In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
DELIVERMED HOLDINGS, LLC, et al.,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
v.
MICHAEL SCHALTENBRAND, JOEY SIDDLE, and MEDICATE
PHARMACY, INC.,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Illinois.
Nos. 3:10‐cv‐684 & 3:10‐cv‐685 — J. Phil Gilbert, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MAY 28, 2013 — DECIDED OCTOBER 7, 2013
____________________
Before EASTERBROOK, WILLIAMS, and HAMILTON, Circuit
Judges.
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Mark Swift, Michael Schal‐
tenbrand, and Joey Siddle entered into an informal partner‐
ship arrangement in which they agreed to operate a mail‐
order pharmacy and to divide any profits they earned
among themselves according to agreed‐upon percentages.
Over the next four years, the partners used this lack of struc‐
2 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
ture to conceal their efforts to enrich themselves at the ex‐
pense of their business. When the partners had a fundamen‐
tal disagreement over the direction of their venture, one
partner, Swift, caused two lawsuits to be filed against his
other partners, Schaltenbrand and Siddle. The cases were
consolidated and over the next two‐and‐a‐half years, lawyers
for the partners racked up attorneys’ fees attempting to sort
out the precise parameters of the oral agreement among the
partners. Ultimately, the district court listened to fourteen
days of testimony before ruling against Swift on most of his
claims.
Swift and his allies (whom he paid to file suit against his
partners) now appeal the trial court’s ruling. They contend
that the district court erred in issuing a declaratory judg‐
ment invalidating a copyright registration that Swift’s mar‐
keting company, DeliverMed Holdings, LLC, obtained for a
logo used by the partnership. We must agree with Swift on
this issue. We have no problem with the district court’s find‐
ing that Swift misrepresented a material fact in DeliverMed’s
application to register a copyright in the logo. But the district
court erred in invalidating DeliverMed’s copyright registra‐
tion without first consulting the Register of Copyrights as to
the significance of the inaccurate information Swift know‐
ingly provided. Because the Copyright Act requires courts to
perform this curious procedure before invalidating a regis‐
tration because of a fraud on the Copyright Office, we re‐
verse this part of the court’s judgment and remand for fur‐
ther proceedings.
We affirm the remainder of the district court’s judgment.
We are not persuaded by DeliverMed’s challenge to the dis‐
trict court’s award of attorneys’ fees to Schaltenbrand and
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 3
Siddle for their successful defense of DeliverMed’s copyright
infringement claim. Infringement defendants are presump‐
tively entitled to such fees and Swift’s deliberate efforts to
deceive the Copyright Office serve only to solidify the case
for the court’s award. Furthermore, we will not overturn the
district court’s finding that Swift failed to prove Schal‐
tenbrand and Siddle breached their obligation to provide
him with a share of the partnership’s profits. Although Swift
maintains that he was entitled to more than the over $1 mil‐
lion he received in distributions from an unprofitable ven‐
ture, he has not provided any reliable basis to show a defi‐
ciency between what he received and what he was owed.
Finally, Swift raises a number of fraud claims on appeal but
he waived them by declining to include them in the final
pretrial order in this case.
I. BACKGROUND
Mark Swift had an idea. Swift’s marketing firm, Deliv‐
erMed Holdings LLC, specialized in helping pharmacies at‐
tract new customers for their mail‐order pharmacy services.
With the marketing skills he used to help DeliverMed’s cli‐
ents, Swift believed he could create his own successful mail‐
order pharmacy business. But Swift could not do this alone.
He needed a partner, a pharmacy that would service the cus‐
tomers that he identified and solicited. This joint venture
would then, Swift hoped, secure a lucrative contract with the
State of Illinois to provide mail‐order pharmacy services to
Medicaid patients.
Swift eventually found a pharmacy willing to partner
with him. In spring 2005, Swift got in touch with an ac‐
quaintance of his named Joey Siddle. Siddle told Swift that
Siddle’s boss, Michael Schaltenbrand, was interested in a
4 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
business relationship. Schaltenbrand was the president and
owner of Medicate Pharmacy, Inc., a retail pharmacy com‐
pany with two Southern Illinois locations. In discussions
with Schaltenbrand, Swift outlined his vision for Medicate
and DeliverMed. Essentially, Swift suggested that Medicate
would deliver mail‐order services to customers that Deliv‐
erMed found using various marketing strategies.
In July 2005, Swift, Schaltenbrand, and Siddle entered in‐
to an oral general partnership agreement creating a joint
venture along the lines Swift proposed. The partnership had
a specific purpose: to develop a list of mail‐order pharmacy
customers, provide services to those customers, divide the
profits from that business, and eventually sell the book of
customers to another pharmacy. The partners agreed to use
income from the business to reimburse DeliverMed and
Medicate for any costs resulting from pursuing the partner‐
ship’s business. Any remaining profits were to be split
among the partners according to agreed‐upon percentages.
