State v. Roscoe

[Cite as State v. Roscoe, 2013-Ohio-3617.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 99113

STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

ANTHONY ROSCOE
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING

Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-563953

BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and Kilbane, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 22, 2013
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

William J. Day
9100 South Hills Boulevard
Suite 300
Broadview Heights, Ohio 44147

Michael J. Manuszak
2905 Paxton Road
Shaker Heights, Ohio 44120

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Nicole Ellis
Brent C. Kirvel
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Anthony Roscoe appeals his convictions for rape,

kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and having a weapon under disability. He argues that

his convictions are unsupported by sufficient evidence, are against the manifest weight of

the evidence and that the trial court failed to make necessary findings before imposing

consecutive sentences. After a thorough review of the record and the law, we vacate

appellant’s convictions for aggravated robbery under R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), Count 5;

aggravated robbery under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3), Count 6; having a weapon while under

disability and all firearm specifications. We enter judgment of conviction on the lesser

included offense of robbery as defined in R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), under Count 5 of

aggravated robbery and remand with instructions to resentence Roscoe pursuant to R.C.

2911.02(A)(2).

I. Factual and Procedural History

{¶2} In the early morning hours of May 14, 2010, C.B., the victim in this case, was

driving around Cleveland in a quest to buy drugs. She testified that she was sober for

almost three years since moving from Columbus to Cleveland but on that night she was

upset about a fight that she had with her fiancé and she went out drinking with a friend.

After she left the bar, she wanted to find some crack cocaine. Not knowing where to buy

it, she drove around looking for people to sell her drugs. She eventually arrived at a gas

station on Cleveland’s east side and saw three men talking. She approached the men and
asked if they knew where she could get some crack and where she could smoke it. The

two men offered to lead her to a location where she could make her purchase. Two of

the men got into a sedan driven by a third man. Not being familiar with the area, she

followed in her car until they came to a stop near a house on Hilgert Drive, a short

distance from the gas station and where they had parked on the street.

{¶3} C.B. testified that the men with whom she talked at the gas station exited the

car in which they had traveled and attempted to enter hers. She would not allow them

into her vehicle but instead exited her car and followed them up a driveway to the side

door of the house and one of the men rang the doorbell. No one answered after several

minutes and one of the men then turned around and told her to give him her money and

jewelry. The second man, whom she later identified as appellant, pressed something

small, cold and hard against her neck from behind. She assumed it to be a gun and did

not resist as the man in front of her took her money, credit cards, identification, car keys

and jewelry. She pleaded with him to give her back her identification because she was

afraid she would be killed and left unidentified. The man returned her driver’s license to

her and she also pleaded for them not to take her truck. The man who had been in front

of her told her that he would leave her keys at the end of the driveway. While that man

walked away, the man behind her began pulling her toward the backyard of the house,

still pressing the object to her neck. As the two entered a darkened section of the

backyard, she heard her truck drive away. She was then raped vaginally, anally and

orally in the muddy yard. She was afraid she would be murdered, so when appellant
ejaculated into her mouth, she spit the fluid onto her shirt in hopes that DNA evidence

could be used to identify her attacker.

{¶4} Appellant left her in the yard where she lay and she ultimately rose and

stumbled toward light, which was being shined at the driveway.

{¶5} Officer Neil Presta testified that he received instructions to investigate a call

of two people in a backyard of a home on Hilgert Drive. He began driving on Hilgert,

directing the spotlight on his patrol car into the shadows along the street and saw a

woman emerge from the darkness between 10003 and 10007 Hilgert. He said she looked

distraught and was sobbing hysterically. He approached her and she reported to him that

she had been raped.

{¶6} Emergency services transported C.B. to Marymount Hospital where she was

examined by a nurse with specialized sexual assault training. Several biological samples

were collected and the police forwarded these samples to an independent lab, which was

under contract with the state for DNA testing.

{¶7} In August 2011, Detective Robert Ford of the Cleveland Police Department

received a report of a match to the suspect DNA profile from the national DNA database,

CODIS. The suspect DNA profile was matched to that of appellant.

{¶8} Detective Ford arranged a photo array with a blind administrator for C.B.

