Slip Op. 13-74
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
__________________________________
:
GOLD EAST PAPER (JIANGSU) :
CO., LTD.; NINGBO ZHONGHUA :
PAPER CO., LTD.; and :
GLOBAL PAPER SOLUTIONS :
:
Plaintiffs, :
:
v. : Before: R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
: Consol. Court No. 10-00371
UNITED STATES, :
:
Defendant, :
:
and :
:
APPLETON COATED LLC, et al. :
:
Defendant-Intervenors. :
:
OPINION
[Commerce’s determination is upheld in part and remanded in part.]
Dated: June 17, 2013
Daniel L. Porter, James P. Durling, Matthew P. McCullough and Ross Bidlingmaier,
Curtis Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiff.
Alexander V. Sverdlov, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department
of Justice, of Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the brief were Stewart F. Delery,
Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Claudia Burke,
Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Mykhaylo Gryzlov, Senior Attorney, and Melissa
Brewer, Office of Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
William A. Fennell, Wesley K. Caine and Terence P. Stewart, Stewart & Stewart, of
Washington, D.C., and Gilbert B. Kaplan, Daniel L. Schneiderman and Christopher T. Cloutier,
King & Spalding, of Washington D.C. for defendant-intervenors.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 2
Musgrave, Senior Judge: Plaintiffs Gold East Paper (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. (“Gold
East”), Ningbo Zhonghua Paper Co., Ltd., and Global Paper Solutions (“GPS”) (hereafter
“Plaintiffs” or “APP-China”) challenge the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”) final
determination in the antidumping investigation of Certain Coated Paper Suitable for High-
Quality Print Graphics Using Sheet-Fed Presses from the People’s Republic of China, 75 Fed.
Reg. 59217 (Dept. Commerce, Sept. 27, 2010) Public Record Doc. (“PR”) 360, as amended by
Certain Coated Paper Suitable for High-Quality Print Graphics Using Sheet-Fed Presses from
the People’s Republic of China: Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less than Fair Value
and Antidumping Order, 75 Fed. Reg. 70203 (Dept. Commerce, Nov. 17, 2010), PR 369
(collectively, “Final AD Order”).
In their second amended complaint, plaintiffs press multiple causes of action,
which are addressed below. Second Amended Complaint, dated December 19, 2012, and filed
on January 10, 2013, ECF Doc. 114-1, at 9-12; see also Plaintiff’s Reply Brief (“Pl’s Reply”) at
1 (identifying which arguments plaintiff is no longer pursuing). Plaintiffs move for judgment
under Rule 56.2, challenging the Final AD Order in five sections of their brief. Respondent
Plaintiffs’ Brief in Support of Their Motion for Judgment on the Agency Record (Confidential)
(“Pl’s Br.”) at 1-4.
Defendant-Intervenors Appleton Coated LLC, Newpage Corp., SAPPI Fine Paper
North America, et al (“Appleton”) cross-move for judgment under Rule 56.2, alleging that
Commerce misclassified certain U.S. sales as Export Price transactions, not Constructed Export
Price transactions due to the sales’ locations and delivery terms. Appleton also claims that
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 3
Commerce erred in determining the surrogate wage rate for purposes of its Non-Market
Economy Normal Value calculations.
The government defends Commerce’s findings generally, but does agree to a
voluntary remand in order to review the computer programming and to make any changes
required to correct any errors found. Due to the multitude of issues involved, the relevant facts
are discussed with each issue separately.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). Commerce’s final
determination will be upheld unless it is found “to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the
record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). More
specifically, when reviewing agency determinations, findings, or conclusions for substantial
evidence, the court assesses whether the agency action is reasonable given the record as a whole.
Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1350-51 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
Separately, the two-step framework provided in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-45 (1984), governs judicial review of Commerce’s
interpretation of the antidumping statute. See United States v. Eurodif S.A., 555 U.S. 305, 316
(2009) (Commerce’s “interpretation governs in the absence of unambiguous statutory language
to the contrary or unreasonable resolution of language that is ambiguous”). Commerce’s
interpretation will not be set aside unless it is “arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the
statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 4
ANALYSIS
I. Commerce’s Refusal to Use Market Economy Input Prices where Such Inputs
did not Constitute More than 33 Percent of Plaintiffs’ Purchases
In order to determine the proper antidumping margin, Commerce valued the raw
material inputs used in the manufacture of the merchandise. Commerce decided not to use the
market-economy (“ME”) price paid for those inputs where ME purchases made up less than 33%
of those inputs. Instead, Commerce used a price based on the weighted-average ME price plus a
surrogate value for the non-market economy (“NME”) purchases. Cmt. 18, Issues & Decision
Memorandum (“I&D Memo”) (Sept. 20, 2010) PR 353 at 46. The record shows that 32.9% of
certain disputed inputs were ME purchases. Pl’s Br. at 23 (chart).
Commerce does not expressly defend the decision, but does defend the 33%
policy as an “objective benchmark” which provides “consistency and predictability” in
Commerce’s determinations. Defendant’s Response to Plaintiffs’ and Defendant-Intervenors’
Separate Motions for Judgment Upon the Administrative Record (“Deft’s Br.”) at 44. Its brief
summarizes the administrative history of the 33% policy and suggests that APP-China could
have but failed to prove to Commerce that “case specific facts favor the application of a different
threshold”.1 In the I&D Memo, Commerce cites to prior cases where it applied the 33% policy,
but a review of those cases does not reveal how close to 33% the ME input purchases were. See
I&D Memo at 46, n. 140-141.