The partnership enjoyed early success as its partners
worked together for the good of their new venture. Just as
Swift hoped, the partnership secured a contract with the
State of Illinois to provide mail‐order services to Medicaid
patients. With Swift’s consent, Medicate began using the De‐
liverMed name to identify the mail‐order services that the
pharmacy provided to Illinois Medicaid patients and other
customers on behalf of the partnership.
Soon after the partnership started gaining steam, howev‐
er, the partners began exploiting their informal arrangement
for personal gain. Swift, Siddle, and Schaltenbrand repeated‐
ly requested (and received) profit distributions that far ex‐
ceeded the amounts to which they were entitled under the
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 5
agreement. Despite the fact that the partnership was a mon‐
ey‐losing enterprise, the partners continually found the
funds for distributions. For example, evidence presented to
the district court indicated that, from 2005 to 2009, the part‐
nership operated at a net loss of over $400,000. During this
same period, however, Swift, Schaltenbrand, and Siddle re‐
ceived nearly $4 million in combined distributions. Swift
even persuaded Schaltenbrand to take out loans to facilitate
these unjustified payments to the partners. For his part,
Swift concealed his excessive demands (which he knew had
no basis in the actual profitability of the partnership) by
commingling them with DeliverMed’s requests for cost re‐
imbursements. Swift and Schaltenbrand each became aware
of the other’s excessive distributions, but neither of them
cared. So long as each partner was able to obtain his own un‐
justified share of partnership funds, no one made a fuss.
In between raids of partnership coffers, the partners oc‐
casionally found time to tend to their mail‐order pharmacy
business. In 2008, Swift decided that the partnership needed
a logo to market its services. Swift retained an advertising
company, Deeter Associates, for help in designing the logo.
After discussing the matter with Swift, Linda Deeter, the Ex‐
ecutive Vice President of Deeter Associates, asked an inde‐
pendent graphic designer, Allan Kovin, to design the logo.
Deeter entered into an oral agreement with Kovin to design
the logo as an independent contractor. The agreement did
not contemplate a transfer of copyright in the logo to Swift,
DeliverMed, or the partnership. Although Swift and Linda
Deeter provided some direction and ideas as to the logo de‐
sign, Kovin was the sole creator of the DeliverMed logo, a
graphic depiction of a house and a pestle. Beginning in
summer 2008, Medicate began using the house and pestle
6 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
logo to identify the mail‐order services it provided on behalf
of the partnership.
After an intra‐partnership dispute over the direction of
the business, relations among the partners reached a break‐
ing point in summer 2009. A split formed within the partner‐
ship: DeliverMed and Swift had one plan for the joint ven‐
ture while Medicate, Schaltenbrand, and Siddle had another.
The two sides attempted to resolve their differences but were
unsuccessful.
Anticipating the partnership’s demise, Swift began taking
steps to secure a resolution that was favorable to his inter‐
ests. On September 1, 2009, Swift’s attorney sent a letter to
Schaltenbrand indicating that Swift was amenable to a pur‐
ported request from Schaltenbrand to dissolve the partner‐
ship. When Schaltenbrand and Siddle declined to initiate
dissolution proceedings in response to the letter, Swift set
out to destroy the partnership’s mail‐order operation and
force his partners to the bargaining table. For example, Swift
diverted incoming customer calls away from the partner‐
ship’s phone lines. At Swift’s direction, callers were connect‐
ed either to Swift’s personal cell phone or to a rival mail‐
order pharmacy. Swift later jeopardized the partnership’s fi‐
nancing by falsely informing its lender that he and Deliv‐
erMed had initiated involuntary bankruptcy proceedings
against Medicate. In addition, Swift also arranged for the
partnership’s customers to be contacted and encouraged to
fill their prescriptions with other pharmacies.
On February 2, 2010, Swift filed suit against Schal‐
tenbrand, Siddle, and Medicate (collectively, “Defendants”),
asserting a litany of federal and state‐law claims (“Swift Ac‐
tion”). Among other claims, Swift alleged that his partners
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 7
breached the partnership agreement by failing to provide
Swift with the share of the partnership’s profits to which he
was entitled. A month later, DeliverMed, Deeter Associates,
and Linda Deeter (collectively, “DeliverMed Plaintiffs”) filed
suit against Defendants asserting several trademark in‐
fringement claims arising out of Medicate’s use of the Deliv‐
erMed name and the “house and pestle” logo (“DeliverMed
Action”). The DeliverMed Plaintiffs filed suit at Swift’s be‐
hest—Deeter Associates and Linda Deeter signed a contract
with Swift in which they agreed to file suit in exchange for a
cash payment and reimbursement of litigation expenses.
