[Cite as Luciano v. NCC Solutions, Inc., 2013-Ohio-497.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 98789
EDWIN LUCIANO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT
vs.
NCC SOLUTIONS, INC., ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-764509
BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, J., Keough, P.J., and McCormack, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 14, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Gregg A. Austin
650 Rockefeller Building
614 Superior Avenue N.W.
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Attorney for NCC Solutions, Inc.
Joseph N. Gross
Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff
200 Public Square
Suite 2300
Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2378
Attorneys for Bureau Workers’ Compensation
Michael DeWine
Ohio Attorney General
By: Brian R. Honen
Jana K. Yenyo
Assistant Attorneys General
20 West Federal St., 3rd Floor
Youngstown, Ohio 44503
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:
{¶1} This cause came to be heard upon the accelerated calendar pursuant to
App.R. 11.1 and Loc.R. 11.1. Plaintiff-appellant, Edwin Luciano, appeals the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas order granting summary judgment in favor of
defendants-appellees, NCC Solutions, Inc. (“NCC”) and the Administrator of the Ohio
Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“Administrator”). For the following reasons, we
affirm.
{¶2} This case arises out of an injury sustained by appellant during a car
accident that occurred on May 6, 2009. The record reflects that on that date, appellant
was employed by NCC as the house manager of Garfield House, a home for
developmentally disabled citizens, located in Garfield Heights. In addition to
appellant’s duties as house manager of Garfield House, his job occasionally required him
to travel to NCC’s headquarters in North Royalton and to conduct business-related
banking at Fifth Third Bank in North Royalton. NCC generally reimburses its
employees for mileage in connection with business-related travel.
{¶3} On the morning of May 6, 2009, appellant’s work day began with a
meeting at NCC headquarters. After the meeting, appellant conducted business-related
banking at Fifth Third Bank in North Royalton. Upon completing his banking duties,
appellant requested, and was permitted by NCC, to take an extended personal lunch
break to visit with his terminally ill father. His personal lunch break included a trip to a
pharmacy and lunch at his father’s residence in Cleveland. Several hours later,
appellant began to drive back to Garfield House where the remainder of his duties would
be conducted. In route to Garfield House from his father’s residence, appellant was
involved in a motor vehicle accident and he sustained an injury to his neck.
{¶4} Appellant submitted a claim for workers’ compensation benefits that was
disallowed. Appellant filed a notice of appeal and complaint against NCC and the
Administrator in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas seeking a determination
that he is entitled to participate in the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“BWC”) fund.
The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and the trial court granted
summary judgment in favor of appellees finding that appellant’s injury did not arise out
of, or occur in, the course of his employment. The trial court found appellant to be a
fixed-situs employee whose accident fell under the province of the coming-and-going
rule. Finding no applicable exceptions to the rule in favor of appellant, the trial court
granted summary judgment in favor of appellees and denied appellant’s cross- motion
for summary judgment.
{¶5} Appellant brings this timely appeal, raising three assignments of error for
review:
Assignment of Error I
The trial court erred in applying the “coming and going” rule to travel that
was assigned as a specific task of employment.
Assignment of Error II
The trial court erred in granting Defendant-Appellee’s [sic] motion for
summary judgment.
Assignment of Error III
The trial court erred by denying Plaintiff-Appellant’s motion for summary
judgment.
{¶6} Because each of appellant’s assignments of error pertain to the trial court’s
application of the law on summary judgment, we address them together.
{¶7} Our review of a trial court’s grant of summary judgment is de novo.
Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 1996-Ohio-336, 671 N.E.2d 241.
Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is appropriate when (1) there is no genuine
issue of material fact, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,
and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse
to the nonmoving party, said party being entitled to have the evidence construed most
strongly in his favor. Horton v. Harwick Chem. Corp., 73 Ohio St.3d 679,
1995-Ohio-286, 653 N.E.2d 1196, paragraph three of the syllabus; Zivich v. Mentor
Soccer Club, 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 1998-Ohio-389, 696 N.E.2d 201. The party moving
for summary judgment bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Dresher v. Burt, 75
Ohio St.3d 280, 1996-Ohio-107, 662 N.E.2d 264.
{¶8} Generally, to be entitled to receive Ohio Workers’ Compensation Fund
payments, one must sustain an injury “received in the course of, and arising out of, the
injured employee’s employment.” R.C. 4123.01(C). “In the course of” refers to the
time, place, and circumstances of the injury, and limits compensation to injuries received
while the employee was engaged in a duty required by the employer. Klamert v.
Cleveland, 186 Ohio App.3d 268, 2010-Ohio-443, 927 N.E.2d 618, ¶ 9 (8th Dist.), citing
Fisher v. Mayfield, 49 Ohio St.3d 275, 551 N.E.2d 1271 (11th Dist.1990). “Arising out
of” requires a causal connection between the injury and the employment. Id., citing
Bowden v. Cleveland Hts.-Univ. Hts. Schools, 8th Dist. No. 89414, 2007-Ohio-6804, ¶
11. Both prongs must be satisfied in order to receive benefits. Id.
{¶9} Appellant argues that the trial court incorrectly applied the coming-
and-going rule to bar his participation in the Workers’ Compensation Fund because on
the morning of May 6, 2009, his job required him to travel from his initial meeting at
NCC headquarters in North Royalton to Garfield House. Although he admits he
undertook a several hour divergence from his work day to run personal errands and have
a lunch with his father, appellant argues that his return trip to Garfield House from lunch
with his father should be treated as work-related job duty travel and the
coming-and-going rule should not apply.