Under Commerce’s regulations, it will “normally” use prices paid by NME
1
Id. APP-China attempted unsuccessfully to prove to Commerce that the 33%
“presumption” should be rebutted by emphasizing the bona fides of the market transactions, as
well as the fact that Commerce had verified the accuracy of the prices involved. I&D Memo at
47.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 5
producers to ME suppliers to value factors of production in Normal Value calculations. See 19
C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1). Commerce’s policy implementing § 351.408(c)(1) is to use the ME
purchase price to value the particular factor where the ME purchases are a “significant” or
“meaningful” portion of the whole. See Antidumping Methodologies: Market Economy Inputs,
etc., 71 Fed. Reg. 61716, 61716-19 (Dep’t Comm. Oct. 19, 2006). Under this policy, the ME
inputs constitute a “significant” or “meaningful” portion where they make up more than 33% of
purchases of the input. Id., 71 Fed. Reg. at 61717-18. Above the 33% threshold, Commerce will
use the ME price to value the entire quantity of inputs. Below that threshold Commerce will use
a weighted average of the ME price for the ME portion and a surrogate value for the remainder
as it did in this case.
The government argues that Shakeproof Assembly Comp. Div. of Ill. Tool Works,
Inc. v. United States, 268 F.3d 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2001), which predates Commerce’s 33% policy,
“upheld Commerce’s determination that actual input prices will constitute the ‘best information
available’ only if they are found in a ‘meaningful’ quantity.” Deft’s Br. at 48. That court stated:
In determining the valuation of the factors of production, the critical question is
whether the methodology used by Commerce is based on the best available
information and establishes antidumping margins as accurately as possible.
Commerce argues that the actual price paid for inputs imported from a market
economy in meaningful quantities is the best available information and promotes
accuracy in the dumping calculation. Commerce notes that the value of the
factors of production for domestically purchased merchandise may be obtained by
extrapolating the market economy import price only when a “meaningful” amount
of merchandise is imported. Although we recognize that the level of a
“meaningful” amount of imported merchandise must be determined on a case-by-
case basis, we are persuaded that the steel imported from the United Kingdom in
this case constitutes a “meaningful” amount. The steel imported from the United
Kingdom constitutes approximately one-third of all steel used . . . .
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 6
Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1382. In Shakeproof, Commerce argued that the ME data was more
accurate that the surrogate data. Id. The Shakeproof court agreed.
[W]here we can determine that a [non-market economy] producer’s input prices
are market determined, accuracy, fairness, and predictability are enhanced by
using those prices. Therefore, using surrogate values when market-based values
are available would, in fact, be contrary to the intent of the law.
Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1382, quoting Lasko Metal Products, Inc. v. United States, 43 F.3d
1442, 1446. The court finds the reasons why Commerce sought to use the ME data in
Shakeproof compellingly favor APP-China’s position in this case.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines “meaningful” (as applied to data or its
presentation), as “accurate and realistic; of practical use.”2 Commerce’s policy, delineated
following the Shakeproof decision, defines 33% as a “meaningful” and “significant” amount.
The court cannot understand why, in Commerce’s view, purchases of 33% of an input are
“meaningful”, but purchases of 32.9% are not. There is no meaningful distinction for purposes
of determining Normal Value between those two quantities. Commerce itself has said that the
33% rule was not a “rigid, ‘bright line’ threshold”. Antidumping Methodologies: Market
Economy Inputs, 71 Fed. Reg. at 61718.
The court finds that Commerce’s refusal to value the classes of inputs using the
ME price paid for 32.9% of those inputs, where it would have done so if APP-China had made
ME purchases of 33% of the input, is unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious under the
circumstances. This issue is therefore remanded to Commerce to recalculate the affected inputs
using the ME prices paid rather than the weighted averages previously used and to recalculate
2
Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, 2001, found at
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115468?redirectedFrom=meaningful#eid, last viewed on May
15, 2013.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 7
the affected margins accordingly.
II. Commerce’s Refusal to Recognize Market Economy Purchases of Inputs from
Thailand and Korea
Plaintiffs challenge Commerce’s refusal to recognize APP-China’s raw material
imports from Korea and Thailand as bona fide market economy purchases, or to utilize their
prices to value the raw material input. Commerce made this decision because it believed that
such inputs may themselves have been sold with the benefit of subsidies. Deft’s Br. at 16.
Plaintiffs claim that this refusal is contrary to this court’s precedent, citing Fuyao Glass Indus.
Group Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 109 (2005) and Sichuan Changong Elec. Co. v. United
States, 30 CIT 1481, 460 F.Supp. 2d 1338 (2006).
Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1) and 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1), Commerce
normally will use the price paid to a market-economy producer to value a factor in valuing
products exported from a NME such as the PRC. Fuyao Glass and Sichuan Changong both
questioned Commerce’s refusal to use raw material values from Korea and Thailand due to
Commerce’s suspicions that those prices were tainted by possible export subsidies.
In Fuyao Glass, the court identified three factors to determine whether Commerce
had a proper evidentiary basis to believe or suspect that the prices may have been subsidized. On
remand, the court ordered Commerce to justify the refusal to accept the raw material prices by
demonstrating:
by specific and objective evidence that (1) subsidies of the industry in question
existed in the supplier countries during the period of investigation; (2) the supplier
in question is a member of the subsidized industry or otherwise could have taken
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 8
advantage of any available subsidies; and (3) it would have been unnatural for a
supplier to not have taken advantage of such subsidies.3
In Sichuan Changhong the court considered Commerce’s finding that Korean and
Thai inputs may have been subsidized and ordered Commerce to make findings under the Fuyao
Glass criteria. Sichuan Changhong, 460 F.Supp. 2d at 1350-51. Upon remand, Commerce
reopened the record and provided relevant evidence of the alleged subsidy programs.4
In this case, APP-China argued that Commerce must cite evidence establishing
that the particular inputs were subsidized in fact. Commerce disagreed.
