes prior to our decision in Foster, we likely
would have ruled differently * * *.” Id. at ¶20. Nevertheless, Ice did not require
judicial fact-finding in order for consecutive sentences to be imposed. The Ice
decision merely allows state court judges to engage in judicial fact-finding without
violating the constitution with respect to consecutive sentences. We must also note
that Foster completely excised the judicial fact-finding statutes from the Ohio Revised
Code. Even if those statutes were never formally repealed by the legislature, they
remain excised until positive action is taken by the General Assembly indicating its
intent and desire to reestablish the statute. Id. at ¶27. Pursuant to Hodge, there is
no automatic revival of statutes that have been declared unconstitutional. Id. at ¶30.
{11} Appellant contends that amendments to Ohio’s felony sentencing
statutes that occurred after the Ice opinion was released contain the formerly excised
fact-finding provisions, and that these reenactments should be interpreted as
legislative intent to fully revive R.C. 2929.14(E)(4). Hodge did not deal with this issue
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directly since the sentencing statute at issue in Hodge was enacted prior to Ice. The
Hodge opinion, though, does explain that the legislature must clearly and
unequivocally reestablish those provisions that were formerly declared
unconstitutional. The mere act of reprinting statutory sections, as part of
amendments to other aspects of the felony sentencing law, does not constitute clear
direction from the legislature: “We are unable to say that the General Assembly
would intend the consecutive-sentencing provisions to be resurrected when the other
judicial fact-finding provisions, which supported the overall sentencing framework,
remain constitutionally invalid and excised. It would be speculative to assume that
the General Assembly would wish to reinstate only the consecutive-sentencing
provisions when the other provisions struck down in Foster may not be reinstated
also.” Id. at ¶27. The Hodge Court also reasoned that: “the General Assembly has
never had a particular incentive to repeal statutes that we have held unconstitutional,
which further supports our reluctance to assume that the General Assembly would
intend the consecutive-sentencing statutes to be reinstated, in the absence of any
affirmative indications to that effect from that body.” Id. at ¶28. Thus, the
legislature’s ministerial act of copying previously enacted legislation as part of
amendments to valid statutes does not reflect a clear intent to revive a previously
invalidated statute. Appellant’s argument is unpersuasive and his first assignment of
error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2
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{12} “The trial court erred by imposing non-minimum and maximum
sentences based on elements not found by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, in
violation of his rights under the Due Process and Ex Post Facto Clauses of the
United States Constitution. U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl 1; U.S. Const. amend. V and
XIV; Miller v. Florida (1987), 482 U.S. 423; Bouie v. City of Columbia (1964), 378
U.S. 347, 354.”
{13} Appellant also argues that it is improper to retroactively apply the
holding of State v. Foster to pending criminal cases because this would violate the
Due Process and Ex Post Facto Clauses of the United States Constitution. As stated
above, Foster corrected a problem with Ohio’s felony sentencing statutes regarding
the right to trial by jury. Foster rendered certain aspects of the felony sentencing
statutes unconstitutional because they required the trial judge, rather than a jury, to
determine certain facts essential to imposing sentences that were more severe than
the minimum sentences prescribed for any given felony. Foster declared as
unconstitutional R.C. 2929.14(C), which allowed judges to impose the longest prison
term for an offense only after making a variety of required findings. As a result of
Foster, sentencing judges are now allowed broad discretion in imposing any
sentence within the statutory range of sentences permitted for any given crime, which
includes the discretion to impose a maximum prison term. Foster was ordered to be
applied to all pending criminal cases, including cases pending on direct appeal.
Appellant contends that the remedy created in Foster cannot be applied retroactively
to pending cases such as this, because it would, in essence, create a judicial
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enlargement of a criminal statute similar to an ex post facto law enacted by the
legislature.
{14} Section 10, Article I of the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o
State shall * * * pass any * * * ex post facto Law.” The Ohio Constitution contains a
similar provision, at Section 28, Article II. Although the prohibition against ex post
facto laws only limits the legislative branch of government, a similar due process
limitation applies to judicial enlargement of legislative acts. State v. Garner (1995),
74 Ohio St.3d 49, 57, 656 N.E.2d 623; Bouie v. Columbia (1964), 378 U.S. 347, 353-
354, 84 S.Ct. 1697, 12 L.Ed.2d 894.
{15} The Ohio Supreme Court, in State v. Elmore, 122 Ohio St.3d 472,
2009-Ohio-3478, 912 N.E.2d 582, considered and resolved this issue; whether
Foster violated the Ex Post Facto clause or constituted a denial of due process. In
Elmore, the Ohio Supreme Court held that resentencing pursuant to Foster for crimes
that were committed before Foster was decided does not violate the Ex Post Facto
and Due Process clauses because a defendant resentenced under Foster is not
subject to any greater potential punishment than existed previously. Id. at ¶18. A
criminal defendant may not be able to raise certain procedural arguments because of
the holdings in Foster, but a procedural change is not an ex post facto violation. Id.
Appellant was subject to potential five-year and eight-year maximum prison terms for
his crimes both before and after Foster. He had notice of the sentencing range when
he committed the crimes and when he was sentenced. He was never subject to an
irrebuttable presumption of minimum or concurrent sentence either before or after
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Foster. Id. at 24. Elmore is accordingly dispositive of the challenges raised in
Appellant’s second assignment of error. Appellant’s second assignment of error is
overruled.
CONCLUSION
{16} Given the clear and comprehensive holdings of the Hodge case, it is
evident that R.C. 2929.14(E)(4) has not been revived and there was no requirement
for the trial court to make specific findings prior to imposing consecutive sentences.
Further, the retroactive application of State v. Foster to cases pending on direct
appeal does not violate the Ex Post Facto clauses of the United States or Ohio
constitutions, and this was confirmed by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Elmore.
Appellant’s two assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the trial court
is affirmed.
Donofrio, J., concurs.
Vukovich, J., concurs.