FILED
COAT OF APPEALS
DIVISION 11
2 0 1 HAY 20 A 110: 56
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASH ; ON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 45337 -1 - II
Appellant,
v.
A.W.,
Appellant,
DWIGHT A. FINCH, PUBLISHED OPINION
Intervenor -
Respondent.
WORSWICK, C. J. — In this interlocutory appeal, which is linked with State v. Dwight A.
Finch, No. 44637 -5 -II (Wash. May 20, 2014), the juvenile court ordered a juvenile sex crime
2 3
victim and offender to submit to polygraph testing.' A.W., a minor, pleaded guilty to first
degree child molestation and received a special sex offender disposition alternative ( SSODA).4
During treatment, A.W. disclosed that Dwight Finch had sexually assaulted him. The State
charged Finch with first degree child rape and first degree child molestation, and the superior
court, over the State' s objection, ordered A.W. to submit to the polygraph test that the parties
This case concerns the juvenile court' s order. State v. Finch concerns the superior court' s
order.
2 We use initials to protect A.W.' s privacy. General Order 2011 - 1 of Division II, In Re: The Use
Of Initials Or Pseudonyms For Child Witnesses In Sex Crime Cases, ( Wash. Ct. App.), available
at http: / www. courts .
/ wa.gov /
appellate_trial_ courts /.
3
A.W. was 12 to 13 years old at the time of his offense.
4
RCW 13. 40. 162.
No. 45337 -1 - II
dispute on appeal. After we granted discretionary interlocutory review of that decision, Finch
moved to intervene in A.W.' s juvenile disposition. Finch requested the juvenile court to order
A.W. to take the disputed polygraph test to determine the truthfulness of his allegations against
Finch, either by granting Finch' s motion to intervene, or on its own motion in the interest of
justice. The juvenile court entered the instant order requiring A.W. to submit to the disputed
polygraph test.
In this case, the State and A.W. appeal the juvenile court' s order requiring A.W. to
submit to the polygraph test. The State asks us to impose sanctions against Finch' s trial counsel
and to remand this case to a different judge. Because A.W.' s SSODA did not authorize the
polygraph test, and because Finch had no right to intervene in State v. A. W, we hold that the
juvenile court erred by ordering the polygraph test, and we reverse that order. To maintain the
appearance of fairness, we remand this case to a different judge. Finally, we remand the matter
of sanctions for the juvenile court' s consideration.
FACTS
A. State v. A. W., with Finc - as Intervenor
A.W. pleaded guilty to first degree child molestation. The juvenile court imposed a
special sex offender disposition alternative ( SSODA) which imposed conditions including:
1.] [ O] bey all ... laws.
2.] Participate in weekly treatment.
3.] Treatment compliance could be monitored every 6 months through a
polygraph, if available.
CP ( A.W.) at 18, 22. The juvenile court modified the polygraph test condition from the
boilerplate language, which had stated, " Treatment compliance shall be monitored every 6
months through a polygraph." CP ( A.W.) at 22.
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No. 45337 -1 - II
While undergoing court ordered sex offender treatment, A.W. told his therapist that Finch
5
committed sex acts against him. A.W.' s therapist informed the State about A.W.' s disclosure,
and the State charged Finch with first degree child and first degree child molestation.
B. State v. Finch
After being charged, Finch submitted to a polygraph test. The polygraph examiner
concluded that Finch was truthful when he denied A.W.' s allegations. Finch then moved the
superior court to use the juvenile court' s authority over A.W.' s SSODA in State v. A. W. to
require A.W. to submit to polygraph testing, the purpose of which would be to ask A.W. about
8
his allegations against Finch. The State opposed Finch' s motion.
The superior court could not clearly remember why it had modified the SSODA' s
polygraph test provision from the boilerplate language. Because of this, and because the superior
court wanted to know why A.W.' s therapist decided against giving A.W. regular polygraph tests,
the superior court ordered A.W.' s therapist to appear in State v. Finch and show cause as to why
he had not given A.W. regular polygraph tests.9 In response to the superior court' s question,
A.W.' s therapist provided the following explanation as to why he did not give regular polygraph
tests to A.W.:
Polygraph tests are] considered coercive for use in adolescents because of their
developmental stages, because of their personality formation, because of the
5
Finch was previously convicted of two sex offenses against a female child.