[Commerce] is not required to conduct a formal investigation with respect to
multiple countries to ensure that prices are subsidized. Rather, it is sufficient if
[Commerce] has “substantial, specific, and objective evidence in support of its
suspicion that the prices are distorted.” See China Nat’l Mach. Imp. & Exp. Corp.
v. United States, 293 F. Supp. 2d 1334, 1339 (CIT 2003) (emphasis in original);
H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 100-576, at 590 [(1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S. Code,
Cong., Admin. News 1547, 1623]. APP-China’s suggestion that [Commerce]
cannot rely upon its finding in other proceedings and is instead required to
conduct a full blown reinvestigation of export subsidies in Thailand and Korea in
the context of this antidumping duty investigation is unsupported and would [be]
unadministrable, particularly in light of the statutory deadlines for completing
antidumping investigations. Therefore, [Commerce] is instructed by Congress to
base its decision on information that is available to it at the time it is making its
determination.
Cmt. 17, I&D Memo at 44-45 (footnotes omitted).
Commerce tries to distinguish Fuyao Glass because there the court focused on
Commerce’s statement that it had found that prices were, rather than may have been, subsidized
3
Fuyao Glass, 29 CIT at 114. After remand, Commerce chose to use the contested ME
input prices from Korea and Indonesia rather than reopen the record to establish evidence for its
suspicion that the ME prices were subsidized. See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to
Court Remand (Dept. Commerce June 9, 2005), ECF 122 in Ct. No. 02-00282 at 14.
4
See Redetermination on Remand (Dept. Commerce Feb. 12, 2007), ECF 104 in Ct. No.
04-00265 at 14-23.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 9
in the countries in question.5 The court does not find Commerce’s argument persuasive. The
concerns raised in Fuyao Glass and echoed in Sichuan Changong resonate in this case.
Although Commerce need not perform “a formal investigation” whether prices are subsidized,
there must be some positive evidence on the record to permit the court to evaluate whether
Commerce’s decision is supported by substantial evidence. As the record currently stands, there
is insufficient evidence to support Commerce’s refusal to use the Thai and Korean price data.
Therefore, under the Fuyao Glass and Sichuan Changhong precedent, the court orders
Commerce on remand to reopen the record and make particularized findings in support of its
decision to ignore the Thai and Korean price data (specifically referring to the three criteria from
Fuyao Glass), or to reverse its decision not to use such price data and to recalculate the margin
accordingly.
III. Commerce’s Use of Non-Market Economy Methodology
Gold East argued at Commerce that it was a Chinese “MOE” (“market oriented
enterprise”), and that the agency should therefore not have applied NME methodology to
calculate Normal Value. Gold East’s Request for MOE Treatment (Jan. 21, 2010) at 1-2, PR
107. Gold East also submitted unsolicited information purporting to allow Commerce to apply
ME Normal Value methodology. Market Oriented (MOE) Questionnaire Responses, PR 244;
Gold East Case Brief at 80, PR 333.
5
Deft’s Br. at 36. Sichuan Changhong adopted the Fuyao Glass criteria, but did not
discern whether Commerce used “mandatory” language. This may be a case of a distinction
without a difference. In the Fuyao Glass remand results, Commerce ignored the difference
between the terms. See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand, ECF 122
in Ct. No. 02-00282, at 7. (“[Commerce] reiterates that, regardless of whether it has used ‘are’ or
‘may be,’ [Commerce’s] focus has always been on whether there is a ‘reason to believe or
suspect’ that prices for inputs from these countries may be subsidized. . . .”)
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 10
Commerce rejected Gold East’s positions. The agency stated in the I&D Memo:
The antidumping statute and [Commerce’s] regulations are silent with respect to
the term “MOE.” Neither the statute nor the regulations compel the agency to
treat some constituents of the NME industry as MOEs while treating others as
NME entities. To date, [Commerce] has not adopted any MOE exception to the
application of the NME methodology in any proceeding involving an NME
country.
I&D Memo at 30-31. Plaintiffs claim that Commerce should have granted Gold East MOE
treatment because it had earlier stated in the Federal Register that it might “grant an individual
respondent in China market-economy treatment.” See Antidumping Methodologies in
Proceedings Involving Certain Non-Market Economies: Market-Oriented Enterprises, 72 Fed.
Reg. 60649, 60650 (Dept. of Commerce, Oct. 25, 2007). The government counters that
“Commerce considered APP-China’s request to be considered for market-economy treatment,
and determined that the ‘available information’ did not allow it to calculate normal value under
market economy principles.” Deft’s Br. at 23, citing I&D Memo at 5-10.
Commerce followed its normal practice to determine whether APP-China’s
margin should be calculated using a market-economy methodology. APP-China’s
argument rests on the bald assertion that Commerce should have created a new
methodology even though it already has a reasonable methodology in place.
There is no reason to create this requirement.
Deft’s Br. at 28. The court agrees that APP-China’s demand that Commerce treat it as an MOE
or that it should have used ME methodology was premature, and Commerce’s determination on
this issue is reasonable.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 11
IV. Targeted Dumping Issues
Commerce concluded that APP-China engaged in “targeted dumping”, i.e., that it
sold its merchandise at export prices that differed significantly among purchasers.6 APP-China
argues that Commerce incorrectly found targeted dumping, and unlawfully applied the targeted
dumping remedy to all of its sales.
a. Withdrawn Targeted Dumping Regulation
APP-China’s first argument is that Commerce failed to follow a portion of its
targeted dumping regulation found at 19 C.F.R. § 351.414(f) (2007), which Commerce withdrew
in 2008. Pl’s Br. at 27; see also Cmt. 3, I&D Memo at 21-24, citing Withdrawal of Regulatory
Provisions Governing Targeted Dumping in Antidumping Duty Investigations, 73 Fed. Reg.
74930 (Dec. 10, 2008) (“Withdrawal Notice”). The withdrawn regulation provided in part that
where Commerce found targeted dumping, it would “normally” “limit the application of the
average-to-transaction method to those sales that constitute targeted dumping”. 19 C.F.R.