She picked appellant out of the six-photo lineup as the person who had robbed and

sexually assaulted her on the night of May 14, 2010.
 {¶9} Appellant was indicted on June 27, 2012, on one count of kidnapping with a

sexual motivation specification, three counts of rape, two counts of aggravated robbery

and one count of having a weapon while under disability. These charges, except for the

weapons under disability count, carried one- and three-year firearm specifications. A

bench trial commenced on October 1, 2012.

{¶10} After C.B. and several police and Bureau of Criminal Investigation

witnesses testified, appellant testified in his own defense. He claimed he saw C.B. as he

waited at a bus stop near a gas station at approximately 2:00 a.m. He said she looked

distraught. According to him, she related that she had a fight with her boyfriend and that

she wanted to get back at him by having sex with another man. He offered to oblige this

desire. He attempted to get into her car but she refused to allow him to enter the vehicle.

Appellant testified that he gave her directions to a place on Hilgert, that she drove there,

parked on the street and waited for him to arrive on foot. Once on Hilgert, he led her

into the backyard of a random home and the two engaged in consensual oral sex.

Appellant left when he saw lights shining into the backyard because he was afraid it was

the police and he had an outstanding warrant for his arrest. Appellant claimed he did not

have a gun and that the sex was consensual.

{¶11} The trial court found appellant guilty of all charges: kidnapping with one-

and three-year firearm specifications and a sexual motivation specification; three counts

of rape with one- and three-year firearm specifications; two counts of aggravated robbery
with one- and three-year firearm specifications and having a weapon while under

disability.

{¶12} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court heard statements from the state, the

victim’s representative, appellant, his attorney and appellant’s family. After consulting

with the state, the court merged the charges of kidnaping (Count 1), rape (Count 2) and

aggravated robbery (Count 5) and also merged the firearm specifications for the three

counts of rape (Counts 2, 3 and 4) and the two counts of aggravated robbery (Counts 5

and 6). The court then sentenced Roscoe to eight years in prison for each of the three

counts of rape to run concurrently to each other; five years in prison for each charge of

aggravated robbery to run concurrently to each other and twelve months in prison for the

weapons while under disability charge to run concurrent with the other counts. The court

ordered the sentences for the firearm specifications under Counts 2, 3 and 4 to be served

consecutively to the firearm specifications for Counts 5 and 6 and that the eight-year

sentence for the three counts of rape was to be served consecutively to the five-year term

of imprisonment on the charges of aggravated robbery for a total prison term of 19 years.

The court initially neglected to properly inform appellant of postrelease control, but

remedied the advisement in open court days later.

{¶13} Appellant now appeals, assigning five errors for review:

I. The trial court erred in not granting Appellant’s Rule 29 Motion for
Acquittal and in finding Appellant guilty on all counts on the grounds that
evidence submitted by the State is insufficient for a conviction.

II. The trial court erred finding Appellant guilty on all counts on the
ground that the evidence is insufficient for a conviction.
 III. The trial court erred in not granting Appellant’s Rule 29 Motion for
Acquittal and in finding Appellant guilty on all counts on the ground said
court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

IV. The trial court erred finding Appellant guilty on all counts on the
ground that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

V. The trial court erred in not complying with the three-step analysis under
O.R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) when consecutive sentences imposed were an
integral part of Appellant’s sentence, and further, a consecutive sentence
was not appropriate and an abuse of discretion given the facts and
circumstances in this matter.

II. Law and Analysis

Sufficiency of the Evidence

{¶14} In appellant’s first two assignments of error, he argues that his convictions

for rape, aggravated robbery and having a weapon while under disability are unsupported

by sufficient evidence in the record. He also argues that there was insufficient evidence

that a gun was used during the commission of these crimes and that the gun specifications

cannot stand.

{¶15} This court has set forth a concise statement of its role when reviewing

whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence:

An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence
admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would
convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.
State v. Boyce, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93543, 2010-Ohio-3870, ¶ 13, citing State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541.

Rape

{¶16} R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), rape, prohibits one from engaging “in sexual conduct

with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or

threat of force.” Appellant’s three rape convictions are supported by sufficient evidence.

