[Cite as State v. Hall, 2012-Ohio-266.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 96680
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
LAVERT HALL
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-540908
BEFORE: Cooney, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and Jones, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 26, 2012
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ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Russell S. Bensing
1350 Standard Building
1370 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
By: Oscar E. Albores
Assistant County Prosecutor
8th Floor, Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, J.:
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Lavert Hall (“Hall”), appeals his convictions of
felonious assault and improperly discharging a firearm at a habitation. We find some
merit to the appeal but affirm.
{¶ 2} Hall was indicted on four counts of felonious assault and four counts of
improperly discharging a firearm at a habitation. All charges included one-, three-, and
five-year firearm specifications. The case proceeded to jury trial where the following
evidence was presented.
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{¶ 3} Hall was dating Michelle Flowers (“Michelle”) in the summer of 2010. On
the evening of July 24, 2010, the two had an argument. Witnesses testified that Hall
pushed and beat Michelle.
{¶ 4} The following evening, Michelle’s brother, David Flowers (“David”), was
sitting on the porch of the family home on East 90th Street, when he observed two
vehicles approach the house with guns pointed at him through the vehicle windows. He
heard four gunshots as he ran into the house. David testified that Hall was one of the
gunmen. David immediately called 911, and Anthony, his father, reported that Hall was
one of the shooters.
{¶ 5} Det. Darryl Johnson (“Johnson”) testified that he found five spent casings in
the street and one 9-millimeter casing on the front porch. However, Johnson testified
that there was no physical evidence linking Hall to the crime.
{¶ 6} Michelle testified that about one-half hour after the shooting, Hall called
her and confessed to shooting the house on East 90th Street where her family lived. The
State provided phone records to corroborate her statement that he called her, but there
was no recording of the actual conversation to verify what was said. Michelle’s father,
Anthony Flowers, testified that he was upstairs when the shots were fired and he heard
Hall’s laughter after the shots were fired.
{¶ 7} The defense called the lead detective, Artara Adams (“Adams”). Hall’s
lawyer used the police report to examine Adams over the State’s objection. The State
used the same police report to cross-examine Adams, who admitted that Hall was the only
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named suspect in the report. The State offered the police report as an exhibit over
defense counsel’s objection. The court later allowed the police report to go to the jury
for its deliberation.
{¶ 8} The court granted Hall’s motion to dismiss two of the eight counts pursuant
to Crim.R. 29. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Hall guilty on all remaining
counts, including the one-, three-, and five-year specifications. The court sentenced him
to four years on each of the underlying counts, with the felonious assault counts merging
with the improper discharge counts. The court also merged the one-year firearm
specification with the three-year firearm specification and ran them consecutive to the
underlying offenses and consecutive to the five-year specification for a total sentence of
12 years on each count.
{¶ 9} Hall now appeals, raising two assignments of error.
{¶ 10} In the first assignment of error, Hall argues the trial court violated his due
process rights and abused its discretion when it admitted the police report into evidence in
violation of Evid.R. 803(8). In the second assignment of error, Hall argues the court
violated his Sixth Amendment right of confrontation by admitting the police report, which
contained testimonial statements. Because these assigned error are closely related, we
will discuss them together.
{¶ 11} A trial court has broad discretion in the admission and exclusion of
evidence, and an appellate court must not interfere with that determination “[u]nless the
trial court has clearly abused its discretion.” State v. Apanovitch, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 25,
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514 N.E.2d 394 (1987). An abuse of discretion “‘implies that the court’s attitude is
unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.’” State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23,
2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124, ¶ 19, quoting Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
{¶ 12} Police reports are generally inadmissible hearsay and should not be
submitted to the jury. State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d
229; State v. Ward, 15 Ohio St.3d 355, 358, 474 N.E.2d 300 (1984). Evid.R. 803(8),
which governs hearsay exceptions, provides:
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the
declarant is available as a witness:
Records, reports, statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public
offices or agencies, setting forth (a) the activities of the office or agency, or
(b) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which matters
there was a duty to report, excluding, however, in criminal cases matters
observed by police officers and other law enforcement personnel, unless
offered by defendant, unless the sources of information or other
circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness. (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 13} The admission of the police report allowed the State to introduce hearsay
from witnesses who never appeared at trial. The police report not only allowed the State
to improperly corroborate Michelle’s testimony (where there was no express or implied
charge against her of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive), 1 but also
allowed the State to present hearsay statements that were never subject to
Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(b) permits the admission of a prior consistent statement of a witness if it
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is “offered to rebut an express or implied charge against the declarant of recent fabrication or
improper influence or motive.”
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cross-examination and were potentially more damaging than testimony from live
witnesses.