§ 351.414(f)(2) (“Limiting Rule”). APP-China argues that Commerce did not comply with
Administrative Procedure Act’s (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 500, et seq., notice and comment
requirements in withdrawing the Limiting Rule, and the withdrawal was ineffective because it
did not fall within the exceptions to the APA’s notice and comment requirements. Pl’s Br. at 27.
Commerce argues that the withdrawal sufficiently complied with the APA
6
Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B), Commerce may find “targeted dumping” where
there is a pattern of export prices that differs significantly among purchasers, regions, or periods
of time. In those circumstances, Commerce may determine whether merchandise is being sold at
LTFV by comparing weighted average to individual transaction prices, but only if Commerce
explains why the differences cannot be accounted for by using an average-to-average or
transaction-to-transaction method.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 12
because two earlier notices had requested comments on related issues. Deft’s Br. at 48-9, citing
Targeted Dumping in Antidumping Investigations, 72 Fed. Reg. 60651 (Oct. 25, 2007) (“First
Comment Request”), and Proposed Methodology for Identifying and Analyzing Targeted
Dumping in Antidumping Investigations, 73 Fed. Reg. 26371 (May 9, 2008) (“Second Comment
Request”).
The APA requires notice of proposed rulemaking (including withdrawal of
regulations) to be published in the Federal Register and to include “either the terms or substance
of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects and issues involved.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3).
This notice must be “sufficiently descriptive to provide interested parties with a fair opportunity
to comment and to participate in the rule making.” Chocolate Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S. v. Block, 755
F.2d 1098, 1104 (4th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted). The APA provides that prior publication of
notice and comment shall not be required:
when the agency for good cause finds (and incorporates the finding and a brief
statement of reasons therefor in the rules issued) that notice and public procedure
thereon are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest.
5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(B). The good cause exception is to “be narrowly construed and only
reluctantly countenanced.” New Jersey v. EPA, 626 F.2d 1038, 1045 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
The Withdrawal Notice and the two Comment Requests curiously do not make
reference to each other even though they were all issued within a single year on related topics.
The two Comment Requests discuss the methodologies that Commerce will use to determine
whether targeted dumping has occurred, while the Limiting Rule restricts Commerce’s ability to
impose the targeting remedy across all sales. Therefore, the court finds that the First and Second
Comment Requests failed to provide interested parties with the adequate notice and comment
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 13
before Commerce withdrew the Limiting Rule.
Although Commerce gave no notice before it withdrew the Limiting Rule,
Commerce argues that the Withdrawal Notice should be deemed adequate under the APA
because it provided for post-publication comments. Deft’s Br. at 51. However, the APA
requires otherwise. Section 553 provides “that notice and an opportunity for comment are to
precede rulemaking.” See Air Transport Ass’n of America v. Dept. of Transp., 900 F. 2d 369
(D.C. Cir. 1990) remanded, 498 U.S. 1077, 111 S.Ct. 944, 112 L.Ed.2d 1033 (1991), vacated as
moot, 933 F.2d 1043 (D.C.Cir. 1991) (rejecting FAA’s contention that its response to comments
after promulgation of rule cured any noncompliance with section 553).
The government cites Federal Express Corp. v. Mineta, 373 F.3d 112 (D.C. Cir.
2004), where the agency issued four rules seriatim over the course of less than a year, but only
requested comments after each rule was issued. That case does not support Commerce’s actions
here. In Federal Express, there was an urgency to the rules, which affected airlines’
compensation for losses suffered as a consequence of the shutdown of U.S. airspace following
the attacks of September 11, 2001. The affected parties commented on each version of the rules.
Furthermore, “the agency [] made a ‘compelling showing,’ that it provided ‘a meaningful
opportunity to comment’ before the Fourth Final Rule became effective”. Federal Express, 373
F.3d at 120. In this case, there was no urgency to Commerce’s withdrawal of the Limiting Rule,
and Commerce did not make any further statements regarding the Limiting Rule in response to
any comments it received from the Withdrawal Notice.
Commerce argued in the Withdrawal Notice that the withdrawal did not require
notice and comment under the “good cause” exception. In the Withdrawal Notice, Commerce
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 14
cites three “good cause” reasons to ignore the APA notice and comment requirements in
withdrawing the Limiting Rule.
These provisions were intended to clarify when [Commerce] would use the
average-to-transaction comparison method in antidumping duty investigations.
As the provisions were promulgated without the benefit of any experience on the
issue of targeted dumping, [Commerce] may have established thresholds or other
criteria that have prevented the use of this comparison methodology to unmask
dumping. . . . Given the above, sections 19 CFR 351.414(f), (g), and
351.301(d)(5) would act to deny relief to domestic industries suffering material
injury from unfairly traded imports. This effect is contrary to [Commerce’s]
intention in promulgating the provisions, and inconsistent with [Commerce’s]
statutory mandate to provide relief to domestic industries materially injured by
unfairly traded imports. Because the provisions are applicable to ongoing
antidumping investigations, and because the application of the provisions can act
to deny relief to domestic industries suffering material injury from unfairly traded
imports, immediate revocation is necessary to ensure the proper and efficient
operation of the antidumping law and to provide the relief intended by Congress.
Withdrawal Notice, 73 Fed. Reg. at 74931. The Withdrawal Notice claims that notice and
comment was not required because it was “contrary to the public interest.”7 Citing National
Customs Brokers and Forwarders Assn. of America v. United States, 59 F.3d 1219 (Fed. Cir.
1995) (“NCBFAA”), the government argues that Commerce was justified in the immediate
withdrawal of the Limiting Rule. “Immediate withdrawal of the regulation was . . . necessary to
allow domestic industries to take advantage of their statutory remedies.” Deft’s Br. at 56.
However, in NCBFAA Congress changed the law and Customs acted expeditiously to implement
the new requirements via an interim regulation. In this case, Commerce withdrew the Limiting
Rule with immediate effect, in order to “implement” a statute that had been in place for 14 years.