Sometime after causing the DeliverMed Action to be
filed, Swift attempted to enlist the help of the United States
Copyright Office in this dispute. On April 1, 2011, Deliv‐
erMed, at Swift’s direction, submitted an application to reg‐
ister a copyright in the “house and pestle” logo used by the
partnership. The application stated that Linda Deeter was
the author of the logo and that she transferred her copyright
to DeliverMed by written agreement. But Swift knew that no
such agreement existed at the time he filed the application.
Although Linda Deeter did sign a transfer of ownership
agreement, she only did so on April 8, 2011, a week after
Swift filed DeliverMed’s registration application. The Copy‐
right Office issued a certificate of registration in the logo list‐
ing DeliverMed as the copyright owner by virtue of a writ‐
ten transfer. Soon after, DeliverMed amended its complaint
to add a claim for copyright infringement. In response, De‐
fendants filed a counterclaim seeking a declaratory judg‐
ment invalidating DeliverMed’s copyright registration.
After conducting a fourteen‐day bench trial of the consol‐
idated cases, the district court issued a 64‐page recitation of
8 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
its findings of fact and conclusions of law. In the DeliverMed
Action, the court found against the DeliverMed Plaintiffs on
all causes of action, including their claim for copyright in‐
fringement. With respect to the copyright action, the court
concluded that DeliverMed, Linda Deeter, and Deeter Asso‐
ciates had not shown that they owned a copyright in the
logo. Without this showing, the court ruled they could not
maintain a suit for infringement as a matter of law. Alterna‐
tively, the court found that the actual owner of the copyright,
graphic designer Kovin, had transferred a nonexclusive li‐
cense to Defendants to use the logo in connection with
providing mail‐order pharmacy services on behalf of the
partnership.
The district court also awarded Defendants a declaratory
judgment invalidating DeliverMed’s copyright registration
for the logo. In invalidating the logo registration, the court
relied upon its factual findings that Swift made knowing
material misrepresentations in DeliverMed’s registration ap‐
plication to the Copyright Office. The court further ordered
DeliverMed to pay Defendants’ attorneys’ fees that they in‐
curred in litigating the copyright infringement claim.
In the Swift Action, the court ruled against Swift on most
of his claims. With respect to Swift’s breach of contract claim
related to his profit distributions, the court concluded that
Swift failed to satisfy his burden of proof regarding “the
magnitude of any profits the [partnership] had, the distribu‐
tions made to Swift … or the insufficiency of those distribu‐
tions when compared to those promised in the [] partnership
agreement.” Alternatively, the court concluded that Swift
was not entitled to any partnership profits after September 1,
2009, because Swift wrongfully dissociated himself from the
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 9
partnership on that date. In ruling against Swift, the court
cited its “serious[] question[s]” regarding his “credibility in
all areas of his testimony.”
The DeliverMed Plaintiffs and Swift now appeal certain
aspects of the district court’s ruling.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Swift and the DeliverMed Plaintiffs1 present a
number of issues for our review. The DeliverMed Plaintiffs
contend that the district court erred in invalidating Deliv‐
erMed’s copyright registration based on findings that Swift
knowingly misrepresented facts in DeliverMed’s application
for registering a copyright in the “house and pestle” logo.
The DeliverMed Plaintiffs also maintain that the district
court erred by awarding attorneys’ fees to Defendants for
their successful defense of the copyright infringement claim.
In the Swift Action, Swift argues that the district court erred
in concluding that Defendants did not breach the partner‐
ship agreement by failing to pay Swift his appropriate share
of the partnership’s profits. Swift also challenges the district
1 A short time before oral argument in this case, Defendants filed a Sug‐
gestion of Bankruptcy alerting us to the fact that DeliverMed Holdings,
LLC had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. According to the docket sheet,
DeliverMed’s bankruptcy case closed on August 15, 2013. Order Closing
Case and Discharging Trustee, In re DeliverMed Holdings, LLC, No. 13‐
17744 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. Aug. 15, 2013), ECF No. 16; see also In re Consol.
Indus. Corp., 397 F.3d 524, 527 (7th Cir. 2005) (federal court may take ju‐
dicial notice of bankruptcy court orders). Because the automatic stay of
actions against the debtor ends at the close of its bankruptcy case, 11
U.S.C. § 362(c)(2)(A), we are confident that DeliverMed’s bankruptcy has
no effect on the disposition of this appeal.