6
RCW 9A.44. 073.
RCW 9A.44. 083.
8 The same judge presided over State v. Finch and State v. A. W.
9 A.W. did not appear at this proceeding.
3
No. 45337 -1 - II
conditions of beneficence and nonmaleficence, which are [ sic] either they must
show benefit and [ sic] they must show no harm
Verbatim Report of Proceedings ( VRP) ( Finch) ( Nov. 7, 2012) at 7.
C] hildren believe that [ the polygraph tests are] detecting lies when they' re really
not. What polygraphs really detect is physiological responses, but they' re called
lie detectors, and so the children automatically think they' re detecting lies, which
is the coercive part.
VRP ( Finch) ( Nov. 7, 2012) at 9. A.W.' s therapist also explained:
All these cases — all these decisions are made on a case -by -case basis, and [ A.W.]
falls into a category of youth that we would callthat he has sexual behavioral
problems, and because of his developmental maturity, what the literature suggests
is that there can be harm when you coerce a person that age."
VRP ( Finch) ( Nov. 7, 2012) at 9.
The superior court entered an order in State v. Finch requiring A.W. to take the polygraph
test. The State requested discretionary interlocutory review in State v. Finch. We stayed the
superior court' s order, and granted discretionary interlocutory review because the superior court
committed " probable error that substantially alters the status quo." Ruling Granting Review,
State v. Finch, No. 44637 -5 -II, at 1 ( Wash. Ct. App. May 16, 2013); see RAP 2. 3( b)( 2).
C. Finch' s Intervention in State v. A. W.
After we stayed and granted discretionary review of the superior court' s order in State v.
Finch, Finch moved to intervene in State v. A. W., asking the juvenile court for another order
10
requiring A.W. to take the same polygraph test as was ordered in State v. Finch. Finch' s
10 Finch filed his motion to intervene in the form of a " complaint" against A.W. for A.W.' s
alleged SSODA violation. CP ( A.W.) at 35. But Finch' s motion was actually a motion to
intervene in State v. A. W. Finch also filed a " motion to compel polygraph to review alleged
violation of SSODA sentence," in which he also moved to intervene in State v. A. W. CP ( A.W.)
at 38.
4
No. 45337 -1 - II
motion to intervene alleged that by accusing Finch of sex crimes, A.W. committed the crime of
l
false reporting," and, thus, violated the SSODA condition requiring A.W. to " obey all ... laws."
CP ( A.W.) at 18. In his motion, Finch requested to intervene in State v. A. W. " for [the] very
12
limited purpose [ of asking] the Court to require the already ordered polygraph. " CP ( A.W.) at
35 -36. Finch asked the juvenile court to either grant Finch' s motion to order A.W. to take the
polygraph test, or order the polygraph test on its own motion in the interest ofjustice.
The juvenile court set a hearing on Finch' s motion to intervene. A.W.' s counsel
appeared at the hearing and joined the State in opposing the motion. The State filed a declaration
stating its refusal to stipulate to the admission of any polygraph tests in State v. Finch. The State
also requested sanctions against Finch' s trial counsel.
At the hearing, the juvenile court stated that it recalled why it had modified the polygraph
test provision of A.W.' s SSODA from the boilerplate language:
I deferred to the treatment provider' s ... discretion, and yet at that time I didn' t
know that the treatment provider ... said, " I never give polygraph tests. I' ll never
give them" ... [ t] o a juvenile. So then I thought, well, if I had known that at the
time, then I might have not just signed off on it. ... It would just be nice for the
11 RCW 9A.84. 040.
12 It is unclear whether Finch meant that the polygraph was ( 1) already ordered in State v. Finch
or ( 2) already ordered as part of the SSODA. Finch argued both below.
No. 45337 -1 - II
Court to know those kind [ sic] of things rather than sign an order that that line
really has no effect when you say " could."
CP ( A. W.) at 260 -61.