7
Deft’s Br. at 58. In its brief, Commerce abandons the claimed ground of impracticability
cited by the Withdrawal Notice in support of the immediate withdrawal of the Limiting Rule.
Deft’s Br. at 58, n.9.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 15
Cf. Levesque v. Block, 723 F.2d 175, 185 (1st Cir. 1983) (generalized interest in fiscal savings or
other efficiencies insufficient support for public interest exception).
The court finds that none of Commerce’s reasons in support of immediate
revocation (without prior notice and comment) rise to the level required. That Commerce
improvidently enacted rules without adequate experience of how they would work, that the rules
apply to ongoing investigations, and the rules could deny relief to domestic industries, do not rise
to the level required for it to avoid the APA’s requirements. Indeed, those justifications could
apply to almost any rule promulgated by the agency.
This situation is closely analogous to that found in Citibank, Federal Sav. Bank v.
FDIC, 836 F.Supp. 3 (D.C. D.C. 1993), where the FDIC withdrew without providing notice or
comment a rule regarding disposition of reserves held by FDIC on behalf of member banks.
Several years later, Citibank sued to have the rule enforced, and the court agreed.
Notice which fails to alert the public to significant policy changes violates the
APA’s notice and comment provisions. See Natural Resources Defense Council,
Inc. v. Hodel, 618 F.Supp. 848 (E.D. Cal. 1985). Therefore, this court holds that
because the FDIC did not comply with the relevant provisions of the APA when it
purported to repeal 12 C.F.R. § 385.8(b), the repeal of that regulation was invalid.
Consequently, 12 C.F.R. § 385.8(b) was still in force at the time of the merger of
Citibank-Ill and Citibank-D.C. into Citibank-Cal.
Citibank, 836 F.Supp. at 7. Because Commerce failed to provide notice and comment before
withdrawing the Limiting Rule, and the agency failed to provide adequate cause to qualify under
the exceptions to the notice and comment requirements, the court finds that the repeal of the
regulation was invalid, and the Limiting Rule is still in force. Commerce’s decision to apply the
targeted dumping remedy to all of APP-China’s sales failed to comply with applicable law.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 16
Commerce must, on remand, reconsider its application of the targeted dumping
remedy under the Limiting Rule. Assuming the finding of targeted dumping remains positive
after reconsideration of the other issues addressed in this opinion, Commerce must limit
application of the targeted dumping remedy to the targeted sales, or provide an adequate
explanation why the situation is not a “normal” one before applying the remedy to all APP-China
sales.
b. Targeted Dumping Testing
APP-China argues that Commerce’s test for targeted dumping was unsupported
by substantial evidence. “Commerce created a test so complex that Commerce itself failed to
apply its own test correctly.” Pl’s Br. at 40. APP-China alleges that Commerce incorrectly
applied the test derived from the decision in Mid Continental Nail Corp. v. United States, 712
F.Supp. 2d 1370, 1377-78 (CIT 2010) (“Nails test”). In the first part of the Nails test, Commerce
analyzed averages of prices, rather than individual prices, and calculated an average price and a
standard deviation based on customer specific average prices.
APP-China argues that this violates 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B)(i), because the
statute distinguishes between “export prices” and “weighted average export prices”, and
Commerce used an average where the statute references only “export prices”. See e.g., 19
U.S.C. § 1677a(a). Commerce should be required to analyze targeted dumping using individual
transaction prices rather than averages. Pl’s Br. at 41. APP-China alleges that “the prices to the
alleged target did not pass the first part of the [Commerce] test when using actual prices rather
than constructed averages.” Id. at 42 (emphasis in original).
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 17
Commerce responds that it applied the Nails methodology accurately by using
weighted average prices. Deft’s Br. at 69. In the Second Comment Request, Commerce
explained the Nails test. In the first step of the test, “[t]he calculation of the standard deviation
value would be done product by product . . . using period of investigation[]-wide average prices
(weighted by sales value) for each allegedly targeted customer and each distinct non-targeted
customer.” Second Comment Request, 73 Fed. Reg. at 26372.
The court agrees that Commerce correctly applied this portion of the Nails test, as
described in the Second Comment Request. The statute does not require otherwise, despite
plaintiffs’ statutory construction arguments. Therefore, the court upholds this portion of
Commerce’s determination as within its discretion in interpreting the statue involved.
c. Programming Errors
Under the second part of the Nails test, Commerce found “significant” price
discrepancies whenever a non-targeted customer had higher-than-average prices. APP-China
argues that Commerce’s computer code did not correctly compare the average price to the next-
higher average price to a non-targeted customer as required by the Nails test. Pl’s Br. at 45,
citing I&D Memo at 22. Instead, the program searched for the lowest weighted average price to
a non-targeted customer with a larger than average price gap. Because Commerce actually never
compared the alleged targeted price to the “next higher” price, as it was supposed to, APP-China
argues that Commerce incorrectly identified targeted dumping in 8 of 8 examples used to justify
the targeted dumping finding. Pl’s Br. at 46.
APP-China next alleges that Commerce failed to determine the average price gap
for the entire group of non-targeted customers. Pl’s Br. at 47-8. This is a critical part of
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 18
determining whether the targeted price gap represented an aberration. Instead, Commerce
determined the average price gap for only customers with higher average prices. This approach
increased the size of the price gap significantly and switched the result of the test from negative
to positive. Id. According to APP-China, Commerce also ignored data from non-targeted
customers with average prices below the price to the alleged targeted customer. Pl’s Br. at 49.
Commerce used data from all the non-targeted customers during the first step in its targeting
analysis – the “pattern” test. But Commerce excluded lower-priced non-targeted customers in
analyzing whether the prices differed significantly. Finally, APP-China argues that Commerce
used methodologies derived from a small sample, and then applied the results to the entire data
set. Commerce used data relating to shipments of only 1,005 metric tons (out of 53,809 MT total
shipped). Pl’s Br. at 50, citing its Complete Output exhibit.