{¶ 14} For example, on the second page of the report, under the heading “Details
of Offense,” the report stated, “ON 7.24.2010, THE ABOVE MALE TOLD M.
FLOWERS THAT HE WAS GOING TO KILL HER.” Michelle never testified that
Hall threatened her before the shooting incident.
{¶ 15} Further, in the “Original Narrative,” the report stated:
Speaking with the reporting person #1 [David Flowers], stated his sister and
suspect recently had a physical fight, suspect called stated, “I’m going to
shoot up your house,” and hung up the phone.
FURTHER INVEST REVEALS
Suspect called 2130 hours, advising — after the police leave he’s returning
to do more shooting.
{¶ 16} There was no testimony that Hall ever called David Flowers to
communicate his intention to shoot the house either before or after the incident. This
evidence was presented to the jury for the first time during deliberations. As such, Hall
did not have an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses who made those statements.
{¶ 17} Furthermore, the admission of the police report violated Hall’s right to
confront witnesses. In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158
L.Ed.2d 177 (2004), the United States Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause
applies to exclude “testimonial” as opposed to “non-testimonial” evidence. Although the
Crawford court did not define “testimonial,” it discussed three possible definitions of that
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term, which include: (1) ex parte in-court testimony or its functional equivalent, such as
affidavits and prior testimony that the defendant was unable to cross-examine, or pretrial
statements that declarants would reasonably be expected to be used in a prosecution; (2)
extrajudicial statements contained in formal testimonial materials such as depositions,
prior testimony, or confessions; and (3) statements made under circumstances that would
lead an objective witness to believe the statement would be available for use at a later
trial. Id. at 51-52.
{¶ 18} In Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224
(2006), the United States Supreme Court further defined the meaning of the term
“testimonial.” In that case, the court held that the Confrontation Clause applies only to
testimonial hearsay and not to statements made “to enable police assistance to meet an
ongoing emergency.” Id. at 2277. In Davis, the victim had made a 911 emergency call
and, in the course of that call, incriminated the defendant. In affirming the lower court’s
admission of the statements, the Davis court distinguished statements made during an
emergency situation from statements made during the course of an investigation after the
crisis situation has passed. Specifically, the Davis court held:
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police
interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary
purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an
ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances
objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the
primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events
potentially relevant to later prosecution. Id. at 2273-2274.
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{¶ 19} In the case of 911 calls, the Davis Court reasoned, the declarants are
generally “speaking about events as they [are] actually happening * * *.” (Emphasis sic.)
Id. at 2276. 911 callers are typically in the midst of the emergency. Id. Under these
exigent circumstances, the callers are not testifying as witnesses, and their statements do
not qualify as testimonial in nature.
{¶ 20} Further, in Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 1143, 1157, 179
L.Ed.2d 93 (Feb. 28, 2011), a testimonial exception was more discretely defined as
follows:
The existence of an ongoing emergency is relevant to determining the
primary purpose of the interrogation because an emergency focuses the
participants on something other than “prov[ing] past events potentially
relevant to later criminal prosecution.” * * * Davis, 547 U.S., at 822, 126
S.Ct. 2266. Rather, it focuses them on “end[ing] a threatening situation.”
Id. at 832, 126 S.Ct. 2266. Implicit in Davis is the idea that because the
prospect of fabrication in statements given for the primary purpose of
resolving that emergency is presumably significantly diminished, the
Confrontation Clause does not require such statements to be subject to the
crucible of cross-examination. (Footnote omitted.)
{¶ 21} This court has held that although appellate courts generally review
decisions on the admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion, we apply a de novo
standard of review to evidentiary questions raised under the Confrontation Clause. State
v. Worley, 8th Dist. No. 94590, 2011-Ohio-2779, ¶ 11, citing State v. Babb, 8th Dist. No.
86294, 2006-Ohio-2209, ¶ 17; State v. Simuel, 8th Dist. No. 89022, 2008-Ohio-913, ¶ 35;
State v. Steele, 8th Dist. No. 91571, 2009-Ohio-4704, ¶ 18.
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{¶ 22} Here, two police reports were admitted into evidence over defense
counsel’s objection. Both reports contain testimonial statements “that would lead an
objective witness to believe the statement would be available for use at a later trial.”
Crawford at 51-52. The reports contain statements of investigating officers who were
not responding to an emergency and who did not testify at trial. According to one report,
Officers Daniel Baillis, Bryan Curry, and Gerald Bronson investigated the crime in
addition to Artara Adams. The second report identifies additional officers Mark
Bickerstaff, Johnny Harris, and Michelle Wolf as investigating officers. One report
identifies Officer Daniel Baillis as the reporting officer, while the second report identifies
Officer Johnny Harris as the reporting officer. Yet none of these officers testified at trial
except Det. Adams.