The juvenile court entered a second order requiring A.W. to take the polygraph test. This
order specified that a portion of the polygraph test would ask A.W. about his allegations against
Finch, and directed the polygraph test' s results to be sent to the juvenile court for in camera
review. The State and A.W. requested discretionary interlocutory review of this order. We
accepted review and stayed the order in State v. A. W. pending further order of this court.13
Ruling Staying Order, State v. A. W., No. 45337 -1 - I1 ( Wash. Ct. App. Sept. 12, 2013); Ruling
Accelerating Review, State v. A. W, No. 45337 -1 - II (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 7, 2013).
ANALYSIS
I. AUTHORITY To GRANT FINCH' S DISCOVERY REQUEST UNDER A.W.' s SSODA
The State and A.W. argue that A.W.' s SSODA did not authorize the juvenile court to
order the polygraph test. We agree with the State and A.W.
A.W.' s SSODA states, " Treatment compliance could be monitored every 6 months
through a polygraph, if available." CP ( A.W.) at 22. This language limits the scope of potential
polygraph tests to questions confirming A.W' s compliance with treatment.
Here, A.W.' s therapist explained that he did not give polygraph tests to A.W. because
polygraph tests are] considered coercive for use in adolescents because of their developmental
stages ... [ T] he children automatically think they' re detecting lies, which is the coercive part."
See VRP ( Finch) ( Nov. 7, 2012) at 7, 9. A.W.' s therapist also said, "[ A] 11 these decisions are
13 Legal Voice, the National Crime Victim Law Institute, and the Sexual Violence Law Center
filed a joint amicus brief in this case.
No. 45337 -1 - II
made on a case - by -case basis, and A.W. falls into a category of youth that we would call —that
he has sexual behavioral problems, and because of his developmental maturity, what the
literature suggests is that there can be harm when you coerce a person that age." VRP ( Finch)
Nov. 7, 2012) at 9. Thus, polygraph tests were not conducive to A.W.' s therapy.
Ordering A.W. to take the polygraph test was designed not to ensure compliance with
treatment, but rather to ensure the truthfulness of A.W.' s allegations against Finch. Thus,
ordering A.W. to take the polygraph test exceeded the scope of A.W.' s SSODA because it did
not pertain to ensuring A.W.' s treatment compliance.
II. FINCH' S RIGHT To INTERVENE IN STATE V. A.W.
A. Standing To Intervene in State v. A. W.
The State and A.W. argue that Finch lacked standing to intervene in State v. A. W. Finch
argues that he had standing because he was a victim of A.W.' s false reporting. We agree with
the State and A.W.
Standing is a threshold issue which we review de novo. State v. Link, 136 Wn. App. 685,
692, 150 P .3d - 10 ( 2007).
6 Standing is a party' s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial
enforcement of a duty or right. Link, 136 Wn. App. at 692. Standing prohibits a party from
asserting another' s legal right. West v. Thurston County., 144 Wn. App. 573, 578, 183 P. 3d 346
1)
2008). A litigant may have third party standing if "( the litigant has suffered an injury - -
in fact,
giving him a sufficiently concrete interest in the outcome of the disputed issue; ( 2) the litigant
has a close relationship to the third party; and (3) there exists some hindrance to the third party' s
ability to protect his or her own interests." Ludwig v. Dep 't ofRet. Sys., 131 Wn. App. 379, 385,
127 P. 3d 781 ( 2006).
7
No. 45337 -1 - II
Here, although the juvenile court did not explicitly grant Finch' s motion to intervene, it
implicitly granted Finch' s motion to intervene by granting Finch' s requested relief without citing
any authority. In State v. A. W., Finch was asserting not his own right, but rather the State' s right
to move the juvenile court to sanction A.W.' s alleged SSODA violation of false reporting. The
issue in State v. A. W. was whether A.W. complied with his SSODA. Assuming Finch was a
victim of A.W.' s false reporting, Finch still does not have an interest in enforcing A.W.' s
compliance with his SSODA. Rather, Finch has an interest in acquittal in State v. Finch. Thus,
Finch does not have standing because he was asserting the State' s legal right, rather than his
own.
Finch fails the third party standing test' s second part because the litigant (the State) does
not have a close relationship to the third party ( Finch). Thus, we hold that Finch had no standing
in State v. A. W.