{¶17} At trial, C.B. testified she was first raped vaginally but appellant was

interrupted when he thought he heard someone nearby. He was about to hop over the

fence but returned and raped her anally. Finally, appellant forced C.B. to engage in oral

sex and he ejaculated into her mouth. C.B. not only identified appellant in a photo array

but also made an in-court identification of him as the perpetrator. Appellant points to the

fact that no semen was found in C.B.’s vaginal or anal cavities during her examination by

the Marymount Hospital sexual assault nurse examiner (“SANE”), Melissa Tichy.

However, C.B. testified that appellant used a condom for all but the oral sex. The SANE

nurse did find semen in C.B.’s underwear, for which appellant could not be excluded as

the donor.1 This is sufficient evidence to support three convictions for rape.

Aggravated Robbery and Serious Physical Harm

1 This sample was a mixture of DNA, and the expert witness could only
testify that appellant’s DNA sample was consistent with the sample obtained from
the underwear. The other samples tested indicated that appellant was the DNA
contributor to a high degree of statistical certainty.
 {¶18} Appellant was convicted of two counts of aggravated robbery, one under

R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and one under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3). This statute provides in part:

No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense * * * shall do any of
the following:

(1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender’s person or under the
offender’s control and either display the weapon, brandish it, indicate that
the offender possesses it, or use it;
***

(3) Inflict, or attempt to inflict, serious physical harm on another.

{¶19} In support of these charges, the state presented the testimony of C.B. She

testified that two men led her to what she described as a condemned house. Once there,

one man demanded her property while appellant held what she perceived to be a gun to

the back of her neck. She parted with her property while pleading for her life and crying.

There is sufficient evidence that C.B. was robbed by these two men. However, there is

no evidence that appellant inflicted or attempted to inflict serious physical harm during

the robbery, as required for a conviction under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3) as charged in Count 6.

{¶20} Serious physical harm is defined in the Revised Code as:

(a) Any mental illness or condition of such gravity as would
normally require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric
treatment;
(b) Any physical harm that carries a substantial risk of death;

(c) Any physical harm that involves some permanent incapacity, whether
partial or total, or that involves some temporary, substantial incapacity;

(d) Any physical harm that involves some permanent disfigurement or that
involves some temporary, serious disfigurement;
 (e) Any physical harm that involves acute pain of such duration as to result
in substantial suffering or that involves any degree of prolonged or
intractable pain.

{¶21} Appellant did inflict serious physical harm when he raped C.B., but not

while she was being robbed. The Ninth District reached a similar conclusion when

dealing with a rape and burglary in Akron, Ohio. State v. Butts, 9th Dist. Summit No.

24517, 2009-Ohio-6430. In that case, a male broke into the room of a female University

of Akron student. She awoke to find a male in her room standing by her computer. He

sexually assaulted her and left. She discovered that he had taken $60 from her wallet

after the police found it on her bedroom floor rather than on the dresser where it had been

left. Butts was convicted of, among other things, aggravated robbery under R.C.

2911.01(A)(3). His aggravated robbery conviction was reversed on appeal. Id. at ¶ 10.

The appellate court found that while Butts did inflict serious physical harm when he held

a pillow over the victim’s face to cease her screams for help, that did not occur during the

robbery. He had already taken the money before she awoke. There was no evidence that

Butts inflicted or attempted to inflict serious physical harm at the time he committed the

theft offense. Id. at ¶ 10.

{¶22} This contrasts with the facts in another Ninth District case where the

robbery and rape occurred contemporaneously. State v. Malone, 15 Ohio App.3d 123,

472 N.E.2d 1122 (9th Dist.1984). There, two young victims were taken behind a garage

by four men. Id. at 123-124. Malone was convicted of rape and aggravated robbery
under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3). He argued there was insufficient evidence of serious physical

harm during the robbery. The Malone court found,

The chronology of events indicates that Malone forcibly carried the victim
to an area hidden from view. He first demanded money from the victim and
then raped her twice. Malone argues that the facts should not be considered
together, but rather separately so that the rapes stand apart from the robbery.
Malone chose the offenses along with when and how he would commit
them. His complaint, therefore, that he completed the robbery and then
proceeded to commit the rapes is without moment. Malone created the
criminal environment which so intertwined the commission of the rapes
with the robbery that one offense did not neatly end before the second
began.
Id. at 125.

{¶23} In the present case, the theft offenses were completed when the second man

departed. The theft offenses were committed when the accomplice took C.B.’s property.