{¶ 23} The police reports further indicate that the police were investigating Hall
for crimes of menacing and intimidation of a crime victim or witness. Such statements
are unfairly prejudicial since he was not on trial for these offenses. The admission of the
police reports violated Evid.R. 803(8) and the Confrontation Clause and constituted error.
{¶ 24} However, because the evidence of Hall’s guilt is overwhelming, we find
this error harmless. Although there was no physical evidence linking Hall to the crime,
David Flowers testified that he observed the two vehicles pull up in front of the house,
and Hall held a gun pointed at him. In addition, Anthony Flowers testified that he heard
Hall’s laughter after the shots were fired.
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{¶ 25} David Flowers’s testimony that he saw Hall holding the gun out the vehicle
window, coupled with Anthony’s excited utterance to the 911 dispatcher in which he
identified Hall as one of the shooters, along with Michelle’s testimony regarding Hall’s
calls to her, require our conclusion that the police reports did not contribute to Hall’s
convictions beyond a reasonable doubt.
{¶ 26} Hall’s two assignments of error are overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having
been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court
for execution of sentence.
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A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
______________________________________________
COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, JUDGE
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., CONCURS;
LARRY A. JONES, J., DISSENTS (WITH SEPARATE OPINION ATTACHED).
LARRY A. JONES, J., DISSENTING:
{¶ 27} Respectfully, I dissent. The majority correctly finds that the admission of
police reports in this case violated Evid.R. 803(8) and the Confrontation Clause were
unfairly prejudicial to Hall. Yet the majority overrules the trial court’s error, finding it
“harmless” because the evidence of Hall’s guilt was overwhelming.
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{¶ 28} Error in the admission of evidence in a criminal trial must be considered
prejudicial unless the court can declare, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error was
harmless, and unless there is no reasonable possibility that the evidence may have
contributed to the accused’s conviction. (Emphasis added.) Columbus v. Obasohan,
175 Ohio App.3d 391, 397, 2008-Ohio-797, 887 N.E.2d 385 (10th Dist.), citing State v.
Bayless, 48 Ohio St.2d 73, 106, 357 N.E.2d 1035 (1976), vacated in part on other
grounds, 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3135, 57 L.Ed.2d 1155 (1978). As to constitutional
errors, not all errors are prejudicial. We may decline to notice a constitutional error if
the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Love, 4th Dist. No. 05CA2838,
2006-Ohio-1824, 2006 WL 933360, ¶ 34, citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24,
87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967).
Whether a Sixth Amendment error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
is not simply an inquiry into the sufficiency of the remaining evidence.
Instead, the question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the
evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction. State v.
Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 228, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, citing
Chapman at 24.
{¶ 29} “‘“When a claim of harmless error is raised, the appellate court must read
the record and decide the probable impact of the error on the minds of the average
juror.”’” Obasohan at 397, quoting State v. Auld, 4th Dist. No. 2006-CAC-120091,
2007-Ohio-3508, 2007 WL 1977748, quoting State v. Young, 5 Ohio St.3d 221, 226, 450
N.E.2d 1143 (1983).
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{¶ 30} Thus, we must consider whether the improper admission of the police
reports could have contributed to Hall’s convictions, not just whether there was
overwhelming evidence of his guilt. Because the police reports were admitted into
evidence, the jury improperly heard for the first time during deliberations that: (1) Hall
called the victims immediately after the shooting and threatened to return to do more
shooting; (2) Det. Adams contacted the victims after the shooting and informed them that
Hall had been arrested and jailed for another crime; (3) Michelle had an active restraining
order against Hall; and (4) Hall called the victims a second time after the shooting, spoke
with a police officer and claimed he did not shoot up the house and the victims had
threatened him.
{¶ 31} Based on these facts, I cannot conclude that the information in the police
reports did not contribute to Hall’s conviction. Not only did the jury learn that Michelle
had a restraining order against Hall, but also that Hall had been arrested and jailed for
another crime. Simply put, the admission of the police reports allowed the state to
improperly bolster its witnesses’ testimony without giving Hall the benefit of
cross-examination.
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{¶ 32} Although there was eyewitness testimony that Hall was the shooter, there
was no physical evidence linking Hall to the crime. Moreover, I am reminded that we
must not only consider whether there was other evidence by which Hall could be
convicted of the charged crimes, but whether there is a reasonable possibility that the
police reports improperly admitted into evidence contributed to his conviction. I would
find that the standard has been met and sustain the assignments of error.