10 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
court’s conclusion that he abandoned other fraud claims by
failing to include them in the final pretrial order. We discuss
each of these issues in turn below.
A. District Court Erred in Invalidating DeliverMed’s
Copyright Registration
The DeliverMed Plaintiffs challenge the district court’s
invalidation of DeliverMed’s copyright registration based on
a finding that Swift knowingly misrepresented material facts
in his registration application. When reviewing a bench trial,
we review de novo the district court’s legal conclusions. See
Johnson v. West, 218 F.3d 725, 729 (7th Cir. 2000). A district
court’s findings of fact, and its application of the law to those
facts, are reviewed for clear error. Furry v. United States, 712
F.3d 988, 992 (7th Cir. 2013). “A finding is clearly erroneous
only when this court ‘is left with a definite and firm convic‐
tion that a mistake has been committed.’” Cohen Dev. Co. v.
JMJ Props., 317 F.3d 729, 735 (7th Cir. 2003) (quoting Bowles v.
Quantum Chem. Co., 266 F.3d 622, 630 (7th Cir. 2001)). Clear
error may be found if “the trial judge’s interpretation of the
facts is implausible, illogical, internally inconsistent or con‐
tradicted by documentary or other extrinsic evidence.” Fur‐
ry, 712 F.3d at 992 (quoting EEOC v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 839
F.2d 302, 309 (7th Cir. 1988)).
As a general matter, and with exceptions not relevant
here, the Copyright Act provides that a copyright holder
must register its copyright in a work with the United States
Copyright Office before filing suit for infringement. 17
U.S.C. § 411(a); Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, 559 U.S. 154,
157 (2010). But an infringement plaintiff cannot satisfy this
precondition by duping the Copyright Office into issuing a
certificate of registration based on a false claim of copyright
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 11
ownership. To prevent plaintiffs from abusing the registra‐
tion process in this way, the Copyright Act allows for the in‐
validation of registrations obtained by knowing misrepre‐
sentations of material facts. See 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1)(A)–(B).
As stated in the statute, a registration will not support the
pursuit of an infringement action if (1) the registrant includ‐
ed “inaccurate information … on the application for copy‐
right registration with knowledge that it was inaccurate;”
and (2) “the inaccuracy of the information, if known, would
have caused the Register of Copyrights to refuse registra‐
tion.” Id.; see also Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co.,
649 F.3d 1276, 1295 (Fed. Cir. 2011).
Following the bench trial of the DeliverMed Action, the
district court invalidated DeliverMed’s copyright registration
for the “house and pestle” logo because the company (at
Swift’s direction) knowingly made material misrepresenta‐
tions in its registration application. The court identified two
such misstatements: (1) that Linda Deeter was the author of
the logo (and thus owner of a valid copyright interest in it);
and (2) that Linda Deeter transferred her copyright in the
logo to DeliverMed by written agreement.
The DeliverMed Plaintiffs now argue that the district
court clearly erred in finding that Swift deliberately misrep‐
resented these facts. In briefing this issue, the parties focus
their attention on whether Swift knew that Linda Deeter was
not the author of the logo when submitting his application.
Given Swift’s limited knowledge of the process used to cre‐
ate the logo and his minimal understanding of copyright
principles, the DeliverMed Plaintiffs maintain, the evidence
did not support such a finding.
12 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
But even if we agree that Swift did not knowingly mis‐
represent that Linda Deeter was the author, we would still
uphold the trial court’s finding that Swift knowingly includ‐
ed inaccurate information in DeliverMed’s registration ap‐
plication. The DeliverMed Plaintiffs have not provided any
evidence to contradict the court’s determination that Swift
knowingly lied about the existence of a written ownership
transfer agreement between DeliverMed and Linda Deeter.
Although they eventually executed a transfer agreement,
this happened a week after DeliverMed filed its registration
application. The fact that the parties later entered into an
agreement does not transform Swift’s earlier misrepresenta‐
tion into a true statement. See, e.g., Ass’n Benefit. Servs. v.
Caremark Rx, Inc., 493 F.3d 841, 853 (7th Cir. 2007) (“A claim
for fraud … requires a showing that, at the time the fraudulent
statement was made, it was an intentional misrepresentation.”)
(emphasis in original).
Although we have no problem upholding the trial court’s
ultimate factual finding, we asked the parties to file supple‐
mental briefing on whether the district court made a legal
error when invalidating DeliverMed’s copyright registration.
Among other innovations, the most recent amendments to
the Copyright Act instituted a new procedure for courts con‐
fronted with a registration allegedly obtained by knowing
misstatements in an application. See generally Prioritizing Re‐
sources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of
2008 (“PRO IP Act”), Pub. L. No. 110–403, § 101, 122 Stat.