It was after the completion of the theft offense and the departure of the other individual

that C.B. was led into the backyard and raped. These events are not so

contemporaneously intertwined that they cannot be separated as in Malone.

{¶24} Therefore, there is insufficient evidence that appellant inflicted or

attempted to inflict serious physical harm to C.B. during the commission of the robbery.

Appellant’s conviction under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3) must be reversed.

Aggravated Robbery, Weapon Under Disability
and Firearm Specifications

{¶25} Appellant’s convictions included having a weapon while under disability.

R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) states in pertinent part:

No person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm or
dangerous ordnance, if any of the following apply:
 ***

(2) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any felony
offense of violence * * *.

{¶26} Appellant was also convicted of two three-year firearm specifications under

R.C. 2941.145, which imposes an additional three-year prison term when “the offender

had a firearm on or about the offender’s person or under the offender’s control while

committing the offense and displayed the firearm, brandished the firearm, indicated that

the offender possessed the firearm, or used it to facilitate the offense.”

{¶27} As evidence of a prior conviction necessary for R.C. 2923.13, the state

introduced a certified journal entry of appellant’s 2005 conviction for attempted burglary

and appellant does not claim that this is insufficient for a disability under this statute.

The main thrust of appellant’s argument is that he did not, in fact, possess a firearm

during the commission of these crimes.

{¶28} Further, appellant’s aggravated robbery conviction under R.C.

2911.01(A)(1) requires evidence that he used or possessed a deadly weapon while

committing a theft offense. Therefore, all three of these convictions hinge on evidence

that appellant possessed a firearm.

{¶29} A firearm is defined as “any deadly weapon capable of expelling or

propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive or combustible

propellant. ‘Firearm’ includes an unloaded firearm, and any firearm that is inoperable but

that can readily be rendered operable.” R.C. 2923.11(B)(1). Further, when determining

whether a firearm is operable “the trier of fact may rely upon circumstantial evidence,
including, but not limited to, the representations and actions of the individual exercising

control over the firearm.” R.C. 2923.11(B)(2). See also State v. Knight, 2d Dist.

Greene No. 2003 CA 14, 2004-Ohio-1941, ¶ 19 (“both a weapon’s existence and its

operability may be inferred from the facts and circumstances”).

According to the Ohio Supreme Court, a firearm specification can be
proven beyond a reasonable doubt by circumstantial evidence. That
evidence may consist of the testimony of lay witnesses who were in a
position to observe the instrument and the circumstances of the crime.

Furthermore, in [State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 1997-Ohio-52, 678
N.E.2d 541] the Ohio Supreme Court rejected the view that the
circumstantial proof of operability must consist of certain recognized
indicia, such as bullets, the smell of gunpowder, bullet holes, or verbal
threats by the user of the weapon that he or she would shoot the victim.

(Citations omitted.) State v. Nicholson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85977, 2006-Ohio-1569,

¶ 27-28.

{¶30} There exists a litany of Ohio cases that address the proof required to

establish a firearm specification. To establish a firearm specification, the state is

required to prove that the offender possessed a weapon that was capable of firing a

projectile by means of an explosive or combustible propellant and was operable or could

readily have been rendered operable at the time of the offense. State v. Roberts, 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-940509, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 1778 (May 3, 1995). R.C. 2923.11

provides, however, that in determining whether a weapon is capable of expelling a

projectile, the trier of fact may rely upon circumstantial evidence including, but not

limited to, the representations and actions of the individual exercising control over the

weapon.
 {¶31} The body of cases on this issue hold that either the assailant was in

possession of a firearm and made statements of his ability, or intent, to use it to cause

physical harm or that the offender intimated that (s)he possessed it, without brandishing it

and contemporaneously made statements of his/her ability to cause harm with a firearm.

See State v. Jeffers, 143 Ohio App.3d 91, 757 N.E.2d 417 (1st Dist.2001), Jeffers

threatened to “blow [Atkinsons’] head off” if she refused to give him money while

indicating he possessed a firearm by the manner in which he concealed his hand in his

pocket; Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, Thompkins

pointed a gun at the victim and told her he was committing a “holdup” and to be “quick,

quick”; State v. Dixon, 71 Ohio St.3d 608, 1995-Ohio-178, 646 N.E.2d 453, during the

course of a robbery, Dixon patted an object tucked into his waistband that the victim

described as a gun and stated “I don't want to have to use this.” In State v. Haskins, 6th

Dist. Erie No. E-01-016, 2003-Ohio-70, a conviction was upheld where, although no gun

was displayed or found, Haskins stated “are you going to give me the money or do I have

to pull this pistol out of my pocket?”