Commerce thus impermissibly stacked the deck. For those CONNUMs that
passed its ‘pattern’ test, it then looked for any instance in which the non-targeted
customer had an average price higher enough above the average price to the
alleged targeted customer to be larger than the smaller price gap calculated for a
subset of those non-targeted customers. Commerce has not provided any
justification for a test so distorted and so designed to achieve the desired outcome
– finding some isolated examples of transactions that pass the tests.
Pl’s Br. at 51 (emphasis in original, citation omitted).
Appleton argues that the program contains another error “that artificially
enhanced the ‘gap’ between targeted and non-targeted prices so as to make targeting more
difficult to find.” Appleton Supplemental Brief, ECF Doc. 80 at 6.
Commerce requests a voluntary remand to “examine the calculation program, and
if appropriate, to correct the alleged errors and reconsider the finding that export prices differed
significantly among purchasers.” Deft’s Br. at 75.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 19
The court agrees with the parties and remands to Commerce with instructions to
review each of the computer programming issues identified above, to recalculate the margins
after correcting any errors found, or to explain why it believes the errors do not exist. See SKF
USA, Inc. v. United States, 254 Fed.3d 1022, 1027-31 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (explaining circumstances
where voluntary remand requests will be granted).
V. Double-Counted Rebate
APP-China argues that Commerce erred in double-counting a rebate in the
calculation of its net U.S. price. Plaintiffs contend that its revised U.S. sales database included
data for the “Program for Growth” rebate twice. Commerce responds that APP-China’s
submissions did not adequately demonstrate that APP-China was entitled to the adjustment.
Deft’s Br. at 85. Appleton argues that APP-China based its “double-count” claim on tardy
information which was unreliable. Appleton’s Resp. Br. at 55-56.
APP-China presented rebate information in two documents, one of which was an
untranslated document which Commerce could not read. Deft’s Br. at 86. Commerce denied the
requested adjustment because it could not determine how the rebate amount was calculated. The
court agrees with Commerce that administrative exhaustion principles apply in this instance.
Gerber Food (Yunnan) Co. v. United States, 601 F.Supp. 2d 1370, 1379 (CIT 2009). APP-China
could have submitted the information to Commerce in a more timely, accurate and legible
manner. The court finds that APP-China failed to meet its burden to show that it was entitled to
an adjustment before Commerce, and this aspect of Commerce’s decision is supported by
substantial evidence.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 20
VI. Export Price vs. Constructed Export Price Analysis
APP-China classified its sales as export price (“EP”) transactions, which
Commerce accepted. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a). According to Appleton, because some of the goods
were delivered in the U.S. on a DDP (delivered duty-paid) or DDU (delivered duty-unpaid)
basis, the sales should have been found to have been made in the U.S. Appleton Br. at 5, 13. If
the sales were made in the U.S., they should have been classified as Constructed Export Price
(“CEP”) transactions and downward adjustments to the CEP prices made under 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677a(d). 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b). In response to these arguments, Commerce held that:
the record evidence supports continuing to treat the sales at issue as EP
transactions. Specifically, for these sales, APP-China (GEHK) [Gold East’s Hong
Kong affiliate (“GEHK”)] is identified as the seller of the merchandise and
invoiced the U.S. customer prior to the date of importation. GPS [APP-China’s
U.S. importing affiliate] did not take title to the products, nor is it identified as the
seller of the merchandise on the commercial invoice. [Footnote noting GPS’s
limited role omitted.]
Accordingly, record evidence indicates that [GEHK] is the seller of the subject
merchandise in these transactions, and that the sale took place outside the United
States, before the date of importation, when [GEHK] invoiced the U.S. customer.8
The government defends Commerce’s decision by arguing that the date of the
invoice (which establishes the price and quantity) is critical under the terms of the statute and its
regulations, especially where that date is prior to the date of importation. Deft’s Br. at 89, citing
19 C.F.R. § 351.401(i). But an invoice date prior to import may indicate either an EP or CEP
sale for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a, because both EP and CEP sales can be made prior to
importation.
8
I&D Memo at 35 (footnotes omitted). GEHK is described as “an offshore trading
company that [Gold East] uses as an invoicing party for its export sales.” Pub. Gold East Section
A Response (Dec. 23, 2009), PR 77 at 17.
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 21
The parties argue that the decisions in AK Steel, Corus Staal and Nucor should
settle the issue of whether the sale of the goods was made inside or outside the U.S. But while
those decisions are instructive, the factors driving each of those cases differ from this case. In
AK Steel Corp. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000), our appellate court stated that:
[t]he question at the root of this appeal is whether a sale to a U.S. purchaser can
be properly classified as a sale by the producer/exporter, and thus an EP sale, even
if the sales contract is between the U.S. purchaser and a U.S. affiliate of the
producer/exporter and is executed in the United States. Appellees argue that it
can, if the role of the U.S. affiliate is sufficiently minor that the sale passes the PQ
Test. The domestic producers argue that the plain language of the statute prevents
such a classification. We agree with the domestic producers.
AK Steel, 226 F.3d at 1368. However, the holding in A.K. Steel that the first unaffiliated sale is a
CEP sale when it is made by an exporter’s U.S. affiliate does not resolve the issue here. Unlike
in AK Steel, Commerce decided that GPS, the U.S. importer, did not make the sales in question.
I&D Memo at 35. Rather, Commerce found the sales were made by GEHK, Gold East’s
affiliate.
In Corus Staal BV v. United States, 502 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2007), the exporter
argued the sales were EP because they were made prior to importation, but Commerce found
they were CEP sales made after importation because the orders were filled from U.S. stock.