4256, 4257‐58. Recall that the Copyright Act provides for the
invalidation of registrations where the registrant knowingly
misrepresented information in his application and “the inac‐
curacy of the information, if known, would have caused the
Register of Copyrights to refuse registration.” 17 U.S.C.
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 13
§ 411(b)(1)(A)–(B). Instead of relying solely on the court’s
own assessment of the Register’s response to an inaccuracy,
the statute obligates courts to obtain an opinion from the
Register on the matter:
In any case in which inaccurate information … is al‐
leged, the court shall request the Register of Copy‐
rights to advise the court whether the inaccurate in‐
formation, if known, would have caused the Register
of Copyrights to refuse registration.
17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2). In one of the few instances in which it
was called upon to deliver its opinion to a federal court, the
Register described the purpose of this mechanism:
17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) was amended to ensure that no
court holds that a certificate is invalid due to what it
considers to be a misstatement on an application
without first obtaining the input of the Register as to
whether the application was properly filed or, in the
words of § 411(b)(2), “whether the inaccurate infor‐
mation, if known, would have caused the Register of
Copyrights to refuse registration.”
Response of the Register of Copyrights to Request Pursuant
to 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) at 10–11, Olem Shoe Corp. v. Wash.
Shoe Co., No. 1:09‐cv‐23494 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 14, 2010); see also
United States Copyright Office, Annual Report of the Regis‐
ter of Copyrights: Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2009, 34
(2009) available at http://www.copyright.gov/reports/annual/
2009/ar2009.pdf (“The [PRO IP] Act … amended section 411
… by adding subsection (b) to create a new procedure …
that requires courts to seek the advice of the Copyright Of‐
14 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
fice on issues that may involve fraud on the Copyright Of‐
fice.”).
In this case, the parties did not ask the district court to
consult the Register before invalidating DeliverMed’s regis‐
tration. Instead, the court relied upon its own speculation
that “had the application contained truthful information as
to … the facts supporting DeliverMed’s claim to ownership,
the Copyright Office would have rejected DeliverMed’s ap‐
plication.” The district court’s reasoning seems consistent
with the Register’s practice. See 37 C.F.R. § 202.3(c) (“An ap‐
plication for copyright registration may be submitted by …
the owner of any exclusive right in a work, or the duly au‐
thorized agent of any such … owner”); U.S. Copyright Of‐
fice, Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices, § 606.03
(1988) (“The Copyright Office will refuse to register a claim
when it has knowledge that the applicant is not authorized
to submit the claim.”). But under section 411(b)(2), a court
still must request a response from the Register before com‐
ing to a conclusion as to the materiality of a particular mis‐
representation. See generally Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 241
(2001) (noting Congress’s use of the word “‘shall’ to impose
discretionless obligations”). By granting a declaratory judg‐
ment invalidating DeliverMed’s copyright registration with‐
out following the statutorily mandated procedure, the dis‐
trict court made a legal error.
Given that the parties did not raise this provision at trial
(or on appeal, at least until we asked for supplemental brief‐
ing on the matter), this was an understandable oversight.
Ordinarily, we would decline to address this issue because
the DeliverMed Plaintiffs failed to raise it in their opening
brief. See, e.g., United States v. Hook, 195 F.3d 299, 310 (7th Cir.
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 15
1999). But ignoring a clear statutory directive due to the in‐
advertence of the parties would defeat the purpose of 17
U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) and deprive the Register of its right to
weigh in on precisely this issue. See 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2); Re‐
sponse of the Register of Copyrights to Request Pursuant to
17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) at 10–11, Olem Shoe, No. 1:09‐cv‐23494
(“17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) was amended to ensure that no court
holds that a certificate is invalid due to what it considers to
be a misstatement on an application without first obtaining
the input of the Register.”).
Under these unique circumstances, we vacate the court’s
declaratory judgment invalidating DeliverMed’s copyright
registration in the “house and pestle” logo and remand for
further proceedings. On remand, if Defendants desire to
pursue the declaratory judgment action further, the district
court must ask the Register whether it would have refused
DeliverMed’s application had it been aware that DeliverMed
had no written ownership transfer agreement at the time of
its application.2 After receiving that advisory opinion, the
court may then determine whether to invalidate Deliv‐
erMed’s registration for the logo.3
2 In addition, the district court should ensure the Register is aware of its
ruling (unchallenged by the parties) that Linda Deeter had no copyright
in the logo that she could transfer to DeliverMed. Instead, the court de‐
termined that Kovin, as designer of the logo, was the sole copyright
owner and did not transfer his interest to Deeter or any of the other De‐
liverMed Plaintiffs.