{¶32} In this case, we have a victim who never saw a firearm during the

commission of the crimes perpetrated against her nor do we have any evidence that

Roscoe made any statements to suggest that he was in a position to harm her with a

handgun as required in State v. Murphy, 49 Ohio St.3d 206, 551 N.E.2d 932 (1990). In

Murphy, although the handgun used during the commission of the crime was never

recovered, Murphy made statements to the victim, while brandishing the weapon, that he
would kill her. The Ohio Supreme Court held then, with respect to operability of the

gun, “proof can be established beyond a reasonable doubt by the testimony of lay

witnesses who were in a position to observe the instrument and the circumstances

surrounding the crime.” Id. at 209.

{¶33} State v. Knight, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2003-CA-14 2004-Ohio-1941, is a

more tenuous case. The Second District upheld a conviction where the defendant, during

a store robbery, demanded that a clerk open the cash register. Although the defendant

did not display, brandish, use or overtly threaten the clerk, she complied with his demand

because she thought the defendant’s right hand “looked like he had a small gun in his

pocket.”

{¶34} In State v. Watkins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84288, 2004-Ohio-6908, this

court, relying on Knight, held that a defendant’s actions and statements may create

enough circumstantial evidence to support a firearm conviction even though the victim

only believes the defendant has a gun. In Watkins, the defendant approached the victim

and stuck an object in his side and said, “you know, what it is.” From these actions, the

victim believed the defendant had a gun and put his hands in the air. The majority

acknowledged in a footnote that the phrase “you know, what it is,” although ambiguous,

could be understood as the defendant identifying the object at the victim's side.

{¶35} We find the instant case easily distinguishable from the aforementioned

cases and analogous to the facts in State v. Evans, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85396,

2005-Ohio-3847. In Evans, the victim testified that the defendant approached her with
his hand in his pocket and she believed he had a gun. With his hand still in his pocket,

he grabbed her purse and said, “come with me.” Based on her belief that he had a gun,

she followed him into the apartment building. The Evans court found the absence of any

evidence that the defendant “threatened the victim with a gun, that the victim felt an

object or saw a shape which could be construed as a gun, that [the defendant] had a gun in

his possession, or that a gun was used in the commission of the crime.” The court

concluded that the victim’s belief that the defendant had a gun in his pocket simply

because he kept his hand in his pocket, without more, was not enough circumstantial

evidence to support the defendant’s conviction. This court concluded that the state did

not satisfy its burden that a gun was in existence or operable at the time of the offense.

{¶36} In this case, we have the testimony of the victim that Roscoe placed a

small, cold, hard object to her neck. Although the victim testified that she believed the

object was a gun, the state provided no other evidence, as required, that this object was, in

fact, a gun. Roscoe never threatened to shoot the victim and the victim never identified

the object pressed against her neck as a gun. The victim’s description of the object as

small, cold and hard could be used to describe countless objects. It is this court’s

conclusion that this belief, without more, does not create sufficient circumstantial

evidence to support Roscoe’s conviction.

{¶37} We find that the state did not satisfy its burden that a gun was in existence

or operable at the time of the offense. Therefore, we vacate Roscoe’s convictions and

sentence for all firearm specifications as well as his conviction and sentence for having a
weapon while under disability and aggravated robbery as defined in R.C. 2911.01(A)(1)

and charged in Count 5 of the indictment.

{¶38} However, this court finds sufficient evidence to convict Roscoe on the

charge of robbery as defined in R.C. 2911.01(A)(2), a lesser included offense of

aggravated robbery as defined in R.C. 2911.01(A)(1).

{¶39} In State v. Evans, 122 Ohio St.3d 381, 2009-Ohio-2974, 911 N.E.2d 889,

the Ohio Supreme Court held as follows:

R.C. 2945.74 provides that a criminal defendant may be found guilty of a
lesser included offense even though the lesser offense was not separately
charged in the indictment. Lesser included offenses need not be separately
charged in an indictment, because when an indictment charges a greater
offense, it ‘necessarily and simultaneously charges the defendant with lesser
included offenses as well.’ Thus, a conviction for a lesser included offense
does not deprive an offender of his constitutional right to presentment or
indictment by the grand jury, because by indicting the offender for the
greater offense, the jury has necessarily considered each of the essential
elements of the lesser offense. (Citations omitted).