{¶10} The coming-and-going rule “is a tool used to determine whether an injury
suffered by an employee in a traffic accident occurs ‘in the course of’ and ‘arise[s] out
of’ the employment relationship so as to constitute a compensable injury under R.C.
4123.01(C).” Ruckman v. Cubby Drilling, Inc., 81 Ohio St.3d 117, 119,
1998-Ohio-455, 689 N.E.2d 917. “As a general rule, an employee with a fixed place of
employment, who is injured while traveling to or from his place of employment, is not
entitled to participate in the Workers’ Compensation Fund because the requisite causal
connection between the injury and the employment does not exist.” MTD Prods., Inc. v.
Robatin, 61 Ohio St.3d 66, 68, 572 N.E.2d 661 (1991), citing Bralley v. Daugherty, 61
Ohio St.2d 302, 401 N.E.2d 448 (1980). The risk of injury when traveling to and from a
place of employment is not greater than that encountered by the public generally;
therefore, it is not compensable under the workers’ compensation statute. Indus. Comm.
of Ohio v. Baker, 127 Ohio St. 345, 188 N.E. 560 (1933), at paragraph four of the
syllabus.
{¶11} The coming-and-going rule only applies to fixed-situs employees. Ruckman
at 119. In determining whether an employee is a fixed-situs employee and, therefore,
within the coming-and-going rule, the focus is on whether the employee commences his
substantial employment duties only after arriving at a specific and identifiable work
place designated by his employer. Id., citing Indus. Comm. v. Heil, 123 Ohio St. 604,
606-607, 176 N.E. 458 (1931). “The focus remains the same even though the employee
may be reassigned to a different work place monthly, weekly, or even daily. Despite
periodic relocation of job sites, each particular job site may constitute a fixed place of
employment.” Id. at 120.
{¶12} Appellant does not argue that he does not qualify as a fixed-situs employee.
Instead, appellant argues that based on his schedule on the day in question, which
required him to attend a meeting and conduct banking in North Royalton prior to
traveling to Garfield House, his eventual travel to Garfield House following a deviation
from work to conduct personal errands and lunch at his father’s residence should not be
barred by the coming-and-going rule. We cannot agree.
{¶13} Applying the coming-and-going rule, this court has previously held that,
“an employee’s injury is generally not compensable if the employee sustains it while
traveling to or from lunch away from the employer’s premises.” Hill v. Gen. Metal Heat
Treating, 47 Ohio App.3d 72, 73, 547 N.E.2d 405 (8th Dist. 1988), citing Eagle v. Indus.
Comm., 146 Ohio St. 1, 3, 63 N.E.2d 439 (1945). We find Hill to be applicable in the
present instance. Although appellant’s injury may very well have been in the course of,
and arising out of, his employment had it occurred while he was traveling from Fifth
Third Bank in North Royalton to Garfield House, that is simply not what occurred.
Appellant engaged in a purely personal deviation from work beginning south of Garfield
House in North Royalton and taking him north of Garfield House to visit his father
before eventually returning to work. Appellant had completely left the service of his
employer for several hours during this period and was returning to work at a fixed situs
at the time of his injury. The mere fact that he was returning to a different employment
location than the one where he briefly began the day does not change the fact that his
deviation from work for personal reasons took him well outside the course of his
employment and extinguished any protection he might have enjoyed had he been injured
while traveling as a job function.
{¶14} “While the coming-and-going rule works well in most of its applications, a
claimant may avoid its force in the rare circumstance where he can, nevertheless,
demonstrate that he received an injury in the course of and arising out of his
employment.” Ruckman, 81 Ohio St.3d at 120, 1998-Ohio-455, 689 N.E.2d 917.
Appellant argues that “totality of the circumstances” test established by the Ohio
Supreme Court in Lord v. Daugherty, 66 Ohio St.2d 441, 423 N.E.2d 96 (1981), supports
the conclusion that a sufficient causal connection exists between his injury and his
employment to justify his participation in the fund.
{¶15} The “totality of the circumstances” test examines the following facts and
circumstances: “(1) the proximity of the scene of the accident to the place of
employment, (2) the degree of control the employer had over the scene of the accident,
and (3) the benefit the employer received from the injured employee’s presence at the
scene of the accident.” Id. at the syllabus.
{¶16} We do not agree with appellant’s assessment that the Lord factors weigh in
his favor. The accident occurred north of Garfield House as appellant was returning
from his personal leave as opposed to the route appellant would have taken to Garfield
House had he continued with his work day after concluding his banking duties in North
Royalton. NCC had absolutely no control over the scene of appellant’s accident or even
his route in returning from his personal leave. Finally, NCC did not receive any
cognizable benefit from appellant’s presence at the scene of the accident as he was
returning to work from a personal excursion from a location completely unrelated to his
employment.
{¶17} We conclude that the trial court did not err in applying the
coming-and-going rule to the present facts, granting summary judgment in favor of the
appellees and denying appellant’s summary judgment.
{¶18} Appellant’s first, second and third assignments of error are overruled.
{¶19} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said lower court to carry this
judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
TIM McCORMACK, J., CONCUR