3 The DeliverMed Plaintiffs also argue that the district court erred by
failing to assess the degree of prejudice Defendants suffered as a result of
Swift’s misrepresentation to the Copyright Office. Prejudice has no rele‐
16 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
Given its obvious potential for abuse, we must strongly
caution both courts and litigants to be wary of using this de‐
vice in the future. See, e.g., Olem Shoe Corp. v. Wash. Shoe Co.,
No. 09‐cv‐23494, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143590, at *6 n.4 (S.D.
Fla. Sep. 3, 2010) (noting section 411(b)(2)’s potential as a
“weapon to delay the proceedings in district court”). Alt‐
hough the statute appears to mandate that the Register get
involved “[i]n any case in which inaccurate information [in
an application for copyright registration] is alleged,” 17
U.S.C. § 411(b)(2), input need not be sought immediately af‐
ter a party makes such a claim. Instead, courts can demand
that the party seeking invalidation first establish that the
other preconditions to invalidity are satisfied before obtain‐
ing the Register’s advice on materiality. In other words, a lit‐
igant should demonstrate that (1) the registration application
included inaccurate information; and (2) the registrant
knowingly included the inaccuracy in his submission to the
Copyright Office. 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1)(A). Once these re‐
quirements are met, a court may question the Register as to
whether the inaccuracy would have resulted in the applica‐
tion’s refusal. Aside from minimizing the risk that parties
would use this provision as a delay tactic, this approach has
the added benefit of an endorsement from the Register. See
Response of the Register of Copyrights to Request Pursuant
to 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) at 12, Olem Shoe, No. 1:09‐cv‐23494
(“[B]efore asking the Register whether she would have re‐
fused to register a copyright … a court should feel free to de‐
vance to the fraud on the Copyright Office inquiry. Section 411(b)(1) only
directs courts to consider whether the registrant knowingly misstated a
material fact in his application. 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1)(A)–(B).
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 17
termine whether there is in fact a misstatement of fact.”).
When faced with this situation in the future, courts should
tread carefully and employ this mechanism only when nec‐
essary.
B. District Court Did Not Err in Awarding Attorneys’
Fees to Defendants
DeliverMed also challenges the district court’s award of
attorneys’ fees to Defendants in connection with their suc‐
cessful defense of the DeliverMed Plaintiffs’ copyright claim.
The Copyright Act grants district courts the discretion to
award attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party in a copyright
infringement suit. 17 U.S.C. § 505. We review attorneys’ fees
awards under an abuse of discretion standard. JCW Invs.,
Inc. v. Novelty, Inc., 482 F.3d 910, 920 (7th Cir. 2007).
We see no abuse of discretion here. As a consequence of
their successful defense of an infringement suit, Defendants
are entitled to a “very strong” presumption in favor of re‐
ceiving attorneys’ fees. Assessment Techs. of Wis., LLC v. Wire
Data, Inc., 361 F.3d 434, 437 (7th Cir. 2004). This presumption
is designed to ensure that an infringement defendant does
not abandon a meritorious defense in situations in which
“the cost of vindication exceeds the private benefit to the
party.” Id. “For without the prospect of such an award, [an
infringement defendant] might be forced into a nuisance set‐
tlement or deterred altogether from exercising [its] rights.”
Id. DeliverMed has not provided us with any reason to rebut
this presumption. Indeed, the fact that Swift deliberately lied
to the Copyright Office lends additional support to the
18 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
court’s award.4 See Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 539
n.19 (1994) (listing “the need in particular circumstances to
advance considerations of compensation and deterrence”
among factors courts should consider when considering
whether to award fees under § 505). We affirm the district
court’s order requiring DeliverMed to pay Defendants’ rea‐
sonable attorneys’ fees incurred in defending against the De‐
liverMed Plaintiffs’ copyright suit.
C. Swift Did Not Satisfy Burden of Proof on Breach of
Contract Claim Related to Distributions
We turn now to the Swift Action. Swift argues that the
district court erred in ruling against him on his breach of
contract claim arising out of Defendants’ purported failure to
pay Swift his rightful share of the partnership’s profits. We
review the district court’s findings on this issue for clear er‐
ror. Furry, 712 F.3d at 992.