{¶40} In Evans, the Ohio Supreme Court determined that robbery, as defined in

R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), is a lesser included offense of aggravated robbery, as defined in R.C.

2911.01(A)(1). Pursuant to R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), robbery is defined as follows, “[n]o

person, in attempting or committing a theft offense or in fleeing immediately after the

attempt or offense, shall *** [i]nflict, attempt to inflict, or threaten to inflict physical

harm on another * * *.”

{¶41} In the present case, there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction on

the charge of robbery as defined above. C.B. testified that the two men led her to a
condemned house and once there, demanded her property while Roscoe held what C.B.

perceived to be a gun to the back of her neck. C.B. parted with her property.

{¶42} Further, there was evidence of physical harm that could have been inflicted

during the robbery. There were scratches on C.B.’s neck, which she testified were

caused by the object held to her neck. This court acknowledges that it is unclear when

these scratches were inflicted — during the rape or the robbery and concludes that even if

the scratches were not inflicted during the robbery, Roscoe’s act in holding an object to

the back of C.B.’s neck in order to coerce her of her property is sufficient evidence of a

threat to inflict physical harm.

{¶43} Thus, there is sufficient evidence to convict Roscoe of the lesser included

offense of robbery, R.C. 2911.02(A)(2). This court enters judgement against Roscoe for

robbery, R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), and remands the case to the trial court with instructions to

resentence Roscoe pursuant to R.C. 2911.02(A)(2). See App.R. 12(B); State v. Waszily,

105 Ohio App.3d 510, 664 N.E.2d 600 (8th Dist.1995) (Nugent, J., dissenting).

B. Manifest Weight

{¶44} In appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error, he claims his

convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because we determined that

Roscoe’s convictions for both counts of aggravated robbery, having a weapon while

under disability and all firearm specifications were not supported by sufficient evidence,

we limit this assigned error to Roscoe’s convictions for kidnapping and rape.
 {¶45} A manifest weight challenge raises a question of fact challenging “whether

the prosecution met its burden of persuasion.” State v. Ponce, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

91329, 2010-Ohio-1741, ¶ 17, quoting State v. Thomas, 70 Ohio St.2d 79, 80, 434 N.E.2d

1356 (1982). In reviewing the entire record, the court must weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether, in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541.

{¶46} Appellant’s manifest weight claims rest on his trial testimony, which

contradicted that of C.B.’s, and her intoxication at the time of the incident. He testified

that he and C.B. engaged in consensual oral sex. It is helpful to compare and contrast the

two versions of events testified to at trial.

{¶47} According to C.B., she was inebriated and decided to drive to an unfamiliar

area to buy drugs after she left a bar at about 1:30 a.m. She testified that she drove

around until she found a neighborhood that looked like one where she would be able to

find someone from whom she could buy drugs. She ended up at a gas station on

Cleveland’s southeast side but testified that she could not remember the name of the gas

station or its precise location. She pulled in and saw a man she considered too

off-putting to approach. She then went to a different gas station and relieved herself

behind the building. She drove back to the first gas station and, at that time, there were

two more men standing near the first man whom she saw earlier. She approached the
men and asked them if they knew where she could buy some crack. One of the men, a

shorter, light-skinned individual, did most of the talking while the other man, later

identified as appellant, remained quiet. C.B. agreed to go with the men to a nearby house

where she could buy and smoke crack. The two men got into a dark sedan already

occupied by a third male who drove the car. She followed the car to a house on Hilgert

where she was robbed and raped.

{¶48} Appellant testified that he was seated at a bus stop around 2:00 a.m. when

he saw a man talking to a female in a Ford Explorer. After the man walked away,

appellant asked him about the female. He was told to see for himself, and he approached

her car to talk. Appellant testified C.B. was upset with her boyfriend and wanted to get

back at him by sleeping with another male. Appellant agreed to engage in sex with C.B.