B. Finch' s Right To Intervene as a Victim
The State and A.W. argue that no authority gave Finch the right to intervene in State v.
A. W Finchargues that RCW 7. 69. 030 gives Finch the right to intervene in State v. A. W. as a
14
victim of A.W.' s false reporting. We agree with the State and A.W.
We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. State v. Christensen, 153 Wn.2d
186, 194, 102 P. 3d 789 ( 2004). If the statute' s meaning is plain on its face, then we give effect
14
Finch also argues that CR 24 authorizes him to intervene in State v. A. W. But CR 24 does not
apply to matters involving a juvenile offense. JuCR 1. 4( a).
8
No. 45337 -1 - II
to that plain meaning. State v. Theilken, 102 Wn.2d 271, 275, 684 P. 2d 709 ( 1984). We discern
a statute' s plain meaning from " the ordinary meaning of the language at issue, as well as from
the context of the statute in which that provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory
scheme as a whole." State v. Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d 596, 600, 115 P. 3d 281 ( 2005).
T] he power to prosecute criminal acts is vested in public prosecutors." Protect the
Peninsula' s Future v. City ofPort Angeles, 175 Wn. App. 201, 213, 304 P. 3d 914 , review
denied, 178 Wn.2d 1022 ( 2013). Private parties have no right to intervene in criminal
proceedings unless specific authority grants them that right. See State v. Cloud, 95 Wn. App.
606, 614, 976 P. 2d 649 ( 1999). Although these cases deal with criminal proceedings rather than
juvenile dispositions, the logic of these cases applies equally in the context of juvenile
dispositions.
RCW 7. 69. 030 gives " victims, survivors, and witnesses" 15 enumerated rights. Three of
these rights allow for narrow participation in criminal trials, including the right to submit a
victim impact statement to the court, present a statement at sentencing hearings for felonies, and
have the court enter an order of restitution in felony cases. RCW 7. 69.030( 13) =( 15). But RCW"
15
7. 69. 030 does not include a right to intervene in a criminal trial. State v. Savoie, 164 Wn. App.
15 Finch argues that Division Three of this court found no error with the trial court' s decision to
allow the victims to intervene. But Finch is mistaken; this court in State v. Savoie clearly held
the trial court' s decision allowing victim intervention to be erroneous. 164 Wn. App. 156, 163,
262 P. 3d 535 ( 2011).
9
No. 45337 -1 - II
156, 163, 262 P. 3d 535 ( 2011). Thus, the juvenile court erred by allowing Finch to intervene in
A.W.' s juvenile disposition because no authority gave Finch the right to do so. 16
III. APPEARANCE OF FAIRNESS DOCTRINE •
The State argues that we should remand this case to a different judge under the
appearance of fairness doctrine. We agree.
A judicial proceeding satisfies the appearance of fairness doctrine if a reasonably prudent
and disinterested person would conclude that all parties obtained a fair, impartial, and neutral
hearing. State v. Bilal, 77 Wn. App. 720, 722, 893 P. 2d 674, 675 ( 1995). We analyze whether a
judge' s impartiality might reasonably be questioned under an objective test that assumes a
reasonable person to know and understand all relevant facts. Sherman v. State, 128 Wn.2d 164,
205 -06, 905 P. 2d 355 ( 1995). The party must produce sufficient evidence demonstrating actual
or potential bias, such as personal or pecuniary interest on the part of the judge; mere speculation
16 We note that allowing a defendant accused of sexual abuse of a juvenile sex offender to
intervene in that juvenile' s disposition for the purpose of using that juvenile' s SSODA against
that juvenile would hinder the SSODA' s rehabilitative purpose. This is a serious public policy
concern for two reasons. First, juveniles who have been sexually or physically abused are more
likely to be arrested for sex crimes than the general population. Cathy Spatz Widom, Victims of
Childhood Sexual Abuse —Later Criminal Consequences, NAT' L INST. OF JUST. 1, 5 ( 1995),
available at https: / ncjrs.gov / dffiles / buse.pdf. This subset of juvenile offenders needs to be
/ p a
able to fully participate in treatment which includes a recitation of their sexual history. Second,
juvenile sex offenders are more amenable to treatment than their adult counterparts. EILEEN P.