Under Illinois law, a plaintiff asserting a breach of con‐
tract claim “must plead and prove: (1) the existence of a con‐
tract, (2) the performance of its conditions by the plaintiff,
(3) a breach by the defendant, and (4) damages as a result of
the breach.” Law Offices of Colleen M. McLaughlin v. First Star
Fin. Corp., 963 N.E.2d 968, 981 (Ill. App. Ct. 2011). For Swift,
the last two elements blend into one. To establish a breach,
he has to show a deficiency between his rightful share of the
4 The need to deter Swift from lying to the Copyright Office does not
necessarily depend upon whether the Register would have refused regis‐
tration had it known of his deliberate misrepresentation. Courts have an
interest in preventing litigants from making any knowing misstatements
to the Copyright Office in an effort to secure a litigation advantage.
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 19
partnership’s profits and the amount of profits he actually
received. The resulting deficiency, if any, would more or less
equal his damages. So to succeed on both elements, Swift
has to “establish a reasonable basis” for determining the
amount of profits that Defendants denied him. See Kohlmeier
v. Shelter Ins. Co., 525 N.E.2d 94, 102 (Ill. App. Ct. 1988). Swift
could not satisfy his burden “on the basis of speculation or
conjecture.” Id.
After evaluating the evidence Swift presented, the district
court concluded that Swift had not met his burden of proof
that Defendants breached their obligation to pay him distri‐
butions. The court found Swift’s evidence on this point to be:
unclear, inconsistent, unreliable, and often incredible.
The preponderance of the evidence does not demon‐
strate the magnitude of any profits the [partnership]
had, the distributions made to Swift … , or the insuf‐
ficiency of those distributions when compared to
those promised in the JV partnership agreement.
Swift maintains that, “despite the inconsistencies” in the fi‐
nancial records he provided, the district court had a reason‐
able basis to find a breach of Defendants’ obligation to pay
him his share of the profits from 2005 until 2011. Appellant
Br. at 51.
We think the district court has it right. Swift has not pro‐
vided any reasonable basis to conclude that he received less
than his share of the partnership’s profits. For example, to
show that Defendants breached the agreement by paying
him roughly $600,000 in distributions from 2005–2007, Swift
refers us to some informal financial statements. The individ‐
ual that prepared them, Larry Schaltenbrand, Jr. (“Larry Jr.”),
20 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
testified that the records did not present an accurate depic‐
tion of the partnership’s profits. Instead, they were prepared
“to keep track of the—some income and expense for Deliv‐
erMed mail order.” Tr. at 2536. Larry Jr. did not prepare
these reports based upon his own examination of the part‐
nership’s business records. Instead, Larry Jr. received a doc‐
ument from Medicate’s bookkeeper that listed the revenue
for the mail‐order operation and about ten categories of ex‐
penses. Tr. at 2542–43. But Larry Jr. testified that the reports
he received from Medicate did not include all of the partner‐
ship’s expenses. In his words, there were “many, many more
expenses than just the few that are listed on that set of finan‐
cial statements.” Tr. at 2584. Moreover, other evidence sug‐
gested that the revenues Larry Jr. used were overstated. The
partnership’s other accountant, Larry Schaltenbrand, Sr.
(“Larry Sr.”), testified that Medicate’s bookkeeper had re‐
peatedly overstated the partnership’s mail‐order account re‐
ceivables. Tr. at 2589–91. Specifically, Larry Sr. testified that
sales were overestimated by $160,000 in 2005, by $608,000 in
2006, and by $805,000 in 2007. Tr. at 2593–94.
Because the information Larry Jr. received to determine
the partnership’s profits from 2005–2007 was inaccurate, his
resulting calculations could not serve as a reasonable basis to
find that Defendants breached the contract. See, e.g., Wohl v.
Spectrum Mfg., 94 F.3d 353, 355 (7th Cir. 1996) (“If the infor‐
mation that the employee enters is inaccurate, the output da‐
ta will be inaccurate. Garbage in, garbage out.”). Without
more, we have no reason to disagree with the district court’s
finding that Defendants satisfied their distribution obliga‐
tions under the agreement from 2005–2007. See Def. Ex. 247.
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 21
Nor did Swift present a reliable basis to establish a distri‐
bution shortfall from 2008–2011. Instead of dividing the
profits among the partners, Swift posits that in 2008 the
partners adopted a different method to calculate distribu‐
tions. According to Swift, the partners agreed to give each
partner a distribution that equaled a pro‐rated share of
whatever distributions Schaltenbrand received for a given
year based on each partner’s percentage of ownership in the
partnership. So to calculate his share, Swift divided the
amount of Schaltenbrand’s distributions by the percentage
value of Schaltenbrand’s ownership stake (in this case, .511)
to arrive at the total amount of distributions that the partners
would receive for that year. After calculating the total distri‐
butions, Swift simply multiplied it by his purported share in
the company (.359) to discover his share of the profits. In
Swift’s mind, the amount of profits obtained by the partner‐
ship was irrelevant to calculating the distributions to which
he is entitled from 2008 to 2011. So rather than introduce ev‐
idence of the partnership’s profits during this period, Swift
relied on Schaltenbrand’s distributions to show that Defend‐
ants did not pay him his fair share.