He attempted to get into C.B.’s car, but she refused him entry. He testified he gave C.B.

directions to a place on Hilgert and she drove there while he walked to that location. He

claimed he got there about three to four minutes later to find C.B. parked on the street.

He took her into a nearby backyard where the two engaged in consensual oral sex.

Appellant then left when he saw someone shining a bright light into the backyard. He

testified he thought it was the police and then ran off.

{¶49} Those bright lights were the police. Cleveland police officer Neil Presta

testified that he responded to a call about people in a backyard. He arrived to find C.B.

stumbling from a yard crying hysterically, muddy, and shaking badly. C.B. told him she
was raped. Appellant also admitted that C.B. had a number of items of jewelry on during

this encounter, but she had no jewelry when she was taken to Marymount Hospital.

{¶50} The trial court found that appellant’s story — that he walked to the location

of the rape after giving C.B. directions to an area with which she was completely

unfamiliar — did not make any sense. The court found C.B.’s testimony both consistent

and credible and appellant’s version of events incredible. This court reaches the same

conclusion.

{¶51} The trial court did not lose its way in convicting appellant of rape and

kidnapping.

C. Findings Necessary for Consecutive Sentences
 {¶52} Finally, appellant argues the trial court failed to make the necessary findings

justifying consecutive sentences. Our analysis of Roscoe’s first and second assignments

of error render this final assignment of error moot. The trial court merged the charge of

kidnapping with the first count of rape and sentenced Roscoe to eight years on each of the

three counts of rape, to be served concurrently. However, this court, as noted above, is

remanding this case to the trial court with instructions to resentencing Roscoe pursuant to

R.C. 2911.02(A)(2).

III. Conclusion

{¶53} Appellant’s convictions for aggravated robbery under both R.C.

2911.01(A)(1) and 2911.01(A)(3), his conviction for having a weapon while under

disability under R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) as well as his convictions for all the indicted firearm

specifications are not supported by the record. However, this court enters judgment

against Roscoe for robbery, R.C. 2911.02(A)(2). Appellant’s remaining convictions are

not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Finally, our analysis above renders

moot Roscoe’s argument concerning consecutive sentencing. This case, however, is

remanded to the trial court with instructions to resentence Roscoe pursuant to R.C.

2911.02(A)(2).

{¶54} Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

It is ordered that appellant and appellee share the costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
 It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s convictions having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCURS;
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., CONCURRING
IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART WITH
SEPARATE OPINION ATTACHED

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN
PART:

{¶55} I agree with the majority’s disposition of appellant’s alleged errors regarding

his rape convictions. I also agree with the majority’s holding that sufficient evidence of

physical harm does not exist to sustain a conviction for aggravated robbery on Count 6.

However, I would treat it the same as the majority does the aggravated robbery conviction

in Count 5 and find appellant guilty of the lesser-included offense of robbery. However,

I must dissent from the majority’s decision on Count 5 and the other convictions and

specifications involving the use of a firearm. In my view, the state offered sufficient

evidence that appellant possessed a firearm during the course of these crimes.
 {¶56} Here, the fact that appellant possessed a firearm can be inferred from C.B.’s

testimony. She testified appellant pressed a small, cold, hard object to her neck

contemporaneously with a demand by an accomplice to relinquish her property. She

testified that appellant pressed the object to her neck, and the other man said, “give me

[your] money.” Although appellant did not say anything to indicate he had a gun, the

co-conspirator’s demand for C.B.’s money that occurred contemporaneously with

appellant’s action of pressing an object to her neck demonstrate that the actions of the two

men created the belief in the victim that appellant possessed a gun. C.B. felt the object

against her skin, and she believed the object was a gun. The two men used the object to

induce a fear in C.B. that she would be killed if she did not surrender her property.

Therefore, the fact that the object was a gun can be inferred from the surrounding

circumstances — C.B.’s belief and appellant’s use of the object.

{¶57} In a similar case where a rape victim never actually saw a firearm used

during the commission of the crime, the Second District determined that circumstantial

evidence, including “a victim’s belief that the weapon is a gun, together with the intent on

the part of the accused to create and use that belief for his own criminal purposes, is

sufficient to prove a firearm specification.” State v. Greathouse, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 21536, 2007-Ohio-2136, ¶ 19. There, a victim was car jacked and kidnapped. The

assailant threatened to shoot and kill the victim as he drove around in her car and

eventually raped her. The victim never saw a firearm, but the assailant was convicted of

aggravated robbery and a firearm specification at trial, and the Second District affirmed.
Id. The Second District relied on the same evidence of inducing a belief that the

assailant possessed a firearm to affirm an aggravated robbery conviction under R.C.