Corus Staal, 502 F.3d at 1376. The case turned on whether the sale predated importation and the
court agreed with Commerce that it did not. Corus Staal, 502 F.3d at 1377. Corus Staal’s
holding was controlled by the statute because if the sale was made after importation then it could
not be an EP sale. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a) (EP sales are made “before the date of importation”).
Corus Staal’s holding as a result does not resolve the issues in this case.
Nucor Corp. v. United States, 612 F.Supp. 2d 1264, 1275 (CIT 2009), upheld
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 22
Commerce’s finding of an offshore sale where title transferred to the U.S. buyers overseas,
among other factors. Commerce disagreed with an allegation that title transferred in the U.S. Id.
“[T]he sales agreement was signed in Turkey by [exporter] personnel, the invoice was issued by
an entity in Turkey (i.e., the producer/exporter) to an entity in the United States (i.e., the U.S.
customer), and it was concluded outside the United States.” Id., quoting Decision Memo at 66-
67. The court agreed with Commerce that the sales should be classified as EP because they
occurred outside the U.S. Id. at 1282-83. Unfortunately, as with Corus Staal, the structure of
the transactions in Nucor differed significantly from those in this case.
Moreover, the record evidence provides only a limited indication where the sale
occurred under the statute and caselaw. Commerce cited the following facts in its determination:
- GEHK invoiced the unaffiliated U.S. customer prior to importation;
- GEHK was the seller of the subject merchandise;
- GPS never took title to the merchandise;
- GPS was not identified as the seller on the commercial invoice;
- Delivery terms were DDU or DDP in the U.S.;
- The date of sale was the GEHK invoice date, since that invoice set “the material terms of
sale”.
I&D Memo at 35. The record reveals that in these transactions, payment was made by overseas
customers directly to GEHK or the U.S. affiliate GPS (which forwarded payment to GEHK).
See Attachment 1 to Appleton Reply Br. (sales flow charts). It appears that GEHK was not the
producer or exporter of the merchandise, which shipped directly from Gold East to customers in
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 23
the U.S. Id. GEHK also purchased raw materials which were sent directly to Gold East. Id.
But there is no discussion of contract terms regarding passage of title or risk of loss, other than
the use by the parties of DDP and DDU terms. Cf. Nucor, 612 F. Supp.2d at 1273-1275
(discussing factors relevant to determination of locus of sale). Also absent from the record is a
discussion of where and by whom the negotiations for the sales were held. There is no mention
of whether there was an overall sales agreement covering the sales in question, and if so, where it
was made. Commerce does not discuss the importance of the fact that payments went from the
U.S. customers to GEHK. While Commerce found that the sales were not made by GPS, that
does not necessarily mean that the sales were not made in the U.S. due to other factors.
Even if the record fully supported Commerce’s determination that the sales were
made outside the U.S., that factor is not dispositive of the EP/CEP classification, because the
statute also distinguishes between sales made by the producer and those made by another party
on behalf of the producer. Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677a, an EP sale is the first sale (or agreement to
sell) “by the producer or exporter of the subject merchandise” outside the United States to an
unaffiliated purchaser in the U.S. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a). A CEP sale is the first sale (or
agreement to sell) in the U.S. “by or for the account of the producer or exporter . . . or by a seller
affiliated with the producer or exporter” to an unaffiliated purchaser in the U.S. 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677a(b) (emphasis added). In this case, the first sale was made by an affiliated seller (GEHK)
which was not the producer/exporter.9 Under the statute, if GEHK was the seller but not the
producer or exporter of the merchandise in question, the sale cannot be an EP sale. By the same
9
Id. There is no indication in the record that Commerce decided to collapse the various
affiliates of Gold East, including GEHK, for purposes of the EP/CEP analysis. Cf. AK Steel, 226
F.3d at 1365 (Commerce analyzed collapsed companies).
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 24
token, however, if the sale was made outside the U.S., it cannot be a CEP sale. 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677a(b).
This structural distinction is discussed in AK Steel. There, the fact that the
affiliate was deemed the seller was critical to the court’s conclusion that the sale could not be
deemed an EP sale. As stated in AK Steel, “a sale made by a U.S. affiliate or another party other
than the producer or exporter cannot be an EP sale.” AK Steel, 226 F.3d at 1374 (emphasis
added).
[T]he statute also distinguishes the categories based on the participation of an
affiliate as the seller. The definition of CEP includes sales made by either the
producer/exporter or “by a seller affiliated with the producer or exporter.” 19
U.S.C. § 1677a(b). EP sales, on the other hand can only be made by the producer
or exporter of the merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a). Consequently, while a
sale made by a producer or exporter could be either EP or CEP, one made by a
U.S. affiliate can only be CEP. Limiting affiliate sales to CEP flows logically
from the geographical restriction of the EP definition, as a sale executed in the
United States by a U.S. affiliate of the producer or exporter to a U.S. purchaser
could not be a sale “outside the United States.” The location of the sale and the
identity of the seller are critical to distinguishing between the two categories.
AK Steel, 226 F.3d at 1370-71. The Statement of Administrative Action also distinguishes
between sales by the seller and sales for the account of the producer. The latter are classified as
being CEP sales without reference to the location of the sale. Statement of Administrative Action
accompanying Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), Pub. L. No. 103-465, tit. II, 108 Stat.
4809, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316 at 823 (1994) (“SAA”). It states,
If, before or after the time of importation, the first sale to an unaffiliated person is
made by (or for the account of) the producer or exporter or by a seller in the
United States who is affiliated with the producer or exporter, then Commerce will
base its calculation on constructed export price . . . .
Id. at 822-23. The SAA thus classifies as CEP sales those made “for the account of” the
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 25
producer or those made by the producer’s affiliate in the U.S.