But Swift has not presented any credible evidence to
support his contention that the partners agreed to provide
distributions in this manner. Instead, the evidence at trial
supported the district court’s finding that the agreement
provided for distributions based on the partnership’s net
profits, with each partner receiving a predetermined per‐
centage of those profits. In his closing argument, Swift di‐
rected the district court to email correspondence among the
partners to demonstrate the existence of this arrangement.
See, e.g., Pl. Ex. 6 at 42, 105, 128–132, 149–151. These docu‐
ments do not mention a distribution system along the lines
22 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
Swift suggests nor do they imply that such a system was in
place. Without any supporting documents, all that remains
is Swift’s own say‐so on the matter. Given the district court’s
serious concerns with Swift’s credibility in all aspects of his
testimony and the deference we afford this finding, we de‐
cline to overturn the court’s construction of the partners’ dis‐
tribution agreement based solely on Swift’s authority. See
generally Gaffney v. Riverboat Servs., 451 F.3d 424, 448 (7th Cir.
2006) (“[W]e have stated that a trial court’s credibility deter‐
mination can virtually never amount to clear error.” (quoting
Carnes Co. v. Stone Creek Mech., Inc., 412 F.3d 845, 848 (7th Cir.
2005))). Swift was only entitled to a share of the partnership’s
profits from 2008–2011 under the agreement. His failure to
present evidence of the partnership’s income during this pe‐
riod dooms his claim.5 Without some indication of the part‐
nership’s income, we have no basis to find that Swift was
due more than the nearly $800,000 he received in distribu‐
tions.
Swift did not provide the trial court with a reliable basis
to find that he did not receive his share of the distributions.
We agree with the district court that Swift has not met his
5 In addition, we note that the district court could not reasonably rely
upon the amount of Schaltenbrand’s distributions to determine Swift’s
share of the profits. The evidence showed that Schaltenbrand withdrew
money from the partnership without regard for the partnership’s profits
and received far more than his rightful share of distributions under the
agreement.
Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774 23
burden of proving that Defendants breached their distribu‐
tion obligation under the partnership agreement.6
D. Swift Waived Fraud Claims Not Asserted in Final
Pretrial Order
Swift’s other argument relates to his fraud claim against
Defendants. He contends that the district court erred by fail‐
ing to consider an additional thirteen fraud claims that Swift
chose to omit from the final pretrial order. Quite the contra‐
ry: The district court’s refusal to consider these claims was a
prudent exercise of its responsibility to narrow the issues for
trial. “Because the parties rely on the pretrial conference to
inform them precisely what is in controversy, the pretrial or‐
der is treated as superseding the pleadings and establishes
the issues to be considered at trial.” Gorkilowski v. Tolbert, 52
F.3d 1439, 1443–44 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting Erff v. MarkHon
Indus., Inc., 781 F.2d 613, 617 (7th Cir. 1986)). In order to pre‐
serve the pretrial order’s usefulness in focusing the parties’
efforts, “a claim or theory not raised in the pretrial order
should not be considered by the fact‐finder.” SNA Nut Co. v.
Haagen‐Dazs Co., Inc., 302 F.3d 725, 732 (7th Cir. 2002) (quot‐
ing Gorkilowski, 52 F.3d at 1444). The district court correctly
prohibited Swift from pursuing fraud theories other than the
two that he identified in the final pretrial order. Swift’s mere
assertion of a fraud claim does not entitle him to the court’s
consideration of a litany of different fraud theories that Swift
6 In light of our holding that Swift has not met his burden of proving a
deficiency between the amount of distributions he was entitled to receive
and what he actually received, we decline to address Swift’s alternative
arguments regarding his purported dissociation from the partnership.
24 Nos. 12‐3773 & 12‐3774
deemed unworthy of consideration before trial. To conclude
otherwise would undermine the vital function that pretrial
conferences and orders serve in conserving judicial re‐
sources. Indeed, we shudder to think of how much longer
this fourteen‐day bench trial would have lasted in the ab‐
sence of an effective pretrial order that narrowed the claims
and theories.
III. CONCLUSION
We REVERSE the district court’s award of declaratory
judgment invalidating DeliverMed Holdings, LLC’s Certifi‐
cate of Copyright Registration VA‐1‐766‐676 for the “house
and pestle” logo and REMAND for further proceedings con‐
sistent with this opinion. We AFFIRM the district court’s
judgment in all other respects.