2911.01(A)(1). Id. at ¶ 23.

{¶58} This court also came to the same conclusion when faced with only testimony

as to an object’s use as a firearm. State v. Fulton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96156,

2011-Ohio-4259. There, this court found sufficient evidence to support a firearm

specification where

Gill [a victim] testified that [an accomplice] put what she believed to be a
gun to her back; it was hard, blunt, and burned her back when he pressed it
into her. Gill and Buck [another victim] testified that [the accomplice] said
to Buck, “if you don’t get out of your truck right now, I’m going to shoot
her.” Buck also testified that although he never actually saw the gun, he
saw what looked like the tip of a gun in [the accomplice’s] hand, under his
sleeve.

{¶59} This case is also similar to another involving armed robbery, where this

court upheld a firearm specification where the victim never saw the firearm used. State

v. Watkins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84288, 2004-Ohio-6908. There, Watkins pressed an

object into the victim’s back while stating, “you know, what it is.” This court

determined that the jury could reasonably determine that the phrase indicated what was

being pressed into the victim’s back and that Watkins was attempting to rob the victim.

“[Watkins’s] actions and statements implied that the object in the victim’s side was a gun

and that it would be used if the victim did not cooperate.” Id. at ¶ 23. This is precisely

the situation in the present case.
 {¶60} Here, the statement indicating that appellant possessed a firearm did not

come from appellant, but from his co-conspirator, who stated, “give me [your] money” as

appellant pressed an object to the victim’s neck, which she testified she believed was a

gun. This distinction should not lead to a different result. Courts have no problem

attributing actions of co-conspirators between the conspiring parties in other contexts, but

the majority does not do so here. There is no logic to this distinction. Under the

majority’s view, as long as two people commit armed robbery where one presses an

unseen gun into the victim’s back and the other demands property, an aggravated robbery

conviction will not result. This is not the law. In fact, it makes little sense where

accomplices may be convicted of aggravated robbery where they do nothing. See State v.

Minter, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2009-06-150, 2010-Ohio-594, ¶ 15, fn. 1 (“a defendant

may be convicted of an offense, which includes a firearm specification, where his

codefendant or uncharged accomplice utilized a firearm in the commission of the offense

and the defendant is found to have acted as an accomplice”).

{¶61} Further, the case the majority feels is most similar, State v. Evans, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 85396, 2005-Ohio-3847, specifically lists as appropriate evidence whether

“the victim felt an object or saw a shape which could be construed as a gun * * *.”

(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 54. In that case, there was no evidence that the defendant

possessed a firearm other than the victim’s testimony that the defendant had his hand in

his pocket. That is hardly similar to the present case.
 {¶62} Here, the victim felt an object pressed directly against her skin. She did not

feel it through layers of clothing, as in Watkins. She felt it, and she perceived it as a gun.

It brought about sobbing appeals for mercy during which she pled with appellant and his

accomplice not to kill her. She even asked that her driver’s license be returned to her

because she was afraid she would be killed and left unidentified. Appellant’s actions and

those of his accomplice created the reasonable belief in C.B. that appellant possessed a

gun.

{¶63} This court must “evaluate the evidence of a firearm’s operability by

examining the totality of the circumstances.” State v. McElrath, 114 Ohio App.3d 516,

519, 683 N.E.2d 430 (9th Dist.1996), citing State v. Murphy, 49 Ohio St.3d 206, 208, 551

N.E.2d 932 (1990). “In McElrath, this Court found that in cases where no shots are fired

and the firearm is not recovered, circumstantial evidence, such as the representations and

actions of the gun operator, are of crucial importance.” Fulton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

96156, 2011-Ohio-4259, at ¶ 30. Viewing the totality of the circumstances and imputing

the statements made by the accomplice to appellant, sufficient evidence that appellant

possessed a firearm exists in this record.

{¶64} Accordingly, I would affirm appellant’s aggravated robbery conviction in

Count 5, all the gun specifications, and the conviction for having a weapon while under

disability.