The statute, through § 1677a(d), provides for downward adjustments in CEP
prices to account for the presumed additional costs attributable to sales by affiliates, but the
downward adjustment is not restricted to only U.S. affiliates. Commerce’s analysis failed to
recognize the incongruity of classifying as EP sales that were made by the affiliate GEHK.
Therefore, Commerce’s finding that the sales were EP sales is not in accordance with law and is
unsupported by substantial evidence on the record.
In addition, there is significant evidence on the record that conflicts with
Commerce’s finding that the sales were not made in the U.S, including the DDP and DDU nature
of some transactions. Coupled with the relative paucity of record information about several
factors relevant to the finding of the location of the sale, and the limited discussion of this issue
in the I&D Memo, the court finds that the determination that the sales were made outside the
U.S. is unsupported by substantial evidence. This issue is remanded to Commerce with
instructions to reopen the question of whether the sales were EP or CEP. Commerce shall
review the record to determine if there is further evidence of where the sales were made.
Commerce shall also provide a fuller analysis of why the sales should be deemed EP or CEP,
including a discussion of how the fact that the sales were made by an affiliate should affect that
determination.
VII. Surrogate Wage Rate Analysis
Appleton argues that Commerce used a flawed methodology to determine the
surrogate wage rate for the People’s Republic of China. Appleton Br. at 6. Commerce initially
used a traditional regression methodology in the Preliminary Determination. When that
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 26
methodology was overturned in Dorbest v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2010),
Commerce used a so-called “bookend” methodology for the Final Determination.
[Commerce] used the highest- and lowest-income countries identified in the list of
potential surrogate countries as ‘bookends,’ for purposes of determining the full
list of economically comparable countries for calculation of the labor rate. Next,
[Commerce] identified all countries that fell within the range of the ‘bookends,’
based on the World Bank’s reported 2008 country-specific [Gross National
Income “GNI”] per capita. This resulted in 43 countries, ranging from India with
USD 1,040 GNI per capita to Peru with USD 3,990 GNI per capita.
I&D Memo, Comment 30 at 65, PR 353. Commerce found 23 countries with significant exports
of comparable merchandise between 2007 and 2009. Id. at 66. Commerce further refined the
list by identifying 15 countries with the necessary wage data. Id. at 67-68.
Commerce, according to Appleton, used “a broad average rate developed from
earnings for all workers in all industries in multiple countries whose only demonstrated
comparability to China was country-level per capita income.” Appleton Br. at 14. Commerce
rejected Appleton’s insistence that it use only data from an Indian paper company’s financial
statements because “wage data from a single country does not constitute the best available
information for purposes of valuing the labor input due to the variability that exists between
wages and GNI.” Cmt. 30, I&D Memo at 68. “[Commerce] has a longstanding and predictable
practice of selecting economically comparable countries on the basis of absolute GNI, and
nothing in Petitioners’ submissions undermines the reasonableness of that practice.” Id. at 65.
The bookends approach has subsequently been invalidated and been replaced with
one which looks to wages in the primary surrogate country. Appleton Reply at 10, citing
Antidumping Methodologies in Proceedings Involving Non-Market Economies: Valuing the
Factor of Production: Labor, 76 Fed. Reg. 36902, 36093 (Dep’t Comm. June 21, 2011). The
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 27
government argues that the court should not impose the new primary surrogate methodology
because the Antidumping Methodologies announcement by its terms was not made retroactive.
Deft’s Br. at 92, n. 16, citing Grobest & I-Mei Indus. (Vietnam) Co. v. United States, 815
F.Supp. 2d 1342, 1359-60 n. 23 (CIT 2012).
The court agrees with the holding in Grobest, where the court upheld
Commerce’s decision to use averaged data rather than specific data.
In this case, Commerce had industry-specific data for one country, Bangladesh.
With industry-specific data for only one country, Commerce was faced with
making a choice between specificity and accounting for wage rate variance by
averaging data from as many countries as possible. It chose the latter. A
reasonable mind could determine that Commerce chose the best available
information [citing Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co. v. United States, 652 F.3d
1333, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2011); and Shandong Rongxin Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United
States, 774 F. Supp. 2d 1307, 1314 (CIT 2011)], and the court will not upset
Commerce’s reasonable choice.
Grobest, 815 F.Supp. 2d at 1360. For similar reasons, the court declines Appleton’s invitation to
overturn Commerce’s reasonable decision to use the then-applicable “bookends” approach. As
stated by the government, “Appleton’s argument is nothing more than an invitation for the court
to substitute its judgment regarding the best surrogate data source for that of Commerce.” Deft’s
Br. at 94.
Appleton also argues that Commerce erred in its selection of countries used in the
“bookends” approach because it did not choose countries bracketed equally around China’s data.
But the countries selected had gross national incomes both above and below that of China, unlike
the situation in Dorbest, where the court remanded for reconsideration because Commerce
selected bookend countries that all had GNIs below that of China. Dorbest Ltd. v. United States,
755 F.Supp. 2d 1291, 1298 (CIT 2011). The court has reviewed the record and finds that this
Consol. Court No. 10-00371 Page 28
aspect of Commerce’s decision was reasonable under the circumstances.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the record developed before Commerce and upon the papers and
proceedings before this court, for the reasons set forth above, the court remands this action to
Commerce for action consistent with this opinion. Commerce shall prepare a preliminary
analysis of the issues and submit it to the parties no later than 90 days from the date of this
opinion. Within 30 days of the preliminary analysis, the parties shall be permitted to file
comments with Commerce. Commerce shall then have another 60 days to complete a final
redetermination which will be filed with the court no later than Monday, December 16, 2013.
The parties shall have thirty days thereafter to file comments on the remand in this court.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ R. Kenton Musgrave
R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
Dated: June 17, 2013
New York, New York
Gold East Paper (Jiangsu) Co. v. United States
Court: United States Court of International Trade
Date filed: 2013-06-17
Citations: 2013 CIT 74, 918 F. Supp. 2d 1317
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