RYAN ET AL., JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS: A GUIDE TO EVALUATION AND TREATMENT FOR
MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS 15 ( Oxford Univ. Press 2012). Thus, it is critical to treat the
juvenile sex offenders, who themselves may be victims of sexual abuse, before they reach
adulthood. Allowing the juvenile' s abuser to intervene in treatment would have a chilling effect
on these youth who might otherwise be inclined to enter treatment. But we need not consider
this serious public policy concern here, because Finch had no right to intervene in A.W.' s
juvenile disposition.
10
No. 45337 -1 - II
is not enough. In re Pers. Restraint ofHaynes, 100 Wn. App. 366, 377 n.23, 996 P. 2d 637
2000).
Here, the judge used his juvenile court authority over A.W.' s SSODA in State v. A. W. to
order a polygraph test to investigate A.W.' s allegations in State v. Finch. If State v. Finch
proceeds to trial, A.W. would have to appear to testify before this same judge who improperly
allowed Finch to intervene in A.W' s juvenile disposition, and who ordered A.W to take a
polygraph test without proper authority. A reasonably prudent and disinterested person who
knew these facts would conclude that the judge ordering A.W. to take a polygraph to investigate
the case in which A.W. is the victim, in spite of a therapist' s testimony that polygraph tests could
be harmful to A.W., could not give all parties a fair, impartial, and neutral hearing.
We hold that the judge' s dual role as judge for A.W.' s juvenile disposition and Finch' s
criminal case, the judge' s inability to separate these two roles, and the judge' s attempts to
investigate the truth of A.W.' s allegations in State v. Finch, combine such that a reasonably
prudent and disinterested person who knew these facts would question whether the judge could
act fairly in presiding over State v. A. W. Thus, we remand State v. A. W. to a different judge to
maintain the appearance of fairness.
IV. SANCTIONS
A. Extending State v. Howard To Impose Sanctions Against Finch
The State argues that we should extend State v. Howard to require Finch' s trial counsel to
pay for A.W.' s indigent defense counsel here, because Finch' s motion to intervene initiated a
prosecution of A.W. 106 Wn.2d 39, 43, 44, 722 P. 2d 783 ( 1985). We disagree.
11
No. 45337 -1 - II
In Howard, our Supreme Court held that under RCW 43. 135. 060, which prohibits
shifting costs from the State government to local government, the State could not require local
governments to pay for the indigent defense counsel of defendants prosecuted by the State
Attorney General. 106 Wn.2d at 43 -44. Here, Finch, a private individual, filed a motion to
instigate a prosecutorial action that the juvenile court erroneously considered. This case does not
involve RCW 43. 135. 060, on which Howard turns, because it does not involve cost -shifting
between governments. Thus, we hold that Howard does not apply here.
B. CR 11 Sanctions
Finally, the State argues that we should order CR 11 sanctions against Finch' s trial
counsel for filing a motion to intervene in State v. A. W. The State argues that the filing was
baseless, because existing law does not support it, and that it was filed for the improper purpose
of coercing A.W. so as to deter him from cooperating in the State' s prosecution of Finch. We
remand this matter to the juvenile court.
We review lower court CR 11 sanction decisions, but we do not impose CR 11 sanctions.
Bldg: Indust. Ass 'n of Washington v: McCarthy, 152 Writ App. 720, 750, 218 P. 3d 196 ( 2009).
Here, the State requested CR 11 sanctions below, but the record contains no decision on the
State' s motion. Thus, we remand the matter of CR 11 sanctions to the juvenile court. See
McCarthy, 152 Wn. App. at 750.
We reverse the polygraph order because the SSODA did not provide the juvenile court
with authority to order A.W. to take a polygraph test, and because the juvenile court erred by
allowing Finch to intervene. We remand this case, including the State' s request for CR 11
12
No. 45337 -1 - II
sanctions, to a different judge. In light of this conclusion, it is unnecessary for us to consider
A.W.' s and the State' s remaining arguments.
We concur:
13